Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:01:33.810Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reassessing the role of plants in society

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 April 2017

Robert Amos*
Affiliation:
PhD student, University of Sussex, School of Law, Politics and Sociology. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Plants have been and will continue to be fundamental to the evolution of human society. However, the law’s traditional approach to plants, based broadly on the need to facilitate the exploitation of plants for the benefit of humans and to regulate the impacts of that exploitation, fails to recognise the ways in which plants can be said to participate in society. This participation takes three forms: a contribution to the achievement of social goals, the shaping of social spaces and the influencing of individual and collective human behaviours. It is argued that the recognition of these roles that plants play in society in law and policy could begin to redress the continuing decline in plant diversity, and lead to a reformed understanding of society’s relationship with plants and the wider natural world.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am grateful to Professors Stuart Harrop of Kingston University (London) and Donald McGillivray of Sussex University for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and also to the anonymous referees for their invaluable feedback and suggestions.

References

Adams, William M. (2003) Future Nature: A Vision for Conservation. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Adams, William M. (2004) Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Adams, William M. (2010) ‘Path Dependence in Conservation’ in Leader-Williams, Nigel, Adams, William M. and Smith, Robert J. (eds) Trade-Offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Agyeman, Julian (2013) Introducing Just Sustainabilities: Policy, Planning, and Practice. London and New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Robert V. (2005) ‘Ecological Reason in Administration: Environmental Impact Assessment and Green Politics’ in Paehlke, Robert and Torgerson, Douglas (eds) Managing Leviathan: Environmental Politics and the Administrative State, 2nd edn. Toronto: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Batisse, Michel (1982) ‘The Biosphere Reserve: A Tool for Environmental Conservation and Management’, Environmental Conservation 9: 101.Google Scholar
Bhagwat, Shonil A. and Rutte, Claudia (2006) ‘Sacred Groves: Potential for Biodiversity Management’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4(10): 519524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhagwat, Shonil A., Dudley, Nigel and Harrop, Stuart (2011) ‘Religious Following in Biodiversity Hotspots: Challenges and Opportunities for Conservation and Development’, Conservation Letters 4: 234.Google Scholar
Bogusz, Barbara (2013) ‘Regulating Public/Private Interests in Town and Village Greens’, International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 5(1): 2139.Google Scholar
Bowes, Ashley (2012) ‘The Registration of Town or Village Greens and the Res Judicata Myth’, Journal of Planning & Environmental Law 1: 1019.Google Scholar
Boyd, Charlotte, Brooks, Thomas M., Butchart, Stuart H.M., Edgar, Graham J., Da Fonseca, Gustavo A.B., Hawkins, Frank, Hoffman, Michael, Sechrest, Wes, Stuart, Simon N. and Van Dijk, Peter Paul (2008) ‘Spatial Scale and the Conservation of Threatened Species’, Conservation Letters 1: 3743.Google Scholar
Brook, Iris (2006) ‘Restoring Landscapes: The Authenticity Problem’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31: 16001605.Google Scholar
Callon, Michel (1986) ‘Some Elements in a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay’, in Law, John (ed.) Power, Action, Belief. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Books.Google Scholar
Coyle, Sean and Morrow, Karen (2004) The Philosophical Foundations of Environmental Law: Property, Rights and Nature. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Cullinan, Cormac (2011) Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice, 2nd edn. Totnes: Green Books.Google Scholar
de Sadeleer, Nicolas (2006) ‘EC Law and Biodiversity’ in Macrory, Richard (ed.) Reflections on 30 Years of EU Environmental Law: A High Level of Protection? Groningen: Europa Law Publishing.Google Scholar
Devall, Bill and Sessions, George (2007) Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith.Google Scholar
Doelle, Meinhard (2006) ‘Climate Change and the Use of the Dispute Settlement Regime of the Law of the Sea Convention’, Ocean Development & International Law 37(3–4): 319337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudley, Nigel, Higgins-Zogib, Liza and Mansourian, Stephanie (2009) ‘The Links between Protected Areas, Faiths, and Sacred Natural Sites’, Conservation Biology 23(3): 568577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, Mark (1987) ‘Urban Open Spaces’ in Zube, Erwin and Moore, Gary (eds) Advances in Environment, Behaviour, and Design, Vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Gosler, Andrew, Bhagwat, Shonil, Harrop, Stuart, Bonta, Mark and Tidemann, Sonia (2013) ‘Leadership and Listening: Inspiration for Conservation Mission and Advocacy’ in Macdonald, David and Willis, Katherine (eds) Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Goymour, Amy (2007) ‘Village Greens and the Fight against Development’, Kings Law Journal 18: 145157.Google Scholar
Guruswamy, Lacksham D. (1998) ‘The Convention on Biological Diversity: A Polemic’ in Guruswamy, Lacksham D. and McNeely, Jeffrey (eds) Protection of Global Biodiversity: Converging Strategies. Durham - London: Duke University Press Books.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian (2000) The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Harper-Lore, Bonnie L. (1996) ‘Using Native Plants as Problem-Solvers’, Environmental Management 20(6): 827830.Google Scholar
Harrop, Stuart (1999) ‘Conservation Regulation: A Backward Step for Biodiversity?’, Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 679707.Google Scholar
Harrop, Stuart (2010) ‘Trade-Offs between Animal Welfare and Conservation in Law and Policy’ in Leader-Williams, Nigel, Adams, William M. and Smith, Robert J. (eds) Trade-Offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harrop, Stuart (2011) ‘Impressions: Whales and Human Relationships in Myth, Tradition and Law’ in Brakes, Philippa and Simmonds, Mark (eds) Whales and Dolphins: Cognition, Culture, Conservation and Human Perceptions. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Harrop, Stuart and Pritchard, Diana (2011) ‘A Hard Instrument Goes Soft: The Implications of the Convention on Biological Diversity's Current Trajectory’, Global Environmental Change 21: 474480.Google Scholar
Hinsley, Amy, Entwistle, Abigail and Pil, Dorothea V. (2015) ‘Does the Long-Term Success of REDD+ also Depend on Biodiversity?’, Oryx 49(2): 216221.Google Scholar
Hodas, David R (2008) ‘Biodiversity and Climate Change Laws: A Failure to Communicate?’ in Jeffery, Michael, Firestone, Jeremy and Bubna-Litic, Karen (eds) Biodiversity Conservation, Law + Livelihoods: Bridging the North-South Divide. New York: IUCN Academy of Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holder, Jane (1999) ‘Hedgerows, Laws and Cultural Landscape’ in Holder, Jane and McGillivray, Donald (eds) Locality and Identity: Environmental Issues in Law and Society. Dartmouth: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Holder, Jane (2007) ‘The Prospects for Ecological Impact Assessment’ in Holder, Jane and McGillivray, Donald (eds) Taking Stock of Environmental Assessment: Law, Policy and Practice. New York: Routledge-Cavendish.Google Scholar
Holder, Jane and Mcgillivray, Donald (2007) ‘Locality, Environment and the Law: The Case of Town and Village Greens’, International Journal of Law in Context 3(1): 117.Google Scholar
Homewood, Katherine M. (2010) ‘The Power of Traditions in Conservation’ in Leader-Williams, Nigel, Adams, William M. and Smith, Robert J. (eds) Trade-Offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kareiva, Peter, Chang, Amy and Marvier, Michelle (2008) ‘Development and Conservation Goals in World Bank Projects’, Science 321: 16381639.Google Scholar
Kimber, Clarissa T. (1973) ‘Spatial Patterning in the Dooryard Gardens of Puerto Rico’, The Geographical Review 63(1): 626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krämer, Ludwig (2009) ‘The European Commission's Opinions under Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive’, Journal of Environmental Law 21(1): 5985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krigas, Nikoloas, Menteli, Victoria and Vokou, Despoina (2014) ‘Analysis of the Ex Situ Conservation of the Greek Endemic Flora at National, European and Global Scales and of Its Effectiveness in Meeting GSPC Target 8’, Plant Biosystems 148: doi: 10.1080/11263504.2014.988194.Google Scholar
Larsen, Frank, Turner, Will and Mittermeier, Russell (2015) ‘Will Protection of 17% of Land by 2020 Be Enough to Safeguard Biodiversity and Critical Ecosystem Services?’, Oryx 49(1): 7479.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno (1993) We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Le Viol, Isabelle, Julliard, Romain, Kerbiriou, Christian, De Redon, Louis, Carnino, Nathalie, Machon, Nathalie and Porcher, Emmanuelle (2008) ‘Plant and Spider Communities Benefit Differently from the Presence of Planted Hedgerows in Highway Verges’, Biological Conservation 141: 15811590.Google Scholar
Lee, Maria (2008) ‘The Governance of Coexistence Between GMOs and Other Forms of Agriculture: A Purely Economic Issue?’, Journal of Environmental Law 20(2): 193212.Google Scholar
Leopold, Aldo (1968) A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, first published in 1949. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lovelock, James (2009) Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, first published in 1979, reprint edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macarthur, Robert H. and Wilson, Edward O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mace, Georgina M. (2014) ‘Whose Conservation?’, Science 345: 15581560.Google Scholar
Mace, Georgina M., Collar, Nigel J., Gaston, Kevin J., Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Akçakaya, H. Resit, Leader-Williams, Nigel, Milner-Gulland, E.J. and Stuart, Simon N. (2008) ‘Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species’, Conservation Biology 22(6): 14241442.Google Scholar
Mckay, Jeanne E. (2013) Integrating Religion Within Conservation: Islamic Beliefs and Sumatran Forest Management: A Darwin Initiative Case Study. DICE, University of Kent.Google Scholar
Mckay, Jeanne E., Mangunjaya, Fachruddin M., Dinata, Yoan, Harrop, Stuart R. and Khalid, Fazlun (2013) ‘Practice What You Preach: A Faith-Based Approach to Conservation in Indonesia’, Oryx 48(1): 2329.Google Scholar
Meager, Rowena (2011) ‘New TVGs and Rights of Use’, Rights of Way Law Review 15(3): 189.Google Scholar
Mendoza-Fernández, Antonio, Pérez-García, Francisco J., Martínez-Hernández, Fabián, Medina-Cazorla, José M., Garrido-Becerra, Juan A., Merlo Calvente, María E., Guirado Romero, José S. and Mota, Juan F. (2014) ‘Threatened Plants of Arid Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin: A Case Study of the South-Eastern Iberian Peninsula’, Oryx 48(4): 548554.Google Scholar
Morgera, Elisa (2011) ‘Far Away, So Close: A Legal Analysis of the Increasing Interactions between the Convention on Biological Diversity and Climate Change Law’, Climate Law 2: 85115.Google Scholar
Morrow, Karen (2011) ‘Perspectives on Environmental Law and the Law Relating to Sustainability: A Continuing Role for Ecofeminism?’ in Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Andreas (ed.) Law and Ecology: New Environmental Foundations. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Murdoch, Jonathan (1997) ‘Inhuman/Nonhuman/Human: Actor-Network Theory and the Prospects for a Nondualistic and Symmetrical Perspective on Nature and Society’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15: 731756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Dennis D. (1988) ‘Challenges to Biological Diversity in Urban Areas’ in Wilson, Edward O. (ed.) Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Homervergel G., Chung, Jae-Min, Jeong, Hye-Ran, Kim, Young-Dong, Shin, Chang-Ho and Lee, You-Mi (2015) ‘Ethnobotany of the Wild Edible Plants Gathered in Ulleung Island, South Korea’, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (in press).Google Scholar
Plumwood, Val (1993) Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Poindexter, Georgette (2003) ‘Idolatry of Land’ in Holder, Jane and Harrison, Carolyn (eds) Law and Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Radford, Elizabeth (2011) ‘How to Embed an International Policy into the Political Context of the UK and Europe with Reference to the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity Global Strategy for Plant Conservation ’, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 261266.Google Scholar
Rehman, Khalid, Mashwani, Zia-ur-Rehman, Khan, Mubark Ali, Ullah, Zahid and Chaudhary, Hassan Javed (2015) ‘An Ethno Botanical Perspective of Traditional Medicinal Plants from the Khattak Tribe of Chonthra Karak, Pakistan’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 165: 251259.Google Scholar
Riley, Robert B. (1987) ‘Vernacular Landscapes’ in Zube, Erwin and Moore, Gary (eds) Advances in Environment, Behaviour, and Design, Vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Roe, Emery (1991) ‘Development Narratives, or Making the Best of Blueprint Development’, World Development 19: 287300.Google Scholar
Rondinini, Carlo, Di Marco, Moreno, Visconti, Piero, Butchart, Stuart H.M. and Boitani, Luigi (2014) ‘Update or Outdate: Long-Term Viability of the IUCN Red List’, Conservation Letters 7(2): 126.Google Scholar
Roopan, Selvaraj M. and Elango, G. (2015) ‘Exploitation of Cocos nucifera a non-food toward the biological and nanobiotechnology field’, Industrial Crops and Products 67: 130136.Google Scholar
Rukšāns, Jānis (2010) Crocuses: A Complete Guide to the Genus. Portland and London: Timber Press.Google Scholar
Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Kapos, Valerie, Campbell, Alison, Lysenko, Igor, Burgess, Neil D., Hansen, Matthew C., Gibbs, Holly K., Dickson, Barney and Miles, Lera (2010) ‘Securing Tropical Forest Carbon: The Contribution of Protected Areas to REDD’, Oryx 44: 352357.Google Scholar
Soares-Filho, Britaldo, Rajão, Raoni, Macedo, Marcia, Carneiro, Arnaldo, Costa, William, Coe, Michael, Rodrigues, Hermann and Alencar, Ane (2014) ‘Cracking Brazil's Forest Code’, Science 344: 363364.Google Scholar
Sofferman, Sophia (2014) ‘Climate Change Negotiations and Doha, Qatar’, Pace International Law Review 26(2): 3254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, Kate (1995) What Is Nature? Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stone, Christopher D. (1972) ‘Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects’, Southern California Law Review 45: 450501.Google Scholar
Stone, Christopher D. (2010) Should Trees Have Standing? Law, Morality and the Environment, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Street, Paul (2003) ‘Spaces of Diversity in Diverse Spaces’ in Holder, Jane and Harrison, Carolyn (eds) Law and Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiener, Norbert (2013) Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 2nd edn. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Martino Fine Books.Google Scholar