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An Outline for the Study of Ethiopian Constitutional Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2019

Tsegaye Beru
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Extract

This outline is prepared based on the 1995 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (“The 1995 Constitution”). It is important to acknowledge at the outset that the 1995 Constitution cannot be studied in isolation. Like its forerunners, it is not distinctively Ethiopian, save for the customary and religious laws that it recognized. Ethiopian constitutions, both past and present, have been derived, in part, from foreign constitutions including constitutions from western and eastern countries, including Japan. Although its immediate sources can be traced back to the Charter of the Transitional Government of 1991, this 1995 Constitution was built upon the constitutions that preceded it, the laws that have been promulgated since the 1930s, and the religious and customary laws that predated it.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Legal Information , Volume 43 , Issue 2_3 , Summer_Winter 2015 , pp. 234 - 312
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by the International Association of Law Libraries. 

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References

1 Ethiopia has had many constitutions including those written in 1931, 1955, 1984, and 1995. Additionally, the Italians wrote a constitution for Ethiopia during the occupation, the Decree-Law Respecting the Organization and Administration of Italian East-Africa, June 1, 1936. It is available in the World Constitutions collection of HeinOnline (last visited August 24, 2015).Google Scholar

2 Ms. Sarah Vaughan has interviewed many people who were key players in the formation of the present government and who were active participants during the formation of the transitional government. These interviews are important in so far as interpreting what the intent of the drafters of the constitution was. These key players are still around and her documents should be verified and kept in secure places for future references.Google Scholar

3 The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), G.A. Res. 217 A III (December 10, 1948), was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Ethiopia was one of forty-eight countries that adopted it. Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (Last visited August 14, 2015). See also http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Introduction.aspx. (last visited August 14, 2015); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human Rights. (Last visited August 24, 2015).Google Scholar

4 The military government's objective with the PNDR was to create a socialistic state under the leadership of workers, peasants, the petite bourgeoisie, and all anti-feudal and anti-imperialist forces. See http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_07.html (last visited August 14, 2015.)Google Scholar

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6 These are the 1931 and 1955 Constitutions of Imperial Ethiopia, and the 1987 Constitution of the military government. There was also another constitution drafted just before Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed, but never went into effect.Google Scholar

7 Derg literally means committee. The military government that deposed the Emperor was composed of this committee made up 120 people representing various military groups such as the armed forces the police and Territorial Army. It was later known as the Provisional Military Administrative Council.Google Scholar

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27 Id. at 378.Google Scholar

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48 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(1) (1995).Google Scholar

49 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(2) (1995).Google Scholar

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51 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(4) (1995).Google Scholar

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53 Id.Google Scholar

54 Id.Google Scholar

55 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 13–28 (1995).Google Scholar

56 Id.Google Scholar

57 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 29–34 (1995).Google Scholar

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62 Amharic is the official working language of Ethiopia. There are eighty languages and over 200 hundred dialects spoken in the country.Google Scholar

63 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 106 (1995).Google Scholar

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66 Id.Google Scholar

67 Id.Google Scholar

68 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 95 (1995).Google Scholar

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73 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 100 (3) (1995).Google Scholar

74 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 100 (2) (1995).Google Scholar

75 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 96(2) (1995).Google Scholar

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77 Const. of the FDRE, Art.97 (1995).Google Scholar

78 Id.Google Scholar

79 They shall also collect rent on houses and other properties they own. See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 97(6) (1995).Google Scholar

80 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 97(7) & (10) (1995).Google Scholar

81 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 98 (1995).Google Scholar

82 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 99 (1995).Google Scholar

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92 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 52(2)(f) (1995). In the implementation of this responsibility, the state must ensure that educational training and experience requirements for any job, title or position approximate the national standard.)Google Scholar

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99 Id.Google Scholar

100 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 48 (1995).Google Scholar

101 Id.Google Scholar

102 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(5) (1995).Google Scholar

103 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(1) (1995). Also see generally Const, of the FDRE, Arts. 46–48 (1995).Google Scholar

104 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(2) (1995).Google Scholar

105 Id.Google Scholar

106 Id.Google Scholar

107 Id. Also see generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 61(2) (1995) for representation.Google Scholar

108 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(4) (1995).Google Scholar

109 Id.Google Scholar

110 Id.Google Scholar

111 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts.45 & 53 (1995).Google Scholar

112 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 50(3) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

113 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 56 & 73(2). (1995).Google Scholar

114 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 54 (1995).Google Scholar

115 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art 58 (1995).Google Scholar

116 Id.Google Scholar

117 Id. Roughly this would be October 12 for Meskerem and July 7 for Sene.Google Scholar

118 Id.Google Scholar

119 Id.Google Scholar

120 Id.Google Scholar

121 Id.Google Scholar

122 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60 (1995).Google Scholar

