Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T19:18:29.914Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rights and constituent power in the global constitution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2014

Chris Thornhill*
Affiliation:
School of Law, University of Manchester. Email: [email protected].

Abstract

Using an approach derived from sociological functionalism, this paper proposes a distinctive reconstruction both of the history of constitutionalism and of the changing form of constitutional law in global society. It argues that constitutional norms form adaptive principles for stabilising the inclusionary legal and political functions of society. Classical patterns of legal/political inclusion tended to rely on democratic forms of will formation (constituent power). Contemporary patterns of legal/political inclusion rely, in contrast, on rights. The shift in emphasis from constituent power to rights forms the constitutional foundation for the emerging global political system.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, Bruce (1997) ‘The Rise of World Constitutionalism’, Virginia Law Review 83(4): 771797.Google Scholar
Albert, Mathias (2002) Zur Politik der Weltgesellschaft. Identität und Recht im Kontext internationaler Vergesellschaftung. Weilerszwist: Velbrück.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey C. (2006) The Civil Sphere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen (1996) ‘The European Court's Political Power’, West European Politics 19(3): 458487.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen (1998) ‘Who Are the “Masters of the Treaty”? European Governments and the European Court of Justice’, International Organization 52(1): 121147.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen (2001) Establishing the Supremacy of European Law: The Making of an International Rule of Law in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alvarez, José E. (2005) International Organizations as Law-Makers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Amar, Akhil Reed (1987) ‘Of Sovereignty and Federalism’, Yale Law Journal 96: 14251520.Google Scholar
Amar, Akhil Reed (1998) The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Anleu, Sharyn Roach (1998) ‘Sociologists Confront Human Rights: The Problem of Universalism’, Journal of Sociology 35: 198210.Google Scholar
Baehr, Peter R. (2009) Non-Governmental Human Rights Organizations in International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Baghai, Katayoun (2012) ‘Privacy as a Human Right: A Sociological Theory’, Sociology 46(5): 951965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamforth, Nicholas (1999) ‘The Application of the Human Rights Act 1998 to Public Authorities and Private Bodies’, Cambridge Law Journal 58(1): 159170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barak, Aharon (2001) ‘Constitutional Human Rights and Private Law’, in Friedman, Daniel and Barak-Erez, Daphne (eds), Human Rights in Private Law. Oxford: Hart, 1342.Google Scholar
Barbalet, J. M. (1998) Emotion, Social Theory, and Social Structure: A Macrosociological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Samuel (1978) ‘Federalism, Nationalism and Democracy in America’, American Political Science Review 72(1): 921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, Richard (2007) Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Benvenisti, Eyal (1993) ‘Judicial Misgivings regarding the Application of International Law: An Analysis of National Courts’, European Journal of International Law 4: 159183.Google Scholar
Berman, Paul Schiff (2007) ‘A Pluralist Approach to International Law’, Yale Law Journal 32: 300329.Google Scholar
Bilder, Mary Sarah (2004) The Transatlantic Constitution: Colonial Legal Culture and the Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Blackmun, Harry A. (1994) ‘The Supreme Court and the Law of Nations’, Yale Law Journal 104(1): 3949.Google Scholar
Bodin, Jean (1986 [1576]) Les six livres de la république, in 6 vols. Paris: Fayard, III.Google Scholar
Bogdandy, Armin von, Dann, Philipp and Goldmann, Matthias (2011) ‘Völkerrecht als öffentliches Recht: Konturen eines rechtlichen Rahmens für Global Governance’, in Forst, Rainer and Günther, Klaus (eds), Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen: Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 227263.Google Scholar
Bogdandy, Armin von and Venzke, Ingo (2011) ‘Beyond Dispute: International Judicial Institutions as Lawmakers’, German Law Journal 12(5): 9791003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunkhorst, Hauke (2012) Legitimationskrisen: Verfassungsprobleme der Weltgesellschaft. Baden-Baden: Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunkhorst, Hauke (2014) Critical Theory of Legal Revolutions – Evolutionary Perspectives. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Brunner, Georg and Sólyom, László (1995) Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in Ungarn: Analysen und Entscheidungssammlung 1990–1993. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Buergenthal, Thomas (1997) ‘The Normative and Institutional Evolution of International Human Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly 19(4): 703723.Google Scholar
Burdeau, François (1994) Histoire de l'administration française: Du 18 au 20 siècle, 2nd edn.Paris: Montchrestien.Google Scholar
Burrage, Michael (2006) Revolution and the Making of the Contemporary Legal Profession: England, France and the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Calliess, Gralf-Peter and Renner, Moritz (2009) ‘Between Law and Social Norms: The Evolution of Global Governance’, Ratio Juris 22(2): 260280.Google Scholar
Calliess, Gralf-Peter and Zumbansen, Peer (2010) Rough Consensus and Running Code: A Theory of Transnational Private Law. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Cass, Deborah Z. (2005) The Constitutionalization of the World Trade Organization: Legitimacy, Democracy, and Community in the International Trading System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, Rachel (2005) ‘The Unocal Settlement: Implications for the Developing Law on Corporate Complicity in Human Rights Abuses’, Human Rights Brief 13(1): 1416.Google Scholar
Chambers, Rachel (2006) ‘The UN Human Rights Norms for Corporations: The Private Implications of Public International Law’, Human Rights Law Review 6(3): 447497.Google Scholar
Charnovitz, Steve (1997) ‘Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance’, Michigan Journal of International Law 18: 183286.Google Scholar
Chesterman, Simon (2004) You, The People: The United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State-Building. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Claes, Monica (2007) ‘Europeanization of National Constitutions in the Constitutionalization of Europe: Some Observations against the Background of the Constitutional Experience of the EU-15’, Croatian Yearbook of European Law and Policy 3: 138.Google Scholar
Clapham, Andrew (1993) Human Rights in the Private Sphere. Oxford: Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Harlan G. (2006) ‘Supremacy and Diplomacy: The International Law of the U.S. Supreme Court.Berkeley Journal of International Law 24(1): 273329.Google Scholar
Cohen, Harlan G. (2012) ‘From Fragmentation to Constitutionalization’, Global Business & Development Law Journal 25: 381394.Google Scholar
Colón-Ríos, Joel I. (2011) ‘Carl Schmitt and Constituent Power in Latin America’, Constellations 18(3): 365388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotterrell, Roger (2008) ‘Transnational Communities and the Concept of Law’, Ratio Juris 21(1): 118.Google Scholar
Dann, Philipp and Al-Ali, Zaid (2006) ‘The Internationalized Pouvoir Constituant – Constitution-making under External Influence in Iraq, Sudan and East Timor’, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 10: 423463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'aspremont, Jean (2011) ‘Introduction: Non-State Actors in International Law: Oscillating between Concepts and Dynamics’, in d'Aspremont, Jean (ed.), Participants in the International Legal System: Multiple Perspectives on Non-State Actors in International Law. London: Routledge, 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, Bill (2012) Resisting the European Court of Justice: West Germany's Confrontation with European Law, 1949–1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De búrca, Gráinne (2010) ‘The European Court of Justice and the International Legal Order after Kadi’, Harvard International Law Journal 51(1): 149.Google Scholar
Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh (2006) ‘A Tale of Two Courts: Luxembourg, Strasbourg and the Growing European Human Rights Acquis’, Common Market Law Review 43: 619665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh (2011) ‘Europe's Constitutional Mosaic: Human Rights in the European Legal Space – Utopia, Dystopia, Monotopia or Polytopia?’, in Walker, Neil, Shaw, Jo and Tierney, Stephen (eds), Europe's Constitutional Mosaic. Oxford: Hart, 97134.Google Scholar
Dupuy, Pierre-Marie (1997) ‘The Constitutional Dimension of the Charter of the United Nations Revisited’, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 1: 133.Google Scholar
Duxbury, Alison (2009) The Participation of States in International Organizations: The Role of Human Rights and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dyzenhaus, David (2012) ‘Constitutionalism in an Old Key: Legality and Constituent Power,’ Global Constitutionalism 1(2): 229260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eijsbouts, W. T. (2010) ‘Wir sind das Volk: Notes about the Notion of ‘The People’ as Occasioned by the Lissabon Urteil’, European Constitutional Law Review 6: 199222.Google Scholar
Eisgruber, Christopher L. (1995) ‘The Fourteenth Amendment's Constitution’, Southern California Law Review 69: 47103.Google Scholar
Engel, Christoph (2001) ‘Hybrid Governance across National Jurisdictions as a Challenge to Constitutional Law’, European Business Organization Law Review 2: 569583.Google Scholar
Engel, Christoph (2004) ‘A Constitutional Framework for Private Governance’, German Law Journal 5(3): 198236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabbrini, Federico (2008) ‘Kelsen in Paris: French Constitutional Reform and the Introduction of a posteriori Constitutional Review of Legislation’, German Law Journal 9(10): 12971312.Google Scholar
Farber, Daniel (2003) Lincoln's Constitution. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Fassbender, Bardo (1998) ‘The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 36(3): 539619.Google Scholar
Fischer-Lescano, Andreas (2003) ‘Die Emergenz der Globalverfassung’, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 63: 717760.Google Scholar
Fischer-Lescano, Andreas and Teubner, Gunther (2006) Regime-Kollisionen. Zur Fragmentierung des globalen Rechts. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Fogelklou, Anders (2001) ‘Constitutional Order in Russia: A New Territory for Constitutionalism’, Review of Central and East European Law 26(3): 231257.Google Scholar
Fossum, John Eric and Menéndez, Augustín José (2010) The Theory of Constitutional Synthesis: A Constitutional Theory for a Democratic European Union. London: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M. (1992) ‘The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance’, American Journal of International Law 86(1): 4691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frerichs, Sabine (2008) Judicial Governance in der europäischen Rechtsgemeinschaft: Integration durch Recht jenseits des Staates. Baden-Baden: Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence (1996) ‘Borders: On the Emerging Sociology of Transnational Law’, Stanford Journal of International Law 32: 6590.Google Scholar
Fritz, Christian G. (2008) American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition before the Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gaer, Felice D. (1995) ‘Reality Check: Human Rights Nongovernmental Organisations Confront Governments at the United Nations’, Third World Quarterly 16(3): 389404.Google Scholar
Gardbaum, Stephen (2009) ‘Human Rights and International Constitutionalism’, in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Trachtman, Joel P. (eds), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 233257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey, Kelemen, R. Daniel and Schulz, Heiner (1998) ‘The European Court of Justice, National Governments, and Legal Integration in the European Union’, International Organization 52(1): 149176.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom (2005) ‘Bounded Discretion in International Judicial Lawmaking’, Virginia Journal of International Law 45(3): 142.Google Scholar
Gordenker, Leon and Weiss, Thomas G. (1995) ‘NGO Participation in the International Policy Process’, Third World Quarterly 16(3): 543555.Google Scholar
Griffin, Stephen M. (1999) ‘Constitutional Theory Transformed’, Yale Law Journal 108(8): 21152163.Google Scholar
Grimm, Dieter (1991) Die Zukunft der Verfassung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Grimm, Dieter (2009) ‘Gesellschaftlicher Konstitutionalismus – Eine Kompensation für den Bedeutungsschwund der Staatsverfassung?’ in Herdegen, Matthias, Klein, Hans Hugo, Papier, Hans-Jürgen and Scholz, Rupert (eds), Staatsrecht und Politik: Festschrift für Roman Herzog zum 75. Geburtstag. Munich: Beck, 6781.Google Scholar
Gunning, Isabelle (1991) ‘Modernizing Customary International Law: The Challenge of Human Rights’, Virginia Journal of International Law 31: 211247.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen (1992) Faktizität und Geltung: Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Haltern, Ulrich (2005) Europarecht und das Politische. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Harrison, John (1998) ‘The Constitutional Origins and Implications of Judicial Review’, Virginia Law Review 84(3): 333387.Google Scholar
Helfer, Laurence R. and Alter, Karen J. (2009) ‘The Andean Tribunal of Justice and its Interlocutors: Understanding Preliminary Patterns in the Andean Community’, International Law and Politics 41: 871930.Google Scholar
Henkin, Louis (1995) ‘Human Rights and State “Sovereignty”’, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 25: 3144.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran (2004) Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and the Consequences of the New Constitutionalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran (2008) ‘The New Constitutionalism and the Judicialization of Pure Politics Worldwide,’ Fordham Law Review 75: 721753.Google Scholar
Hobson, Charles F. and Teute, Fredrika J. (eds) (1990) The Papers of John Marshall, in 9 vols. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, VIII.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Rainer (1993) Grundrechte und grenzüberschreitende Sachverhalte. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Inclán, Silvia and Inclán, María (2005) ‘Las reformas judiciales en América Latina y la rendición de cuentas del Estado’, Perfiles Latinoamericanos 26: 5582.Google Scholar
Isiksel, N. Türküler (2010) ‘Fundamental Rights in the EU after Kadi and Al Barakaat’, European Law Journal 16(5): 551577.Google Scholar
Jaume, Lucien (1989) Le discours Jacobin et la démocratie. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Jaume, Lucien (2003) ‘Le contrôle de constitutionnalité de la loi: a-t-il un sens pour la doctrine française de la revolution et des premières années de XIXe siècle?’, in Chagnollaud, Dominique (ed.), Aux origins du contrôle de constitutionnalité XVIIIe–XX siècle. Paris: Éditions Panthéon-Assas, 1729.Google Scholar
Jessup, Philip C. (1959) The Use of International Law. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Law School.Google Scholar
Kadelbach, Stefan and Kleinlein, Thomas (2007) ‘International law – A Constitution for Mankind? An Attempt at a Re-appraisal with an Analysis of Constitutional Principles’, German Yearbook of International Law 50: 303347.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Joseph (1960) ‘Zur gegenwärtigen Differenzierung von Recht und Staat’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 10: 413423.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Wolfram and Meyer, Jan-Henrik (2010) ‘Non-state Actors in European Integration in the 1970s: Towards a Polity of Transnational Contestation’, Comparativ 20(3): 724.Google Scholar
Kavanagh, Aileen (2009) Constitutional Review under the UK Human Rights Act. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2003) ‘The EU Rights Revolution: Adversarial Legalism and European Integration’, in Börzel, Tanja A. and Cichowski, Rachel A. (eds), The State of the European Union: Law, Politics and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 221234.Google Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2006) ‘Suing for Europe: Adversarial Legalism and European Governance’, Comparative Political Studies 39: 101126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2011) Eurolegalism: The Transformation of Law and Regulation in the European Union. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict (2009a) ‘The Concept of “Law” in Global Administrative Law’, European Journal of International Law 20(1): 2357.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict (2009b) ‘International Law as Inter-Public Law’, in Richardson, Henry R. and Williams, Melissa S. (eds), NOMOS XLIX: Moral Universalism and Pluralism. New York: New York University Press, 167204.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict (2012) ‘International Courts: Uneven Judicialisation in Global Order’ in Crawford, James and Koskenniemi, Martti (eds), The Cambridge Companion to International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203227.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict, Krisch, Nico and Stewart, Richard B. (2004) ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’, Law and Contemporary Problems 68: 1561.Google Scholar
Kirsch, Moshe (2005) ‘The Sociology of International Law: Invitation to Study International Rules in their Context’, University of Toronto Law Journal 55(4): 891939.Google Scholar
Klabbers, Jan, Peters, Anne and Ulfstein, Geir (2009) The Constitutionalization of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klug, Heinz (2000) Constituting Democracy: Law, Globalism and South Africa's Political Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju (1999) ‘How is International Human Rights Law Enforced?’, Indiana Law Journal 74(4): 13971417.Google Scholar
Kokott, Juliane (1998) ‘Grund- und Menschenrechte als Inhalt eines internationalen ordre public’, Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 38: 71114.Google Scholar
Krisch, Nico (2008) ‘The Open Architecture of European Human Rights Law’, Modern Law Review 71(2): 183216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krisch, Nico (2010) Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kumm, Mattias (2004) ‘The Legitimacy of International Law: A Constitutionalist Framework of Analysis’, European Journal of International Law 15(4): 907931.Google Scholar
Kumm, Mattias (2006) ‘Who is Afraid of the Total Constitution? Constitutional Rights as Principles and the Constitutionalization of Private Law’, German Law Journal 7(4): 341369.Google Scholar
Kunstle, David P. (1996) ‘Kadic v. Karadzic: Do Private Individuals have Enforceable Rights and Obligations under the Alien Tort Claims Act?’, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 6: 319346.Google Scholar
Lafayette, Marquis de [Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier] (1839) Mémoires, correspondences et manuscrits, in 12 vols. Brussels: Hauman et Comp, VII.Google Scholar
Lasser, Mitchel de S.-O.-L'E (2009) Judicial Transformations in the Courts of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lavranos, Nikolaos (2008) ‘The Solange-Method as a Tool for Regulating Competing Jurisdictions among International Courts and Tribunals’, Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 30: 275334.Google Scholar
Lewis, Peter W. and Trichter, Joseph Gary (1981) ‘The Nationalization of the Bill of Rights: History, Development and Current Status’, Washburn Law Journal 20: 195240.Google Scholar
Lo, Ying-Jen (2005) Human Rights Litigation: Promoting International Law in US Courts. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.Google Scholar
Loughlin, Martin (2009) ‘In Defence of Staatslehre’, Der Staat 48(1): 127.Google Scholar
Lucke, Karin (2005) ‘States’ and Private Actors' Human Rights Obligations', in Cottier, Thomas, Pauwelyn, Joost and Bürgi Bonami, Elisabeth (eds), Human Rights and International Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 148164.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (1965) Grundrechte als Institution: Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (1981a) ‘Selbstlegitimation des Staates’, in Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. Beiheft: Legitimation des modernen Staates, 6583.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (1981b) Politische Thorie im Wohlfahrtsstaat. Vienna: Olzog.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (1993) Das Recht der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (2000) Die Politik der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (2008) Ideenevolution: Beiträge zur Wissenssoziologie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Lutz, Donald S. (1980) Popular Consent and Popular Control: Whig Political Theory in the Early State Constitutions. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press.Google Scholar
Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987 [1787–88]) The Federalist Papers. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Maduro, Miguel Poiares (2005) ‘The Importance of Being Called a Constitution: Constitutional Authority and the Authority of Constitutionalism’, International Journal of Constitutional Law 3(2/3): 332356.Google Scholar
Maier, Pauline (2010) Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution 1787–1788. London: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Malberg, Raymond Carré de (1920–22) Contribution à la théorie générale de l’État, 2 vols. Paris: Sirey, II.Google Scholar
Maus, Ingeborg (2010) ‘Verfassung und Verfassunggebung: Zur Kritik des Theorems einer “Emergenz” supranationaler und transnationaler Verfassungen’, in Kreide, Regina and Niederberger, Andreas (eds), Staatliche Souveränität und transnationales Recht. Munich: Rainer Hampp, 2770.Google Scholar
Medina, Cecilia (1990) ‘The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Reflections on a Joint Venture’, Human Rights Quarterly 12: 439464.Google Scholar
Milewicz, Karolina (2008) ‘Emerging Patterns of Global Constitutionalization: Toward a Conceptual Framework’, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 16(2): 413436.Google Scholar
Mills, Alex (2009) The Confluence of Public and Private International Law: Justice, Pluralism and Subsidiarity in the International Constitutional Ordering of Private Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mousnier, Roland (1945) La venalité des offices sous Henri IV et Louis XIII. Rouen: Maugard.Google Scholar
Müller, Friedrich (1995) Fragment (über) Verfassunggebende Gewalt des Volkes: Elemente einer Verfassungstheorie V. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Murswiek, Dietrich (1993) ‘Maastricht und der pouvoir constituant: Zur Bedeutung der verfassunggebenden Gewalt im Prozeß der europäischen Integration’, Der Staat 32: 161192.Google Scholar
Nicolaidis, Kalypso and Shaffer, Gregory (2005) ‘Transnational Mutual Recognition Regimes: Governance without Global Government’, Law and Contemporary Problems 68: 263317.Google Scholar
Nino, Carlos Santiago (1989) ‘Transition to Democracy, Corporatism and Constitutional Reform in Latin America’, University of Miami Law Review 44: 129164.Google Scholar
Nollkaemper, André (2009) ‘The Internationalized Rule of Law’, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 1(1): 7478.Google Scholar
Nollkaemper, André (2011) National Courts and the International Rule of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nowrot, Karsten (1999) ‘Legal Consequences of Globalization: The Status of Non-Governmental Organizations under International Law’, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 6: 579645.Google Scholar
Nowrot, Karsten (2004) Global Governance and International Law, Beiträge zum Transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht, 33, online: <http://www.wirtschaftsrecht.uni-halle.de/sites/default/files/altbestand/Heft33.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Oeter, Stefan (2004) ‘Chancen und Defizite internationaler Verrechtlichung: Was das Recht jenseits des Nationalstaats leisten kann’, in Zangl, Bernhard and Zürn, Michael (eds), Verrechtlichung – Baustein für Global Governance. Bonn: Dietz, 4673.Google Scholar
Paler, Laura (2005) ‘China's Legislation Law and the Making of a More Orderly and Representative Legislative System’, China Quarterly 182: 301318.Google Scholar
Parlett, Kate (2011) The Individual in the International Legal System: Continuity and Change in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pasqualucci, Jo M. (2002) ‘Advisory Practice of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Contributing to the Evolution of International Human Rights Law’, Stanford Journal of International Law 38: 241288.Google Scholar
Paust, Jordan L. (1989) ‘On Human Rights: The Use of Human Right Precepts in U.S. History and the Right to an Effective Remedy in Domestic Courts’, Michigan Journal of International Law 10: 543652.Google Scholar
Paust, Jordan J. (1992) ‘The Other Side of Right: Private Duties under Human Rights Law’, Harvard Human Rights Journal 51: 5163.Google Scholar
Pernice, Ingolf (1999) ‘Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution-making Revisited?’, Common Market Law Review 36: 703749.Google Scholar
Peters, Anne (2001) Elemente einer Theorie der Verfassung Europas. Berlin: Dunker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Peters, Anne (2006) ‘Privatisierung, Globalisierung und die Resistenz des “Verfassungssstaates”’, in Mastronardi, Philippe and Taubert, Denis (eds), Staat- und Verfassungstheorie im Spannungsfeld der Disziplinen. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 100159.Google Scholar
Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (2005) ‘Human Rights and International Trade Law: Defining and Connecting the Two Fields’, in Cottier, Thomas, Pauwelyn, Joost and Bürgi Bonami, Elisabeth (eds), Human Rights and International Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2994.Google Scholar
Pincus, Steve (2009) 1688: The First Modern Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Portmann, Roland (2010) Legal Personality in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Power, Lucas A. Jr. (2000) The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quack, Sigrid (2007) ‘Legal Professionals and Transnational Law-Making: A Case of Distributed Agency’, Organization 14: 643666.Google Scholar
Reinisch, August (2000) International Organizations before National Courts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reinisch, August (2001) ‘Securing the Accountability of International Organizations’, Global Governance 7: 131149.Google Scholar
Renner, Moritz (2009) ‘Towards a Hierarchy of Norms in Transnational Law?’, Journal of International Arbitration 26(4): 533555.Google Scholar
Rolland, Patrice (1998) ‘Des droits et des devoirs’, in Naudin-Patriat, Françoise (ed.), La constitution de l'an III ou l'ordre républicain. Dijon: Éditions Universitaires de Dijon, 2984.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1975) Du contrat social et autres oeuvres politiques. Paris: Garnier.Google Scholar
Sabel, F. and Zeitlin, Jonathan (2008) ‘Learning from Difference: The New Architecture of Experimentalist Governance in the EU’, European Law Journal 14(3): 271327.Google Scholar
Scheeck, Laurent (2005) ‘Solving Europe's Binary Human Rights Puzzle: The Interaction between Supranational Courts as a Parameter of European Governance’, Questions de Recherche / Research in Question 15: 34.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl (1928) Verfassungslehre. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Schneiderman, David (2008) Constitutionalizing Economic Globalization: Investment Rules and Democracy's Promise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2003) Staatswissenschaft. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2006) ‘The Changing Role of the State Reflected in the Growing Importance of Non-State Actors’, in Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (ed.), Global Governance and the Role of Non-State Actors. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 203244.Google Scholar
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2011) Governance und Rechtsetzung: Grundfragen einer modernen Regelungswissenschaft. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Schwöbel, Christine E. J. (2011) Global Constitutionalism in International Legal Perspective. Leiden: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Scott, Colin, Cafaggi, Fabrizio and Senden, Linda (2011) ‘The Conceptual and Constitutional Challenge of Transnational Private Regulation’, Journal of Law and Society 38(1): 119.Google Scholar
Scott, Craig (2009) ‘“Transnational Law” as Proto-Concept: Three Conceptions’, German Law Journal 10(7): 859876.Google Scholar
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph (1789) Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État?, 2nd edn.Paris.Google Scholar
Sieyès, Emmanuel (1796) Collection des écrits, vol. I. Paris: C. F. Cramer.Google Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen (1982) Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie (1995) ‘A Typology of Transjudicial Communication’, University of Richmond Law Review 29: 99137.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie (2003) ‘A Global Community of Courts’, Harvard International Law Journal 44: 191219.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie (2004) A New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie and Burke-White, William (2006) ‘The Future of International Law is Domestic (or, the European Way of Law)’, Harvard International Law Journal 47(2): 327352.Google Scholar
Sloss, David L., Ramsay, Michael D. and Dodge, William S. (2011) ‘International Law in the Supreme Court to 1860’, in Sloss, David L., Ramsay, Michael D. and Dodge, William S. (eds), International Law in the U.S. Supreme Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 751.Google Scholar
Snyder, David V. (2003) ‘Private Lawmaking’, Ohio State Law Journal 64: 371449.Google Scholar
Sohn, Louis B. (1982) ‘The New International Law: Protection of the Rights of Individuals rather than States’, American University Law Review 32(1): 164.Google Scholar
Solomon, Peter (2008) ‘Assessing the Courts in Russia: Parameters of Progress under Putin’, Demokratizatsiya 161: 6373.Google Scholar
Somek, Alexander (2008) Individualism: An Essay on the Authority of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Somek, Alexander (2012) ‘The Constituent Power in National and Transnational Contexts’, Transnational Legal Theory 3: 3160.Google Scholar
Sonenscher, Michael (1989) Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics and the Eighteenth-century French Trades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spiro, Peter J. (1995) ‘New Global Communities: Nongovernmental Organizations in International Decision Making Institutions’, Washington Quarterly 18(1): 4556.Google Scholar
Spiro, Peter J. (1996) ‘New Global Potentates: Nongovernmental Organizations and the “Unregulated” Marketplace’, Cardozo Law Review 18: 957969.Google Scholar
Spiro, Peter J. (2000) ‘Globalization, International Law, and the Academy’, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 32: 567590.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric (1981) ‘Lawyers, Judges and the Making of a Transnational Constitution’, American Journal of International Law 75(1): 127.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric (1994) ‘International Law in Internal Law: Toward Internationalization of Central-Eastern European Constitutions’, American Journal of International Law 88: 427450.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Richard H. (2004) ‘Judicial Lawmaking at the WTO: Discursive, Constitutional, and Political Constraints’, American Journal of International Law 98: 247275.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec (2004) The Judicial Construction of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec (2008) ‘The Constitutional Council and the Transformation of the Republic’, Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship Series, 79.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec (2009) ‘Constitutionalism, Legal Pluralism, and International Relations’, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 16(2): 621645.Google Scholar
Surrency, Erwin C. (1964) ‘The Lawyer and the Revolution’, American Journal of Legal History 8(2): 125135.Google Scholar
Tatham, Allan F. (2011) ‘In the Judicial Steps of Bolívar and Morazán? Supranational Court Conversations between Europe and Latin America’, European Journal of Law Reform 13(1): 157171.Google Scholar
Teubner, Gunther (2006) ‘Die anonyme Matrix: Zu Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch “private” transnationale Akteure’, Der Staat 44: 161187.Google Scholar
Teubner, Gunther (2012) Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thornhill, Chris (2011) A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thornhill, Chris (2012) ‘The Dialectic of Constituent Power in Contemporary Constitutionalism’, Global Constitutionalism 1(3): 369404.Google Scholar
Tomkins, Adam (2003) Public Law. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Trachtman, Joel P. (2006) ‘The Constitutions of the WTO’, European Journal of International Law 17(3): 623646.Google Scholar
Trimble, Phillip R. (1997) ‘Globalization, International Institutions, and the Erosion of National Sovereignty and Democracy’, Michigan Law Review 95(6): 19441969.Google Scholar
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques (1844) ‘Édit du Roi, portant suppression des jurandes’, in Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Oeuvres, edited in 2 vols. by Daire, E. and Dussard, H.. Paris: Guillaumin, II: 302316.Google Scholar
Turner, Bryan S. (1993) ‘Outline of a Theory of Human Rights’, Sociology 27: 489512.Google Scholar
Unger, Moritz von (2008) Menschenrechte als transnationales Privatrecht. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.Google Scholar
Vandenbergh, Michael P. (2005) ‘The Private Life of Public Law’, Columbia Law Review 105(7): 20292096.Google Scholar
Visser, Maartje De and Claes, Monika (2013) ‘Judicial Networks’, in Larouche, Pierre and Cserne, Péter (eds), National Legal Systems and Globalization. Berlin: Springer, 346368.Google Scholar
Wai, Robert (2002) ‘Transnational Liftoff and Juridical Touchdown: The Regulatory Function of Private International Law in an Era of Globalization’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 40: 209274.Google Scholar
Wai, Robert (2008) ‘The Interlegality of Transnational Private Law’, Law and Contemporary Problems 71: 107127.Google Scholar
Walker, Neil (2007) ‘Post-Constituent Constitutionalism? The Case of the European Union’, in Loughlin, Martin and Walker, Neil (eds), The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 247268.Google Scholar
Wan, Ming (2007) ‘Human Rights and Lawmaking in China: Domestic Politics, International Law, and International Politics’, Human Rights Quarterly 29(3): 727753.Google Scholar
Waters, Melissa A. (2005) ‘Mediating Norms and Identity: The Role of Transnational Judicial Dialogue in Creating and Enforcing International Law’, Georgetown Law Review 93: 487574.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (1921) Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Weiler, Joseph (1991) ‘The Transformation of Europe’, Yale Law Journal 100: 24032483.Google Scholar
Wernicke, Stephan (2007) ‘Au nom de qui? The European Court of Justice between Member States, Civil Society and Union Citizens’, European Law Journal 13(3): 380407.Google Scholar
Williams, Robert F. (1987) ‘“Experience Must Be Our Only Guide”: The State Constitutional Experience of the Framers of the Federal Constitution’, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 15: 403427.Google Scholar
Wood, Stephen G. and Scharffs, Brett G. (2002) ‘Applicability of Human Rights Standards to Private Corporations: An American Perspective’, American Journal of Comparative Law 50: 531566.Google Scholar
Woolf, Lord of Barnes (1995) ‘Droit Public – English Style’, Public Law: 5771.Google Scholar
Yeh, Jiunn-Rong and Chang, Wen-Chen (2009) ‘The Changing Landscape of Modern Constitutionalism: Transitional Perspectives’, National Taiwan University Law Review 4(1): 145183.Google Scholar
Zumbansen, Peer (2002) ‘Piercing the Legal Veil: Commercial Arbitration and Transnational Law’, European Law Journal 8(3): 400432.Google Scholar
Zumbansen, Peer (2006) ‘Transnational Law’, in Smits, Jan (ed.), Encyclopedia of Comparative Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 738754.Google Scholar
Zumbansen, Peer (2010) ‘Transnational Legal Pluralism’, Transnational Legal Theory 1(2): 141189.Google Scholar
Zweig, Egon (1909) Die Lehre vom Pouvoir Constituant: Ein Beitrag zum Staatsrecht der französischen Revolution. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar