Article contents
Data Protection in the European Union: A Closer Look at the Current Patchwork of Data Protection Laws and the Proposed Reform That Could Replace Them All
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2019
Abstract
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2014 by the International Association of Law Libraries.
References
1 Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and Protocol, Article 8(1), Rome, 4 November 1950. Available at http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/treaties/html/005.htm.Google Scholar
2 See Council of Europe, Documents and Archives, “Winston Churchill and the Council of Europe.” Available at http://www.coe.int/t/dgal/dit/ilcd/Archives/Selection/Churchill/Default_en.asp (last visited 8 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
3 Council of Europe, supra note 1.Google Scholar
4 Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, CETS No. 108, 21.1.1981 [hereinafter Convention 108]. Available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=108&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG.Google Scholar
5 Council of Europe, Handbook on European Data Protection Law, Belgium: Council of Europe (2014), 16.Google Scholar
6 Id. at 17.Google Scholar
7 See Council of Europe, Human Rights and Rule of Law, Data Protection, “History.” Available at www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/History_more_en.asp (last visited 4 Dec. 2014).Google Scholar
8 Id.Google Scholar
9 Handbook on European Data Protection Law, supra note 5.Google Scholar
10 Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281/31, 23.11.1995 [hereinafter Directive 95/46/EC]. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31995L0046.Google Scholar
11 See European Data Protection Supervisor, The EDPS, Data Protection, “Legislation.” Available at https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/lang/en/EDPS/Dataprotection/Legislation (last visited 26 Nov. 2014).Google Scholar
12 Id.Google Scholar
13 Directive 95/46/EC, supra note 10, Article 8(1).Google Scholar
14 Directive 95/46/EC, supra note 10, Article 10.Google Scholar
15 Directive 95/46/EC, supra note 10, Article 28.Google Scholar
16 Directive 95/46/EC, supra note 10, Article 28(2).Google Scholar
17 Directive 95/46/EC, supra note 10, Article 28(3).Google Scholar
18 Id.Google Scholar
19 Directive 95/46/EC, supra note 10, Article 29(2)Google Scholar
20 See European Data Protection Supervisor, Cooperation, “Article 29 Working Party.” Available at https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/Cooperation/Art29 (last visited 5 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
21 Id.Google Scholar
22 Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communication, OJ L201/37, 31.7.2002 [hereinafter Directive 2002/58/EC]. Available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002-L0058.Google Scholar
23 See European Commission, Justice, Fundamental rights, “EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.” Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/fundamentalrights/charter/index_en.htm (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
24 Id.Google Scholar
25 Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies on the free movement of such data, OJ L 8/1, 12.1.2001 [hereinafter Regulation (EC) 45/2001]. Available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1425330595134&uri=CELEX-:32001R0045.Google Scholar
26 Regulation (EC) 45/2001, supra note 25, Chapter I, Article 1.Google Scholar
27 Regulation (EC) 45/2001, supra note 25, Chapter V, Articles 41-48.Google Scholar
28 See Council of Europe, Human Rights and Rule of Law, Data Protection, Data Protection Day, “Why.” Available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/Why_en.asp (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
29 Id.Google Scholar
30 See Council of Europe, Human Rights and Rule of Law, Data Protection, Data Protection Day, “Compilation of Data Protection Day forms 2015.” Available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/Data%20Protection%20Day/DPD%202015/DPD%20(2015)%20compilation%2028%2001%202015.pdf (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
31 See National Cyber Security Alliance. Celebrate Data Privacy Day on Jan. 28th and Empower Others to Protect Their Privacy Throughout the Year. 16 January 2014, available at https://www.staysafeonline.org/about-us/news/celebrate-data-privacy-day-on-jan28th-and-empower-others-to-protect-their-privacy (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
32 See Europa, How the EU works, History, “2000-2009 Further Expansion.” Available at http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/index_en.htm (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
33 See Europa, Summaries of EU legislation, Institutional Affairs, Building Europe through the treaties, “The Lisbon Treaty: A Comprehensive Guide.” Available at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/lisbon_treaty/ai0033_en.htm (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
34 Paul De Hert and Vagelis Papakonstantinou, “The proposed data protection Regulation replacing Directive 95/46/EC: A sound system for the protection of individuals” 28 Computer L. & Sec. Rev. 130, 131 (April 2012).Google Scholar
35 Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation), COM (2012) 11 final, 25.1.2012; 2012/0011 (COD) [hereinafter Proposed Regulation]. Available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52012PC0011 (last visited 26 Nov. 2014).Google Scholar
36 Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and the free movement of such data, COM (2012) 10 final, 25.1.2012; 2012/0010 (COD). Available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52012PC0010&qid=1423246859658 (last visited 26 Nov. 2014).Google Scholar
37 See Europa, EU law, Decision making, “Regulations, Directives and other acts.” Available at http://europa.eu/eu-law/decision-making/legal-acts/index_en.htm (last visited 5 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
38 Id.Google Scholar
39 Id.Google Scholar
40 Id.Google Scholar
41 Blume, Peter, “Will it be a better world? The proposed EU Data Protection Regulation,” 2 Int'l Data Privacy L. 130, 131 (Aug. 2012).Google Scholar
42 See generally Europa, EU law and publications, EUR-Lex, Summaries of EU Legislation, “Strengthening personal data protection.” Available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1423328993829&uri=URISERV:si0020 (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
43 De Hert & Papakonstantinou, supra note 34, at 133.Google Scholar
44 Id. at 134.Google Scholar
45 Id. at 135.Google Scholar
46 Summaries of EU Legislation, “Strengthening personal data protection,” supra note 42.Google Scholar
47 Proposed Regulation, supra note 35, Article 17(1).Google Scholar
48 See generally European Data Protection Supervisor, Consultation, “EU Data Protection Reform.” Available at https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/Consultation/Reform_package (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
49 See European Commission – Fact Sheet “Data Protection Day 2015: Concluding the EU Data Protection Reform essential for the Digital Single Market,” 28 January 2015. Available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-3802_en.htm.Google Scholar
50 Id.Google Scholar
51 Id.Google Scholar
52 See generally European Parliament Press Release “Parliament elects Jean-Claude Juncker as Commission President,” 15 July 2014. Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20140714IPR52341/html/Parliament-elects-Jean-Claude-Juncker-as-Commission-President (last visited 6 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
53 Juncker, Jean-Claude, “A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change. Political Guidelines for the next European Commission,” Opening Statement in the European Parliament Plenary Session, Strasbourg, 15 July 2014, at 5. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/docs/pg_en.pdf (last visited 23 Nov. 2014).Google Scholar
54 European Commission – Fact Sheet “Data Protection Day 2015,” supra note 49.Google Scholar
55 Article 29 Working Party, supra note 20.Google Scholar
56 Id.Google Scholar
57 Id.Google Scholar
58 Id.Google Scholar
59 See generally European Commission, Justice, Data Protection, Article 29, Structure, “Chairman.” Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article29/structure/chairman/index_en.htm (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
60 Winston Churchill and the Council of Europe, supra note 1.Google Scholar
61 See Council of Europe, The Council in Brief, “Who we are.” Available at http://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/who-we-are (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
62 See Council of Europe, The Council in Brief, “Our Member States.” Available at http://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/our-member-states (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
63 Convention 108, supra note 4, Summary.Google Scholar
64 See Council of Europe, The Council in Brief, “Structure.” Available at http://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/structure (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
65 Id.Google Scholar
66 See Council of Europe, “Secretary General.” Available at http://www.coe.int/en/web/secretary-general/home (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
67 See generally The Council of the European Union, available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/ (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
68 Id.Google Scholar
69 Id.Google Scholar
70 See generally Europa, How the EU works, Institutions and bodies, “Council of the EU.” Available at http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/council-eu/index_en.htm (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
71 See generally European Commission, “About the European Commission.” Available at http://ec.europa.eu/about/index_en.htm (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
72 See generally Europa, How the EU works, Institutions and bodies, “European Commission.” Available at http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-commission/indexen.htm (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
73 See generally The European Council available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/european-council/ (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
74 Id.Google Scholar
75 Public Register of Council Documents, available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/.Google Scholar
76 Regulation (EC) 45/2001, supra note 25, Chapter V, Articles 41-48.Google Scholar
77 See generally European Data Protection Supervisor, The EDPS, Members & Mission, “Duties.” Available at https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS/Membersmission/Duties (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
78 See generally European Data Protection Supervisor available at https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS?more=moins (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
79 See generally European Data Protection Supervisor, Data Protection, Q&A, “What does the EDPS not do?” Available at https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS/Dataprotection/QA/QA1#doesnotdo (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
80 See generally European Parliament, About Parliament, “At your service.” Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/00b3f21266/At-your-service.html (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
81 See generally Europa, How the EU works, Institutions and bodies, “European Parliament.” Available at http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-parliament/indexen.htm (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
82 See generally European Parliament, “MEPs.” Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/map.html (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
83 See generally European Parliament, “Elections.” Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/0046fccc11/Elections.html (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
84 See generally European Parliament, The President, “Biography.” Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-president/en/president/html/biography (last visited 7 Feb. 2015).Google Scholar
- 2
- Cited by