123 Id.Google Scholar

124 Id.Google Scholar

125 Id.Google Scholar

126 Id.Google Scholar

127 Id.Google Scholar

128 Id.Google Scholar

129 Id.Google Scholar

130 Id.Google Scholar

131 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 55 (1995).Google Scholar

132 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 55(7) & 55(14) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

133 const. of the FDRE, Art. 57 (1995).Google Scholar

134 Id.Google Scholar

135 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 61 (1995).Google Scholar

136 Id.Google Scholar

137 Id.Google Scholar

138 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62 (1995).Google Scholar

139 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

140 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 64Google Scholar

141 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 67 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

142 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 62(2) & 82(1) (1995).Google Scholar

143 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 82–84 (1995).Google Scholar

144 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 54 & 63 (1995).Google Scholar

145 Id.Google Scholar

146 Id.Google Scholar

147 Const, of the FDRE, ART. 69 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

148 Id.Google Scholar

149 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 69 & 70 (1995). Since the FDRE government was formed, Ethiopia has had three Presidents.Google Scholar

150 Id.Google Scholar

151 See Generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 71 (1995).Google Scholar

152 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 71(7) (1995).Google Scholar

153 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28 (1995) for crimes against humanity.Google Scholar

154 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(2) (1995).Google Scholar

155 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(1) (1995).Google Scholar

156 International Federation for Human Rights, Ethiopia: pardon granted for 38 opposition party members. FIDH calls for the release of all the other political prisoners (July 20, 2007) https://www.fidh.org/International-Federation-for-Human-Rights/Africa/Ethiopia/Ethiopia-pardon-granted-for-38 (last visited July 14, 2015). (“The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) welcomes the decision of Girma Wolde-Giorgis, the Ethiopian President, to grant pardon to 38 out of the 43 defendants sentenced to life or to years of prison on 16 July 2007 by the Federal High Court judge.”)Google Scholar

157 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 56 & 73(1995).Google Scholar

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166 See Const. of the FDRE, Art.75 (1995).Google Scholar

167 Id.Google Scholar

168 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(1) (1995).Google Scholar

169 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(2) (1995).Google Scholar

170 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(3) (1995). See also Const, of the FDRE, Art. 93(2)(a) in case of declaration of state of emergency.Google Scholar

171 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

172 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

173 In the Ethiopian context, although there are some administrative agencies and corporations such as the National Bank, the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, the Investment Agency, the Electric Power Authority, etc. that propose bills to the HOPR, it is the Ministries, such as the Ministries of Education, Health, Communications, etc. that are instrumental in proposing bills to the HOPR.Google Scholar

174 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77(13) (1995). In the United States, the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 allows administrative agencies to have administrative law judges who can make decisions based on administrative laws.Google Scholar

175 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77 (1995).Google Scholar

176 Which must be approved by the HOPR. Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77(3) (1995).Google Scholar

177 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 77(10) (1995). In declaring a state of emergency, the COM shall, within the time limit prescribed by the Constitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state of emergency for approval by the HOPR.Google Scholar

178 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(1)(a) (1995).Google Scholar

179 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 51(6) (1995).Google Scholar

180 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(1) (1995).Google Scholar

181 Id.Google Scholar

182 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62(9) (1995).Google Scholar

183 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(1)(b) (1995).Google Scholar

184 Id.Google Scholar

185 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 77(10) & 93(1)(a)(1995) for state of emergency.Google Scholar

186 See Const. of the FDRE Art. 93 (1995).Google Scholar

187 Id.Google Scholar

188 Id.Google Scholar

189 Id.Google Scholar

190 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 76 & 77. Where Article 76 provides the COM is comprised of the Prime Minister the Deputy Prime Minister and other members (of the Cabinet, and Article 77(10) which gives the COM the power to declare state of emergency.Google Scholar

191 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(2)(b) 91995).Google Scholar

192 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(4)(c) (1995).Google Scholar

193 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(5) & (6) (1995).Google Scholar

194 For all provisions on state of emergency, refer to Const, of the FDRE, Art. 93 (1995).Google Scholar

195 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 49 (1995).Google Scholar

196 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 50(8), 40(8), and 51(5) (1995).Google Scholar

197 For the power and function of Addis Abeba, refer to the Addis Abeba City Government Revised Charter Proclamation No. 361/2003.Google Scholar

198 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 78(1) (1995).Google Scholar

199 The Federal Courts Proclamation Act (“FCPR”) was promulgated by Act No. 25 on February 15, 1996, and amended by Act 138, 1988, to determine the jurisdictions and procedures of the federal courts on the basis of the Constitution.Google Scholar

200 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

201 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 83 (1995).Google Scholar

202 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80 (1995)Google Scholar

203 Id.Google Scholar

204 Id.Google Scholar

205 Id.Google Scholar

206 Id.Google Scholar

207 Id.Google Scholar

208 Id.Google Scholar

209 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(7). (1995).Google Scholar

210 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 81 & 55(13) (1995).Google Scholar

211 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(5) (1995).Google Scholar

212 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(4) (1995).Google Scholar

213 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(3) (1995).Google Scholar

214 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(4) (1995)Google Scholar

215 Id.Google Scholar

216 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(5) (1995).Google Scholar

217 The Federal Courts Proclamation Act (“FCPR”) was promulgated by Act No. 25 on February 15, 1996, and as amended by Federal Courts Proclamation No. 138/1998 and No. 32/2003, to determine the jurisdictions and procedures of the federal courts on the basis of the Constitution.Google Scholar

218 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two Section 3–5.Google Scholar

219 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80 (1995) and FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 3–5.Google Scholar

220 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 35(1).Google Scholar

221 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 35(2).Google Scholar

222 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 24(3).Google Scholar

223 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80(6) (1995).Google Scholar

224 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two, Section 4.Google Scholar

225 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two, Section 5.Google Scholar

226 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 6(1).Google Scholar

227 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 6.Google Scholar

228 Id.Google Scholar

229 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 7.Google Scholar

230 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts.78 and 79 (1), (2) & (3) (1995).Google Scholar

231 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 27.Google Scholar

232 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 28.Google Scholar

233 Id.Google Scholar

234 Id Google Scholar

235 Id.Google Scholar

236 Id.Google Scholar

237 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 29Google Scholar

238 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 30.Google Scholar

239 The jurisdiction of all courts listed in this section are taken from FCPA.Google Scholar

240 The president and Vice President of the Federal Supreme Court have dual functions. Both serve as judges in the Federal Supreme Court as well as President and Vice President, respectively of the CCI.Google Scholar

241 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 24.Google Scholar

242 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Sections 4, 5, 19 & 20.Google Scholar

243 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Six, Section 20(3).Google Scholar

244 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 8.Google Scholar

245 Without prejudice. See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 8(1).Google Scholar

246 FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 9.Google Scholar

247 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 10.Google Scholar

248 See the Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No. 322/2003, April 8, 2003,Google Scholar

249 See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 11.Google Scholar

250 As of July 2015, 1 US Dollars was equal to 20.72 Ethiopian Birr.Google Scholar

251 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 12.Google Scholar

252 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(1).Google Scholar

253 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(2).Google Scholar

254 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(3).Google Scholar

255 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(8).Google Scholar

256 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(10).Google Scholar

257 See FCPA, supra note 217 at section 12(2).Google Scholar

258 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 13.Google Scholar

259 See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 20.Google Scholar

260 As of July 2015, 1 US Dollars was equal to 20.72 Ethiopian Birr.Google Scholar

261 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 14.Google Scholar

262 Id.Google Scholar

263 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 5Google Scholar

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265 FCPA, supra note 217 at Article 4(4).Google Scholar

266 Id. at Article 4(5).Google Scholar

267 Id. at Article 4(6).Google Scholar

268 Id. at Article 4(7).Google Scholar

269 Id. at Article 4(9).Google Scholar

270 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 11(b).Google Scholar

271 See FCPA supra note 217 at Section 15(2).Google Scholar

272 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 78 & 80 (1995).Google Scholar

273 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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275 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 49 (1995).Google Scholar

276 See the Addis Abeba City Government Charter Proclamation No. 361/2003 (“AACP”).Google Scholar

277 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 43.Google Scholar

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281 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 42(1).Google Scholar

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286 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 46.Google Scholar

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289 AACP, supra note 276 at Section 49.Google Scholar

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292 FCSC, supra note 290 at Sections 3 & 4.Google Scholar

293 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 24.Google Scholar

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295 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

296 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 8.Google Scholar

297 FCSC, supra note 290 at Section 9.Google Scholar

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299 Id.Google Scholar

300 FCSC, supra note 290 at section 10.Google Scholar

301 See Negarit Gazeta Proclamation No. 211/2000.Google Scholar

302 Id.Google Scholar

303 Id.Google Scholar

304 Id.Google Scholar

305 Id.Google Scholar

306 Id.Google Scholar

307 The HRC was established by Proclamation No. 210/2000 on July 4, 2000.Google Scholar

308 Id. at Section 6.Google Scholar

309 For additional information, see Ethiopian Arbitration and Conciliation, http:www.abyssinialaw.com//study-On-line/item/338-ethiopia-arbitration-and-conciliation-center (last visited August 6, 2015).Google Scholar

310 See generally http://www.abyssinialawcom/study-on-line/item/338-ethiopianitration-and-conciliation-center (last visited August 14, 2015).Google Scholar

311 Id.Google Scholar

312 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 10(1) (1995).Google Scholar

313 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 10(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

314 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 13(1) (1995).Google Scholar

315 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 13(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

316 See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 14–28 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

317 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 14 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

318 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 15 (1995).Google Scholar

319 Id.Google Scholar

320 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 16 (1995).Google Scholar

321 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 17 (1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

322 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 17 (2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

323 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 18 (3) (1995) for definition of “forced or compulsory labor.”Google Scholar

324 Const. of the FDRE, Art. (1) (1995).Google Scholar

325 See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

326 Id.Google Scholar

327 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(3) (1995).Google Scholar

328 Id.Google Scholar

329 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 19(3) & (1) (1995).Google Scholar

330 Id.Google Scholar

331 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(4) (1995).Google Scholar

332 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(5) (1995).Google Scholar

333 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

334 Id.Google Scholar

335 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

336 const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(3) (1995) (emphasis added).Google Scholar

337 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(4) (1995).Google Scholar

338 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(5) (1995) (emphasis added).Google Scholar

339 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(7) (1995).Google Scholar

340 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 22 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

341 Id.Google Scholar

342 Id.Google Scholar

343 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 23 (1995).Google Scholar

344 See generally const. of the FDRE. Art. 24 (1995).Google Scholar

345 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 25 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

346 Id.Google Scholar

347 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

348 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

349 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(3) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

350 Id.Google Scholar

351 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(1) (1995)…Google Scholar

352 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

353 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(3) (1995).Google Scholar

354 Id.Google Scholar

355 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(5) (1995).Google Scholar

356 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(4) (1995).Google Scholar

357 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(5) (1995).Google Scholar

358 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(1) (1995).Google Scholar

359 Id.Google Scholar

360 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 90(2) (1995).Google Scholar

361 See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 29 (1995).Google Scholar

362 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

363 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(3) (1995).Google Scholar

364 Id.Google Scholar

365 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(4) (1995).Google Scholar

366 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(5) (1995).Google Scholar

367 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(6) (1995).Google Scholar

368 Id.Google Scholar

369 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

370 Id.Google Scholar

371 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

372 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 31 (1995).Google Scholar

373 Id.Google Scholar

374 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 32(1) (1995).Google Scholar

375 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 32(2) (1995). 376. Const. of the FDRE, Art. 33 (1995).Google Scholar

377 Id.Google Scholar

378 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 33(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

379 See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 33(3) & (4) (1995).Google Scholar

380 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

381 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

382 Id.Google Scholar

383 Id.Google Scholar

384 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

385 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(4) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

386 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

387 CONST. OF THE FDRE Art. 35(3) (1995).Google Scholar

388 Id.Google Scholar

389 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 35(6) (1995).Google Scholar

390 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35(7), (8) & (9) (1995).Google Scholar

391 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 35(5)(b) (1995).Google Scholar

392 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(2) (1995).Google Scholar

393 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(1) (1995).Google Scholar

394 Id.Google Scholar

395 Id.Google Scholar

396 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(4) (1995).Google Scholar

397 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(5) (1995).Google Scholar

398 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(3) (1995).Google Scholar

399 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 37(1) (1995).Google Scholar

400 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 38(1) (1995).Google Scholar

401 Id.Google Scholar

402 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 102 (1995).Google Scholar

403 Id.Google Scholar

404 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 38(2) (1995).Google Scholar

405 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(1) (1995).Google Scholar

406 Const. of the FDRE, 39(2) (1995).Google Scholar

407 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(4) (1995).Google Scholar

408 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

409 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(3) (1995).Google Scholar

410 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(4) & (5) (1995).Google Scholar

411 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(6) (1995).Google Scholar

412 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(7) (1995).Google Scholar

413 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(1) (1995).Google Scholar

414 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(2) (1995).Google Scholar

415 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(9) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

416 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(4) & 40(5) (1995).Google Scholar

417 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(8) (1995).Google Scholar

418 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 42(1) (d) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

419 See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art.42 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

420 Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 43(1) & (2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

421 Const. of the FDRE, Art. 44 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

422 See Ethiopian Legal Blog, http://chilot.me/cassation-decisions/ (last visited July 14, 2015).Google Scholar

423 Constitutional interpretation is handled by a different governmental department.Google Scholar

424 Note: Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar and its seven years and eight months behind the Gregorian calendar. Sene falls in June and July while Meskerem falls in September and October of the Gregorian calendar. For example, Sene 30, 2007 of the Ethiopian calendar is July 7, 2015 of the Gregorian calendar and Meskerem 30, 2008 is October 11, 2015.Google Scholar