Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:15:58.541Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gender, poverty and the development of the right to social security

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2014

Beth Goldblatt*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Law, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; Visiting Fellow, Australian Human Rights Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia; Honorary Senior Research Fellow, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Email: [email protected].

Abstract

The international right to social security has been given limited attention as a vehicle for addressing women's poverty. This paper highlights some of the issues shaping women's poverty globally that require a more responsive right to social security. It discusses the nature and purpose of social security and examines the international law relating to this right, arguing that recent interpretations lack an adequate framework for ensuring women's interests are fully accommodated. The paper challenges the relationship between the right to social security and traditional conceptions of work that exclude women's labour. It also argues that the right must have application at the transnational level if it is to address the changing nature of women's work. Drawing on ideas of substantive equality, it proposes an approach to the development of the right from a gender perspective including a set of principles to be followed in applying the right.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banda, Fareda (2012) ‘Article 14’, In Freeman, Marsha A., Chinkin, Christine and Rudolf, Beate (eds), The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 357386.Google Scholar
Barrett, Michelle (1981) Women's Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Barrientos, Armando (2013) ‘Social Protection for Poverty Reduction: Approaches, Effectiveness and Challenges’, In Bender, Katja, Kaltenborn, Markus and Pfleiderer, Christian (eds), Social Protection in Developing Countries: Reforming Systems. London: Routledge, 2432.Google Scholar
Boyd, Susan (ed.) (1997) Challenging the Public/Private Divide: Feminism, Law, and Public Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, Sarah (2008) ‘From Structural Adjustment to Social Adjustment: A Gendered Analysis of Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes in Mexico and Nicaragua’, Global Social Policy 8(2): 188207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, Terry (2006) Social Security Law and Policy. Sydney: Federation Press.Google Scholar
Chant, Sylvia (2006) ‘Re-thinking the “Feminization of Poverty” in Relation to Aggregate Gender Indices’, Journal of Human Development 7(2): 201220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chant, Sylvia (2008) ‘The “Feminisation of Poverty” and the “Feminisation” of Anti-Poverty Programmes: Room for Revision?’, Journal of Development Studies 44(2): 165197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Rebecca J. and Cusack, Simone (2010) Gender Stereotyping: Transnational Legal Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Schutter, Olivier, Eide, Asbjørn, Khalfan, Ashfaq, Orellana, Marcos, Salomon, Margot, and Seiderman, Ian (2012) ‘Commentary to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Quarterly 34: 10841169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Hochschild, Arlie Russell (eds) (2002) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York: Metropolitan/Holt.Google Scholar
Elson, Diane (2002) ‘Gender Justice, Human Rights, and Neo-Liberal Economic Policies’, In Molyneux, Maxine and Razavi, Shahra (eds), Gender Justice, Development, and Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 78114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fineman, Martha Albertson (1995) The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fineman, Martha Albertson (2004) The Autonomy Myth: A Theory of Dependency. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Fineman, Martha Albertson (2010) ‘The Vulnerable Subject and the Responsive State’, Emory Law Journal 60: 252275.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (1989) Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (1994) ‘After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State’, Political Theory 22(4): 591618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (2008) Scales of Justice: Reimagining Political Space in a Globalizing World. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (2010) ‘Injustice at Intersecting Scales: On “Social Exclusion” and the “Global Poor”’', European Journal of Social Theory 13(3): 363371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (2011) ‘Social Exclusion, Global Poverty, And Scales of (In)Justice: Rethinking Law and Poverty in a Globalizing World’, Stellenbosch Law Review 3: 452462.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy and Gordon, Linda (1994) ‘A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State’, Signs 19(2): 309336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredman, Sandra (2011a) ‘Engendering Social and Economic Rights’, In Goldblatt, Beth and McLean, Kirsty (eds), Women's Social and Economic Rights: Developments in South Africa. Cape Town: Juta, 433.Google Scholar
Fredman, Sandra (2011b) Discrimination Law. 2nd edn.Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fredman, Sandra (2011c) ‘The Potential and Limits of an Equal Rights Paradigm in Addressing Poverty’, Stellenbosch Law Review 3: 566590.Google Scholar
Fudge, Judy (2011) ‘Global Care Chains, Employment Agencies and the Conundrum of Jurisdiction: Decent Work for Domestic Workers in Canada’, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 23: 235264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fudge, Judy (2012) ‘Precarious Migrant Status and Precarious Employment: The Paradox of International Rights for Migrant Workers’, Comparative Labour Law & Policy Journal 34(1): 95132.Google Scholar
Goldblatt, Beth (2005) ‘Gender and Social Assistance in the First Decade of Democracy: A Case Study of South Africa's Child Support Grant’, Politikon 32(2): 239257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldblatt, Beth and Lamarche, Lucie (eds) (2014) Interpreting and Advancing Women's Rights to Social Security and Social Protection (Onati International Series in Law and Society). Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Hassim, Shireen (2008) ‘Global Constraints on Gender Equality in Care Work’, Politics & Society 36(3): 388402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heintz, James and Lund, Francie (2012) Welfare Regimes and Social Policy: A Review of the Role of Labour and Employment (Gender and Development Paper No. 17). Geneva: UNRISD.Google Scholar
Holmes, Rebecca and Jones, Nicola (2013) Gender and Social Protection in the Developing World. London: Zed.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ILO (International Labour Organization) (2010) World Social Security Report 2010/2011: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond. Geneva: International Labour Organization.Google Scholar
ILO (International Labour Office) (2011a) Social Security for Social Justice and a Fair Globalization (ILC. 100/VI). Geneva: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
ILO (International Labour Office) (2011b) Social Security and the Rule of Law (Report III (Part IB)). Geneva: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila (2008) Mainstreaming Gender in Social Protection for the Informal Economy. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langford, Malcolm and King, Jeff A. (2008) ‘Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Past, Present and Future’, In Langford, Malcolm (ed.), Social Rights Jurisprudence: Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 447516.Google Scholar
Lamarche, Lucie (2002) ‘Le Pacte international relatif aux droits economiques, sociaux et culturels, les femmes et le droit á la securite sociale : des considerations et des propositions pour un droit “universel” a la securite sociale’, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 14(1): 5397.Google Scholar
Li, Mankui (2014) ‘Social Protection in China: Is There a Gender Equality Problem?’ in Goldblatt, Beth and Lamarche, Lucie (eds), Interpreting and Advancing Women's Rights to Social Security and Social Protection (Onati International Series in Law and Society) Oxford: Hart, 89109.Google Scholar
Lister, Ruth, Williams, Fiona, Anttonen, Anneli, Bussemaker, Jet, Gerhard, Ute, Heinen, Jacqueline, Johansson, Stina, and Leira, Arnlaug (2007) Gendering Citizenship in Western Europe: New Challenges for Citizenship Research in a Cross-National Context. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Luckhaus, Linda (2000) ‘Equal Treatment, Social Protection and Income Security for Women’, International Labour Review 139(2): 149178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, Francie, Noble, Michael, Barnes, Michael and Wright, Gemma (2009) ‘Is There a Rationale for Conditional Cash Transfers for Children in South Africa?’, Transformation 70: 7091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahony, Rhona (1995) Kidding Ourselves: Breadwinning, Babies and Bargaining Power. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mcferran, Ludo (2011) Safe at Home, Safe at Work? National Domestic Violence and the Workplace Survey (2011). Sydney: Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse.Google Scholar
Molyneux, Maxine (2008) Conditional Cash Transfers: A ‘Pathway to Women's Empowerment’? Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.Google Scholar
Molyneux, Maxine (2012) ‘Cash Transfers Do Not Address the Underlying Causes of Women's Poverty’. Guardian Poverty Matters Blog, Wednesday 7 March, online: <http://www.guardian.co.uk>.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha (2006) Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambrige, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
O'donovan, Katherine (1985) Sexual Divisions in Law. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Olsen, Frances (1983) ‘The Family and the Market: A Study of Ideology and Legal Reform’, Harvard Law Review 96: 14971578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, Isabel and Cummins, Matthew (eds) (2012) A Recovery for All – Rethinking Socio-Economic Policies for Children and Poor Households. New York: UNICEF.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pruitt, Lisa (2008) ‘Gender, Geography and Rural Justice’, Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 23: 338391.Google Scholar
Pruitt, Lisa (2009) ‘Migration, Development, and the Promise of CEDAW for Rural Women’, Michigan Journal of International Law 30: 707761.Google Scholar
Raday, Frances (2012) ‘Article 11’, In Freeman, Marsha A., Chinkin, Christine and Rudolf, Beate (eds), The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 279309.Google Scholar
Razavi, Shahra (2011a) Engendering Social Security and Protection: Challenges for Making Social Security and Protection Gender Equitable. Berlin: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Razavi, Shahra (2011b) ‘Rethinking Care in a Development Context: An Introduction’, Development and Change 42: 873903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razavi, Shahra, Arza, Camilla, Brunstein, Elissa, Cook, Sarah and Goulding, Kristine (2012) Gendered Impacts of Globalization – Employment and Social Protection (Gender and Development Paper No. 16). Geneva: UNRISD.Google Scholar
Razavi, Shahra and Hassim, Shireen (eds) (2006) Gender and Social Policy in a Global Context: Uncovering the Gendered Structure of ‘the Social’. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reidel, Eibe (2007) ‘The Human Right to Social Security: Some Challenges’, In Reidel, Eibe (ed.), Social Security as a Human Right. Berlin: Springer, 1728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynaud, Emmanuel (2007) ‘The Right to Social Security – Current Challenges in International Perspective’, In Reidel, Eibe (ed.), Social Security as a Human Right. Berlin: Springer, 115.Google Scholar
Rhode, Deborah L. (1999) Speaking of Sex: The Denial of Gender Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel and Kabeer, Naila (2003) Gender Equality and the Extension of Social Protection (ESS Paper No. 16). Geneva: International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Sen, Gita (2011) Engendering Social Security and Protection: The Case of Asia (International Policy Analysis). Berlin: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Sepúlveda, Magdalena and Nyst, Carly (2012) The Human Rights Approach to Social Protection. Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs Finland.Google Scholar
Standing, Guy (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Townsend, Peter (2009) ‘Social Security and Human Rights’, In Townsend, Peter (ed.), Building Decent Societies: Rethinking The Role Of Social Security in Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDP (2011) Sharing Innovative Experiences: Successful Social Protection Floor Experiences. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
UNRISD (2010) Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. Geneva: UNRISD.Google Scholar
UN Women (2013) Realizing Women's Rights to Land and Other Productive Resources. New York: UN Women.Google Scholar
Walby, Sylvia (1986) Patriarchy at Work. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Waring, Marilyn (1999) Counting For Nothing – What Men Value and What Women Are Worth. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Waring, Marilyn, Mukherjee, Anit N., Reid, Elizabeth and Shivdas, Meena (2013) Anticipatory Social Protection – Claiming Dignity and Rights. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organisation) (2014) Violence Against Women: Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Against Women, online: <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/> (last accessed 3 February 2014).+(last+accessed+3+February+2014).>Google Scholar
Williams, Fiona (2010) Claiming and Framing in the Making of Care Policies: The Recognition and Redistribution of Care. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.Google Scholar
Williams, Joan (2000) Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Lucy (1994) ‘Race, Rat Bites and Unfit Mothers: How Media Discourse Informs Welfare Legislation Debate’, Fordham Urban Law Journal 22(4): 11591196.Google Scholar
Williams, Susan H. (2014) ‘Customary Law, Constitutional Law, and Women's Equality’, In Rubenstein, Kim and Young, Katherine (eds), Engendering Governance: From the Local to the Global. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
World Bank (2011) World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank (2012) World Development Report 2013: Jobs. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar