Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T23:15:52.349Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fractal antennas and arrays: a review and recent developments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2020

Anirban Karmakar Open the ORCID record for Anirban Karmakar [Opens in a new window]
Anirban Karmakar*
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tripura University (A Central University), Tripura, India
*
Author for correspondence: Anirban Karmakar, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In mathematical definition, a fractal is a self-similar subset of Euclidean space whose fractal dimension strictly exceeds its topological dimension which in turn involves a recursive generating methodology that results in contours with infinitely intricate fine structures. Fractal geometry has been used to model complex natural objects such as clouds coastlines, etc., that has space-filling properties. In the past years, several groups of scientists around the globe tried to implement the structure of fractal geometry for applications in the field of electromagnetism, which led to the development of new innovative antenna configurations called “fractal antennas” which is primarily focused in fractal antenna elements, and fractal antenna arrays. It has been demonstrated that by exploiting the recursive nature of fractals, several marvellous kinds of properties can be observed in antennas and arrays. The primary focus of this article is to provide a compressed overview of the developments in fractal-shaped antennas as well as arrays over the last few decades where the most prominent contributions mostly from IEEE journals have been highlighted. The open intention of this review work is to show an encouraging path to antenna researchers for its advancement using fractal geometries.

Keywords

FractalantennasmultibandwidebandUWBantenna array
Type
Antenna Design, Modelling and Measurements
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , March 2021 , pp. 173 - 197
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Mandelbrot, BB (1983) The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peitgen, HO, Jurgens, H and Saupe, D (1992) Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science. New York: Springer Verlag, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, DH and Mittra, R (2000) Frontiers in Electromagnetics. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press.Google Scholar
Werner, DH and Ganguly, S (2003) An overview of fractal antenna engineering research. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 45, 38–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, DH (1994) Fractal radiators. Proceedings of the 4 th Annual 1994 IEEE Mohawk Valley Section Dual-Use Technologies and Applications Conference, vol. I, SUNY Institute of Technology at Utica/ Rome, New York, May 23–26, pp. 478–482.Google Scholar
Cohen, N (1995) Fractal antennas: part 1. Communications Quarterly, summer, 7–22.Google Scholar
Cohen, N and Hohlfeld, RG (1996) Fractal loops and the small loop approximation. Communications Quarterly, Winter, pp. 77–81.Google Scholar
Cohen, N (1996) Fractal and shaped dipoles. Communications Quarterly, Spring, 25–36.Google Scholar
Cohen, N (1996) Fractal antennas: part 2. Communications Quarterly, Summer, 53–66.Google Scholar
Cohen, N (1997) NEC2 modelling of fractal element antennas (FES's). 13th Annual Review of the Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics (ACES), vol.1, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, pp. 297–304.Google Scholar
Cohen, N (1997) Fractal antenna applications in wireless telecommunications. Proceedings of the Electronics Industries Forum of New England, pp. 43–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puente, C, Romeu, J, Pous, R, Ramis, J and Hijazo, A (1998) Small but long Koch fractal Monopole. Electronics Letters 34, 9–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puente, C, Romeu, J and Cardama, A (2000) The Koch monopole: a small fractal antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 48, 1773–1781.Google Scholar
Petko, JS and Werner, DH (2004) Miniature reconfigurable three-dimensional fractal tree antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 52, 1945–1956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rmili, H, Mrabet, OE, Floc'h, JM and Miane, JL (2007) Study of an electrochemically-deposited 3-D random fractal tree-monopole antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 55, 1045–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karami, A and Karami, E (2003) Fractal wired loop triangle antenna. IEEE ICECS, 1216–1219.Google Scholar
Zainud-Deen, SH, Awadalla, KH, Khamis, SH and El_shalaby, NA (2004) Radiation and scattering from Koch fractal antenna. (URSI) 21st National Radio Science Conference (NRSC-2004), (NTI) March 16–18, 2004, B8 (1–9).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puente, C, Romeu, J, Pous, R, Garcia, X and Benítez, F (1996) Fractal multiband antenna based on the Sierpinski gasket. Electronics Letters 32, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romeu, J and Soler, J (2001) Generalized Sierpinski fractal multiband antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 49, 1237–1239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, SR (2002) On the significance of self similar fractal geometry in determining the multiband behaviour of the Sierpinski gasket antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 1, 22–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, SR (2002) Operating band comparison of the perturbed Sierpinski and modified Parany gasket antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 1, 35–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, RK, Ghatak, R and Poddar, DR (2008) Design formula for Sierpinski gasket pre-fractal planar-monopole antennas. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 50, 104–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, CTP, Hall, PS, Ghafouri- Shiraz, H and Wake, D (1999) Sierpinski monopole antenna with controlled band spacing and input impedance. Electronics Letters 35, 1036–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, CTP, Hall, PS and Ghafouri-Shiraz, H (2003) Multiband multiple ring monopole antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51, 724–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, CTP, Hall, PS and Ghafouri-Shiraz, H (2003) Perturbed Sierpinski multiband fractal antenna with improved feeding technique. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51, 1011–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguera, J, Martandiacute, E, Puente, C, Borja, C and Soler, J (2006) Broad-band triple-frequency microstrip patch radiator combining a dual-band modified Sierpinski fractal and a monoband antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 54, 3367–3373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, KC (2007) A modified Sierpinski fractal antenna for multiband application. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letter 6, 357–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsley, N, Anagnostou, DE, Tentzeris, M and Papapolymerou, J (2007) RF MEMS sequentially reconfigurable Sierpinski antenna on a flexible organic substrate with novel DC-biasing technique. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 16, 1185–1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, KC (2009) Dual-wideband monopole antenna using a modified half-Sierpinski fractal gasket. Electronics Letters 45, 487–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsachtsiris, GF, Soras, CF, Karaboikis, MP and Makios, VT (2004) Analysis of a modified Sierpinski gasket monopole antenna printed on dual band wireless devices. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 52, 2571–2579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krzysztofik, WJ (2009) Modified Sierpinski fractal monopole for ISM-bands handset applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57, 606–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soh, PJ, Vandenbosch, GAE, Ooi, SL and Husna, MRN (2011) Wearable dual-band Sierpinski fractal PIFA using conductive fabric. Electronics Letters 47, 365–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marnat, L, Carreno, AA and Conchouso, D (2013) New movable plate for efficient millimeter wave vertical on-chip antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, 1608–1615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, GJ and James, JR (1998) Fractal volume antennas. Electronics Letters 34, 1536–1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahim, MKA, Abdullah, N and Aziz, M (2005) Microstrip Sierpinski carpet antenna design. Proceedings of Asia Pacific Conf. on Applied Electromagnetics, pp. 58–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghatak, R, Mishra, RK and Poddar, DR (2008) Perturbed Sierpinski carpet antenna with CPW feed for IEEE 802. 11 a/b WLAN application. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7, 742–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H, Khan, S, Liu, J and He, S (2009) Parametric analysis of Sierpinski-like fractal patch antenna for compact and dual band WLAN applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 51, 36–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saidatul, NA, Azremi, AAH, Ahmad, RB, Soh, PJ and Malek, F (2009) Multiband fractal planar inverted F antenna (F-PIFA) for mobile phone application. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 14, 127–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, PC and Selvan, KT (2011) A simple printed dipole antenna with dual-band behavior. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 53, 1952–1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guterman, J, Moreira, AA and Peixeiro, C (2004) Microstrip fractal antennas for multistandard terminals. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3, 351–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguera, J, Puente, C, Borja, C and Soler, J (2007) Dual frequency broadband stacked microstrip antenna using a reactive loading and a fractal-shaped radiating edge. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6, 309–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, DD, Gopikrishna, M, Anandan, CK, Mohanan, P and Vasudevan, K (2008) CPW-fed Koch fractal slot antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7, 389–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghatak, R, Poddar, DR and Mishra, RK (2009) A moment method characterization of V-Koch fractal dipole antennas. AEU – International Journal of Electronics and Communications 63, 279–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazal, D, Khan, QU and Ihsan, MB (2012) Use of partial Koch boundaries for improved return loss, gain and side lobe levels of triangular patch antenna. Electronics Letters 48, 902–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, D and Mao, JF (2012) A Koch-like sided fractal bow-tie dipole antenna. EEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, 2242–2251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, J, Luo, Y, You, B and Yan, XJ (2012) Novel tri-band antenna end-loaded with Koch fractal loops. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 620–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jalil, MEB, Abd Rahim, MK, Samsuri, NA, Murad, NA, Majid, HA, Kamardin, K and Azfar Abdullah, M (2013) Fractal Koch multiband textile antenna performance with bending, wet conditions and on the human body. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 140, 633–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayem, AM and Ali, M (2006) Characteristics of a microstrip-FED miniature printed Hilbert slot antenna. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 56, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, D-C, Zeng, B-H and Liu, J-C (2008) CPW-fed circular fractal slot antenna design for dual-band applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, 3630–3636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, HB and Hwang, KC (2012) Dual-port Spidron fractal slot antenna for multiband gap-filler applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, 4940–4943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, PW and Wahid, PF (2004) Hexagonal fractal multiband antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3, 111–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dehkhoda, P and Tavakoli, A (2004) A crown square microstrip fractal antenna. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2396–2399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azaro, R, Natale, FD, Donelli, M, Zeni, E and Massa, A (2006) Synthesis of a prefractal dual-band monopolar antenna for GPS applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 5, 361–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, JC, Wu, CY, Chen, CH, Chang, DC and Chen, JY (2006) Modified Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna with Descartes circle theorem. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, 909–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, JC, Wu, CY, Chang, DC and Liu, CY (2006) Relationship between Sierpinski gasket and Apollonian packing monopole antennas. Electronics Letters 42, 847–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azaro, R, Zeni, E, Rocca, P and Massa, A (2007) Synthesis of a Galileo and Wi-max three-band. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6, 510–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, SN and Jain, M (2007) A self-affine fractal multiband antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6, 110–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, YC and Sun, JS (2008) A fractal dipole tag antenna for RFID dual-band application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 50, 1963–1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manimegalai, B, Raju, S and Abhaikumar, V (2009) A multifractal cantor antenna for multiband wireless applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8, 359–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, B, Sinha, SN and Kartikeyan, MV (2009) Radiation from cavity-backed fractal aperture antennas. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 11, 155–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gemio, J, Granados, J and Castany, J (2009) Dual-band antenna with fractal-based ground plane for WLAN applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8, 748–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghatak, R, Poddar, DR and Mishra, RK (2009) Design of Sierpinski gasket fractal microstrip antenna using real coded genetic algorithm. IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation 3, 1133–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azaro, R, Viani, F, Lizzi, L, Zeni, E and Massa, A (2009) A monopolar quad-band antenna based on a Hilbert self-affine pre-fractal geometry. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8, 177–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bor, SS, Lu, TC, Liu, JC and Zeng, BH (2009) Fractal monopole-like antenna with series Hilbert-curves for WLAN dual-band and circular polarization applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 51, 876–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azaro, R, Debiasi, L, Zeni, E, Benedetti, M, Rocca, P and Massa, A (2009) A hybrid prefractal three-band antenna for multistandard mobile wireless applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8, 905–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rmili, H, Floch, J and Zangar, H (2009) Experimental study of a 2-D irregular fractal-jet printed antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8, 328–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahatthanajatuphat, C, Saleekaw, S and Akkaraekthalin, P (2009) A Rhombic patch monopole antenna with modified Minkowski fractal geometry for UMTS, WLAN, and mobile WiMAX application. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 89, 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimouche, H, Zemmour, H and Atrouz, B (2009) Dual-band fractal shape antenna design for RFID applications. Electronics Letters 45, 1061–1063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pourahmadazar, J, Ghobadi, C, Nourinia, J and Shirzad, H (2010) Multiband ring fractal monopole antenna for mobile devices. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 9, 863–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, T, Gong, SX, Liu, Y and Jiang, W (2010) Monopole antenna with quasi-fractal slotted ground plane for dual-band applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 9, 595–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, JC, Zeng, BH, Chen, HL, Bor, SS and Chang, DC (2010) Compact fractal antenna with self-complementary Hilbert curves for WLAN dual-band and circular polarization applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, 2535–2539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinoy, KJ and Pal, A (2010) Dual-frequency characteristics of Minkowski-square ring antennas. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 4, 219–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakare, YB and Kumar, R (2010) Design of fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross-section reduction. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 4, 175–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayatmaku, N, Lotfi, P, Azarmanesh, M and Soltani, S (2011) Design of simple multi-band patch antenna for mobile communication applications using new E-shape fractal. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 873–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichler, J, Hazdra, P, Capek, M, Korinek, T and Hamouz, P (2011) Design of dual band orthogonally polarized L-probe fed fractal patch antenna using modal methods. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 1389–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patnaik, AA and Sinha, SN (2011) Design of custom-made fractal multi-band antennas using ANN-PSO. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 53, 94–101.Google Scholar
Lizzi, L and Massa, A (2011) Dual-band printed fractal monopole antenna for LTE applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 760–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaimool, S, Chokchai, C and Akkaraekthalin, P (2012) Multiband loaded fractal loop monopole antenna for USB dongle applications. Electronics Letters 48, 1446–1447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oraizi, H and Hedayati, S (2012) Circularly polarized multiband microstrip antenna using the square and Giuseppe Peano fractals. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, 3466–3470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behera, S and Vinoy, KJ (2012) Multi-port network approach for the analysis of dual band fractal microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, 5100–5106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, G, Xu, L and Wu, Z (2013) Dual-band microstrip RFID antenna with tree-like fractal structure. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 976–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varadhan, C, Pakkathillam, JK, Kanagasabai, M, Sivasamy, R, Natarajan, R and Palaniswamy, SK (2013) Triband antenna structures for RFID systems deploying fractal geometry. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 437–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choukiker, YK, Sharma, SK and Behera, SK (2014) Hybrid fractal shape planar monopole antenna covering multiband wireless communications with MIMO implementation for handheld mobile devices. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 62, 1483–1488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barroso, R, Mata, O and Diaz, M (2014) 4-Stage parany monopole with side triangular complements and side-notched vertices. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 13, 1397–1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, T, Wang, G, Zhang, X and Shi, J (2015) Low-profile compact circularly-polarized antenna based on fractal metasurface and fractal resonator. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14, 1072–1076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhar, S, Patra, K, Ghatak, R, Gupta, B and Poddar, DR (2015) A dielectric resonator-loaded Minkowski fractal-shaped slot loop heptaband antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 63, 1521–1529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farswan, A, Gautam, AK, Kanaujia, BK and Rambabu, K (2016) Design of Koch fractal circularly polarized antenna for handheld UHF RFID reader applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 771–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orazi, H and Soleimani, H (2015) Miniaturisation of the triangular patch antenna by the novel dual-reverse-arrow fractal. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 9, 627–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratilal Prajapati, P, Gopala Krishna Murthy, G, Patnaik, A and Venkata Kartikeyan, M (2015) Design and testing of a compact circularly polarised microstrip antenna with fractal defected ground structure for L-band applications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 9, 1179–1185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taghadosi, M, Albasha, L, Qaddoumi, N and Ali, M (2015) Miniaturised printed elliptical nested fractal multiband antenna for energy harvesting applications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 9, 1045–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velan, S, Sundarsingh, EF, Kanagasabai, M, Sarma, AK, Raviteja, C, Sivasamy, R and Pakkathillam, JK (2015) Dual-band EBG integrated monopole antenna deploying fractal geometry for wearable applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14, 249–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, R, Wang, B, Gong, Z and Ding, X (2015) Compact multiport antenna with radiator-sharing approach and its performance evaluation of time reversal in an intra-car environment. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 63, 4213–4219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alibakhshi-Kenari, M, Naser-Moghadasi, M, Ali Sadeghzadeh, R, Virdee, BS and Limiti, E (2016) Dual-band RFID tag antenna based on the Hilbert-curve fractal for HF and UHF applications. IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 10, 140–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, Wang, Z and Li, J (2017) UHF Moore fractal antennas for online GIS PD detection. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 852–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kgwadi, M and Drysdale, TD (2016) Diode-switched thermal-transfer printed antenna on flexible substrate. Electronics Letters 52, 258–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jun, SY, Sanz-Izquierdo, B, Parker, EA, Bird, D and McClelland, A (2017) Manufacturing considerations in the 3-D printing of fractal antennas. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7, 1891–1898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, K, Li, JY, Wang, L, Xu, R and Xing, ZJ (2017) A new technique to design circularly polarized microstrip antenna by fractal defected ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, 3721–3725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chuma, EL, de la Torre Rodríguez, L, Iano, Y, Bravo Roger, LL and Sanchez-Soriano, M-A (2018) Compact rectenna based on a fractal geometry with a high conversion energy efficiency per area. IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation 12, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguera, J, Andújar, A, Benavente, S, Jayasinghe, J and Kahng, S (2018) High-directivity microstrip antenna with Mandelbrot fractal boundary. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 569–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braham Chaouche, Y, Messaoudene, I, Benmabrouk, I, Nedil, M and Bouttout, F (2019) A compact CPW-fed reconfigurable fractal antenna for switchable multiband systems. IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation 13, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goswami, C, Ghatak, R and Poddar, DR (2018) Multi-band bisected Hilbert monopole antenna loaded with multiple sub wavelength split-ring resonators. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 1719–1727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammad Husain Ranjbaran, S and Mohanna, S (2018) Improved spiral antenna with a new semi-fractal reflector for short-range sensing. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 1839–1845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, V, Lakwar, N, Kumar, N and Garg, T (2018) Multiband low-cost fractal antenna based on parasitic split ring resonators. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 913–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abed, AT, Jit Singh, MS and Islam, MT (2018) Compact fractal antenna circularly polarised radiation for Wi-Fi and WiMAX communications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 2218–2224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elwi, TA, Asaad Abdul Hassain, Z and Almukhtar Tawfeeq, O (2019) Hilbert metamaterial printed antenna based on organic substrates for energy harvesting. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, 2185–2192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghatak, R, Mishra, RK and Poddar, DR (2007) Stacked dual layer complementing Sierpinski gasket planar antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, 2831–2833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwari, H and Kartikeyan, MV (2010) A stacked microstrip patch antenna with fractal shaped defects. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 14, 185–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, J and Kartikeyan, MV (2011) A stacked equilateral triangular patch antenna with Sierpinski gasket fractal for WLAN applications. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 22, 71–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, TF, Liu, JC, Bor, SS and Chen, CC (2012) Compact single-feed circularly polarized aperture-coupled stack antenna with Minkowski-island-based fractal patch. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 2278–2283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, TF, Liu, JC, Wei, CY, Chen, CC and Bor, SS (2014) Dual-band circularly polarized aperture-coupled stack antenna with fractal patch for WLAN and WiMAX applications. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer Aided Engineering 24, 130–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, JC, Chang, DC, Soong, D, Chen, CH, Wu, CY and Yao, K (2005) Circular fractal antenna approaches with Descartes circle theorem for multiband/wideband applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 44, 404–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, GS (2003) A uniplanar wideband loop-antenna design using an alternate inverted 2D cantor set sequence. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 39, 437–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirzapour, B and Neyestanak, AAL (2007) Enhanced wideband and compact size fractal Kokh antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, 1077–1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirzapour, B and Hassani, HR (2008) Size reduction and bandwidth enhancement of snowflake fractal antenna. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 2, 180–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patnam, RH (2008) Broadband CPW-fed planar Koch fractal loop antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7, 429–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naghshvarian-Jahromi, M (2008) Novel wideband planar fractal monopole antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, 3844–3849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, KC (2009) Broadband circularly-polarized Spidron fractal slot antenna. Electronics Letters 45, 3–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, WL, Wang, GM and Zhang, CX (2009) Bandwidth enhancement of a microstrip-line-fed printed wide-slot antenna with a fractal-shaped slot. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57, 2176–2179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguera, JJ, Daniel, P, Borja, C, Mumbru, J, Puente, C, Leduc, T, Sayegrih, K and Van Roy, P (2010) Metalized foams for antenna design: application to fractal-shaped Sierpinski-carpet monopole. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 104, 239–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naghshvarian Jahromi, M, Falahati, A and Edwards, RM (2011) Bandwidth and impedance-matching enhancement of fractal monopole antennas using compact grounded coplanar waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 2480–2487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sung, YJ (2011) Bandwidth enhancement of a wide slot using fractal-shaped Sierpinski. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 3076–3079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramanica, F (2012) Microstrip L-band antenna based on Julia prefractal curve. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 2327–2330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghatak, R, Chatterjee, S and Poddar, DR (2012) Wideband fractal shaped slot antenna for X-band application. Electronics Letters 48, 198–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajihashemi, MR and Abiri, H (2007) Parametric study of novel types of dielectric resonator antennas based on fractal geometry. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer Aided Engineering 17, 416–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhar, S, Ghatak, R, Gupta, B and Poddar, DR (2013) A wideband Minkowski fractal dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, 2895–2903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, B, Patel, P and Mukherjee, J (2014) Hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna based on Apollonian gasket of circles – a fractal approach. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 62, 40–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altaf, A, Yang, Y, Lee, K and Hwang, KC (2015) Circularly polarized Spidron fractal dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14, 1806–1809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H, Liu, Y, Wei, M and Gong, S (2015) Dual-broadband dielectric resonator antenna based on modified Sierpinski fractal geometry. Electronics Letters 51, 806–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, Y-W, Yang, G-M and Zhong, L-R (2015) Gain enhancement of bow-tie antenna using fractal wideband artificial magnetic conductor ground. Electronics Letters 51, 315–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kizhekke Pakkathillam, J and Kanagasabai, M (2015) Circularly polarized broadband antenna deploying fractal slot geometry. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14, 1286–1289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbaji, MMO, Zahed, AH, Habboub, SA, AlMajidi, MA, Assaf, MJ, El-Hag, AH and Qaddoumi, NN (2017) Design of Hilbert fractal antenna for partial discharge classification in oil-paper insulated system. IEEE Sensors Journal 17, 1037–1045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar Choukiker, Y and Kumar Behera, S (2017) Wideband frequency reconfigurable Koch snowflake fractal antenna. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 11, 203–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiran, DV, Sankaranarayanan, D and Mukherjee, B (2017) Compact embedded dual-element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna combining Sierpinski and Minkowski fractals. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7, 786–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, F, Bin, F, Sun, Q, Fan, J and Ye, H (2017) A compact UHF antenna based on complementary fractal technique. IEEE Access 5, 21118–21125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biswas, B, Ghatak, R and Poddar, DR (2017) A fern fractal leaf inspired wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna for microwave imaging system. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, 6126–6129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, X, Seet, B, Joseph, F and Li, E (2018) Flexible fractal electromagnetic bandgap for millimeter-wave wearable antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, 1281–1285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, B, Yao, P and Duan, J (2018) Gain-enhanced antenna backed with the fractal artificial magnetic conductor. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 1457–1460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darimireddy, NK, Ramana Reddy, R and Mallikarjuna Prasad, A (2018) A miniaturized hexagonal-triangular fractal antenna for wide-band applications. IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine 60, 104–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmakar, A, Bhattacharjee, A, Saha, A and Bhawal, A (2019) Design of a fractal inspired antipodal Vivaldi antenna with enhanced radiation characteristics for wideband applications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, 892–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X-L, Yang, G-M, IEEE Senior Member and Jin, Y-Q (2019) Isolation enhancement of wideband vehicular antenna array using fractal decoupling structure. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, 1799–1803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokhtari-Koushyar, F, Grubb, PM, Chen, MY and Chen, RT (2019) A miniaturized tree-shaped fractal antenna printed on a flexible substrate. IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine 61, 60–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, S, Kshirsagar, P and Mukherjee, B (2019) A low-profile multilayer cylindrical segment fractal dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine 61, 55–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, S, Kshirsagar, P and Mukherjee, B (2018) Sierpinski fractal inspired inverted pyramidal DRA for wide band applications. Electromagnetics 36, 103–112. doi: 10.1080/02726343.2018.1436738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FCC 02-48, ET-Docket 98-153, “First Report and Order”, April 2002.Google Scholar
Rumsey, V (1966) Frequency Independent Antennas. New York, NY, USA: Academic.Google Scholar
Kim, C (2010) Ultra-wideband antenna, microwave and millimetre wave technologies modern UWB antennas and equipment, Igor Mini (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-67-1, InTech, doi: 10.5772/9015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lui, WJ, Cheng, CH, Cheng, Y and Zhu, H (2005) Frequency notched ultra-wideband microstrip slot antenna with fractal tuning stub. Electronics Letters 41, 294–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lui, WJ, Cheng, CH and Zhu, HB (2006) Compact frequency notched ultra-wideband fractal printed slot antenna. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Component Letters 16, 224–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, M, Jin, R, Geng, J and Wu, Q (2007) Design of a CPW-fed ultra wideband fractal antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, 173–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naeem Khan, S, Hu, J, Xiong, J and He, S (2008) Circular fractal monopole antenna based on Descartes circle theorem for UWB application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 50, 1605–1608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oraizi, H and Hedayati, S (2011) Miniaturized UWB monopole microstrip antenna design by the combination of Giuseppe Peano and Sierpinski carpet fractals. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 67–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pourahmadazar, J, Ghobadi, C and Nourinia, J (2011) Novel modified Pythagorean tree fractal monopole antennas for UWB applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 484–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahromi, MN, Falahati, A and Edwards, RM (2011) Application of fractal binary tree slot to design and construct a dual band-notch CPW-ground-fed ultra-wide band antenna. IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation 5, 1424–1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y, Liu, C and Jiang, T (2012) Miniaturization cantor set fractal ultra wideband antenna with a notch band characteristic. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 1227–1230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fereidoony, F, Chamaani, S and Mirtaheri, SA (2012) Systematic design of UWB monopole antenna with stable omnidirectional radiation pattern. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 11, 752–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naser-Moghadasi, M, Sadeghzadeh, RA, Aribi, T, Sedghi, T and Virdee, BS (2012) UWB Monopole microstrip antenna using fractal tree unit-cells. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 2366–2370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maza, AR, Cook, B, Jabbour, G and Shamim, A (2012) Paper-based inkjet-printed ultra-wideband fractal antennas. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 6, 1366–1373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naser-Moghadasi, M, Sadeghzadeh, RA, Sedghi, T, Aribi, T and Virdee, BS (2013) UWB CPW-fed fractal patch antenna With band-notched function employing folded T-shaped element. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 504–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallahi, H and Atlasbaf, Z (2013) Study of a class of UWB CPW-fed monopole antenna with fractal elements. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 1484–1487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tran, D, Aubry, DP, Szilagyi, A, Lager, IE, Yarovyi, O and Ligthart, LP (2010) On the design of a super wideband antenna. In Lembrikov, B (ed.), Ultra Wideband. InTech Publication, pp. 399–426. ISBN: 978-953-307-139-8.Google Scholar
Lau, KL, Kong, KC and Luk, KM (2008) Super-wideband monopolar patch antenna. Electronics Letters 44, 716–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azari, A (2011) A new super wideband fractal microstrip antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 1724–1727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorostkar, MA, Islam, MT and Azim, R (2013) Design of a novel super wide band circular-hexagonal fractal antenna. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 139, 229–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waladi, V, Mohammadi, N, Zehforoosh, Y, Habashi, A and Nourinia, J (2013) A novel modified star-triangular fractal (MSTF) monopole antenna for super-wideband applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 651–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azari, A, Ismail, A, Sali, A and Hashim, F (2013) A new super wideband fractal monopole-dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 1014–1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amini, A, Oraizi, H and Chaychi zadeh, MA (2015) Miniaturized UWB log-periodic square fractal antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14, 1322–1325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorai, A, Pal, M and Ghatak, R (2017) A compact fractal-shaped antenna for ultrawideband and Bluetooth wireless systems with WLAN rejection functionality. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 2163–2166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manohar, M (2019) Miniaturised low-profile super-wideband Koch snowflake fractal monopole slot antenna with improved BW and stabilised radiation pattern. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, 1948–1954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oraizi, H, Amini, A and Karimi Mehr, M (2017) Design of miniaturised UWB log-periodic end-fire antenna using several fractals with WLAN band-rejection. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 11, 193–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmakar, A, Chakraborty, P, Banerjee, U and Saha, A (2019) Combined triple band circularly polarised and compact UWB monopole antenna. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, 1306–1311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, D, Wu, Z and Mao, J-F (2019) Ultra-wideband high-gain dipole antenna evolved from hexagonal Sierpinski grid fractal gasket. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 13, 574–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankaranarayanan, D, Venkatakiran, D and Mukherjee, B (2016) A novel compact fractal ring based cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for ultra wideband application. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 67, 71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y and Jaggard, DL (1986) The fractal random array. Proceedings of IEEE 74, 1278–1280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaggard, DL and Spielman, T (1992) Triadic cantor target diffraction. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 5, 460–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, DH and Werner, PL (1992) Fractal radiation pattern synthesis. Proceedings of the URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 66, January 1992.Google Scholar
Werner, DH and Werner, PL (1995) On the synthesis of fractal radiation patterns. Radio Science 30, 29–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, X, Zhensen, W and Wenbing, W (1996) Synthesis of fractal patterns from concentric ring arrays. Electronics Letters 32, 1940–1941.Google Scholar
Puente-Baliardia, C and Pous, R (1996) Fractal design of multiband and low side-lobe array. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 44, 730–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, DH, Haupt, RL and Werner, PL (1999) Fractal antenna engineering: the theory and design of fractal antenna arrays. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 41, 37–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmakar, A, Ghatak, R, Mishra, RK and Poddar, DR (2015) Sierpinski carpet fractal-based planar array optimization based on differential evolution algorithm. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 29, 247–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, AK, Srivastava, GP and Mehta, SD (2002) Planar fractal tree arrays derived from cellular automata. IEE Electronics Letters 38, 947–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kravchenko, VF (2003) The theory of fractal antenna arrays. IEEE International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, Ukraine, pp. 183–189, September 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gianvittorio, J and Rahmat–Samii, Y (2002) Fractal antennas: a novel antenna miniaturization technique and applications. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 44, 20–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zygiridis, TT, Kantartzis, NV, Yioultsis, TV and Tsibkoukis, TD (2003) Higher order approaches of FDTD and TVFE methods for the accurate analysis of fractal antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 39, 1230–1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, DH, Baldacci, D and Werner, PL (2004) An efficient recursive procedure for evaluating the impedance matrix of linear and planar arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 52, 380–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, DH, Kuhirun, W and Werner, PL (2004) Fractile arrays: a new class of tiled arrays with fractal boundaries. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation 52, 2008–2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patnaik, A, Anagnostou, D, Christodolou, CG and Lyke, JC (2005) Modeling frequency reconfigurable antenna array using neural networks. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 44, 351–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petko, JS and Werner, DH (2005) The evolution of optimal linear polyfractal arrays using genetic algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, 3604–3615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebib, S, Raveu, N and Aubert, H (2006) Cantor spiral array for the design of thinned arrays. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 5, 104–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yousefzadeh, N, Ghobadi, C and Kamyab, M (2006) Consideration of mutual coupling in a microstrip patch array using fractal elements. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 66, 41–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petko, JS and Werner, DH (2008) The pareto optimization of ultrawideband polyfractal arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, WL, Wang, GM and Zhang, CX (2008) Fractal-shaped switched-beam antenna with reduced size and broadside beam. Electronics Letters 44, 1110–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petko, JS and Werner, DH (2009) Interleaved ultrawideband antenna arrays based on optimized polyfractal tree structures. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57, 2622–2632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, TG, Werner, DH and Carvajal, JN (2010) Modular broadband phased-arrays based on a nonuniform distribution of elements along the Peano-Gosper space-filling curve. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, 600–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siakavara, K (2010) Hybrid-fractal direct radiating antenna arrays with small number of elements for satellite communications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, 2102–2106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, MD, Petko, JS, Spence, TG and Werner, DH (2010) Nature-inspired design techniques for ultra-wideband aperiodic antenna arrays. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 52, 28–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, TG and Werner, DH (2010) Generalized space-filling Gosper curves and their application to the design of wideband modular planar antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, 3931–3941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzu, S and Akcam, N (2017) Array antenna using defected ground structure shaped with fractal form generated by Apollonius circle. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 1020–1023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Khamy, SE, Eltrass, AS and El-Sayed, HF (2018) Design of thinned fractal antenna arrays for adaptive beam forming and side lobe reduction. IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation 12, 435–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, DA (2008) Multiband Integrated Antennas for 4G Terminals. Boston, London: Artech House.Google Scholar
Alibakhshikenari, M, Virdee, BS, See, CH, Abd-Alhameed, R, Ali, AH, Falcone, F and Limiti, E (2018) Study on isolation improvement between closely packed patch antenna arrays based on fractal metamaterial electromagnetic bandgap structures. IET Microwaves Antennas and Propagation 12, 2241–2247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar