Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T19:21:23.793Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The formation of a European constitution: an approach from historical-political sociology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2012

Chris Thornhill*
Affiliation:
University of Glasgow

Abstract

This article sets out a sociological reconstruction of the constitution of the European Union (EU). Utilising a methodology derived from historical-functionalist sociology, it explains the distinctive court-led, judicial form of this constitution within a wide comparative-sociological framework, and it cites earlier examples of judicialised constitutions to elucidate the adaptive functions performed by judicial actors in the EU constitution. The article proposes a new method for analysing constitutions in general and that of the EU in particular, and it offers an encompassing sociological perspective for addressing the increasing preponderance of judicial institutions in contemporary democratic polity building.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alston, Philip and Weiler, J. H. H. (1999) ‘An “Ever Closer Union” in Need of a Human Rights Policy: The European Union and Human Rights’, in Alston, Philip (ed.), The EU and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alter, Karen J. (1998) ‘Who are the “Masters of the Treaty”? European Governments and the European Court of Justice’, International Organization 52(1): 121–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amar, Akhil Reed (1987) ‘Of Sovereignty and Federalism’, The Yale Law Journal 96(7): 1425–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Gary M. and Boettke, Peter (1997) ‘Soviet Venality: A Rent-Seeking Model of the Communist State’, Public Choice 93: 3753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach, Maurizio (2008) Europa ohne Gesellschaft. Politische Soziologie der Europäischen Integration. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.Google Scholar
Baird, Vanessa (2001) ‘Institutional Legitimacy: The Role of Procedural Justice’, Political Research Quarterly 54(2): 333–54.Google Scholar
Bartole, Sergio and Vandelli, Luciano (1980) Le regioni nella giurisprudenza. Bologna: Mulino.Google Scholar
Baudoin, Marie-Elisabeth (2006). ‘Is the Constitutional Court the Last Bastion in Russia against the Threat of Authoritarianism?’, Europe–Asia Studies 58(5): 679–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Lukas (2008) Der Europäische Gerichtshof als Verfassungsgericht? Baden-Baden: Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengoetxea, Joxerramon (1993) The Legal Reasoning of the European Court of Justice. Towards a European Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Berman, Paul Schiff (2007) ‘A Pluralist Approach to International Law’, Yale Journal of International Law 32: 301329.Google Scholar
Bilder, Mary Sarah (2004) The Transatlantic Constitution: Colonial Legal Culture and the Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bilder, Mary Sarah (2007) ‘The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review’, Yale Law Journal 116: 503566.Google Scholar
Bilder, Mary Sarah (2008) ‘Idea of Practice: A Brief Historiography of Judicial Review’, Journal of Policy History 20(1): 625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdandy, Armin von (2000) ‘The European Union as a Human Rights Organization? Human Rights and the Core of the European Union’, Common Market Law Review 37: 1307–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdandy, Armin von (2001) ‘Grundrechtsgemeinschaft als Verfassungsziel’, Juristenzeitung 56: 157–71.Google Scholar
Bradburn, Douglas (2009) The Citizenship Revolution. Politics and the Creation of the American Union 1774–1804. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Brandwein, Pamela (2011) Rethinking the Judicial Settlement of Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryde, Brun-Otto (2006) ‘Der Beitrag des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zur Demokratisierung der Bundesrepublik’, in Chr. Van Ooyen, Robert and Möllers, Martin H. W. (eds), Das Bundesverfassungsgericht im politischen System. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 321–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brzezinski, Mark F. (1993) ‘The Emergence of Judicial Review in Eastern Europe’, The American Journal of Comparative Law 41(2): 153201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brzezinski, Mark (2000) The Struggle for Constitutionalism in Poland. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Brzezinski, Mark F. and Garlicki, Lezek (1995) ‘Judicial Review in Post-Communist Poland: The Emergence of a Rechtsstaat?, Stanford Journal of International Law 31: 1359.Google Scholar
Bundesverfassungsgericht (1958) ‘Lüth-Urteil’, in Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 7: 198230.Google Scholar
Burley, Anne-Marie and Mattli, Walter (1993) ‘Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration’, International Organization 47(1): 4176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldeira, Gregory A. and Gibson, James (2001) ‘Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union: The Court of Justice and its Constituents’, International Social Science Journal 152(2): 209224.Google Scholar
Cappelletti, Mauro, Seccombe, Monica and Weiler, J. H. H. (1986) ‘Integration through Law: Europe and the American Federal Experience. A General Introduction’, in Cappelletti, Mauro, Seccombe, Monica and Weiler, J. H. H. (eds), Integration through Law. Europe and the American Federal Experience, 5 vols. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, Vol.1/1, 368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carré de malberg, Raymond (1920–1922) Contribution à la théorie générale de l’État, 2 vols. Paris: Sirey, II.Google Scholar
Casper, Jonathan D. (1972) Lawyers before the Warren Court. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights, 1957–66. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Commaille, Jacques and Dumoulin, Laurence (2009) ‘Heurs et malheurs de la légalité dans les sociétés contemporaines. Une sociologie politique de la “judiciarisation”’, L'année sociologique 59(1): 63107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commaille, Jacques, Dumoulin, Laurence and Robert, Cécile (2010) La juridicisation du politique. Paris: LGDJ.Google Scholar
Coppel, Jason and O'neill, Aidan (1992) ‘The European Court of Justice: Taking Rights Seriously?’, Legal Studies 12(2): 227–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa pinto, António (2011) ‘Ruling Elites, Political Institutions and Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships: Comparative Perspectives’, in Costa Pinto, António (ed.), Rethinking the Nature of Fascism. Comparative Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 197226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Archibald (1968) The Warren Court. Constitutional Decision as an Instrument of Reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Currie, David P. (1985) The Constitution in the Supreme Court, 2 vols. Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. (1957) ‘Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker’, Journal of Public Law 6: 279–95.Google Scholar
Defeis, Elizabeth F. (2007) ‘Human Rights and the European Union: Who decides? Possible Conflicts between the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights’, Dickinson Journal of International Law 19(2): 301331.Google Scholar
De Franciscis, Maria Elisabetta and Zannini, Rosella (1992) ‘Judicial Policy-Making in Italy: The Constitutional Court’, West European Politics 15(3): 6879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delanty, Gerard (2005) ‘The Idea of a Cosmopolitan Europe: On the Cultural Significance of Europeanization’, International Review of Sociology 15(3): 405421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Waele, Henri (2010) ‘The Role of the European Court of Justice in the Integration Process: A Contemporary and Normative Assessment’, Hanse Law Review 6(1): 326.Google Scholar
De Witte, Bruno (1999) ‘The Past and Future Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Human Rights’, in Alston, Philip (ed.), The EU and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 859–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh (2006) ‘A Tale of Two Courts: Luxembourg, Strasbourg and the Growing European Human Rights Acquis’, Common Market Law Review 43: 619–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh (2011) ‘Europe's Constitutional Mosaic: Human Rights in the European Legal Space – Utopia, Dystopia, Monotopia or Polytopia?’, in Walker, Neil, Shaw, Jo and Tierney, Stephen (eds), Europe's Constitutional Mosaic. Oxford: Hart, 97134.Google Scholar
Dugard, John (1997) ‘International Law and the South African Constitution’, European Journal of International Law 8: 7797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupré, Catherine (2003) Importing the Law in Post-Communist Transitions. The Hungarian Constitutional Court and the Right to Human Dignity. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Easter, Gerald M. (1996) ‘Personal Networks and Postrevolutionary State Building: Soviet Russia Reexamined’, World Politics 48(4): 551–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easter, Gerald M. (2000) Reconstructing the State. Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edling, Max M. (2003) Revolution in Favor of Government. Origins and the Making of the U.S. Constitution and the Making of the American State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eijsbouts, W. T. (2010) ‘Wir sind das Volk. Notes about the Notion of “The People” as Occasioned by the Lissabon Urteil’, European Constitutional Law Review 6: 199222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, Jonathan (ed.) (1941) The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, 2nd edn, 5 vols. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, vol. III.Google Scholar
Engel, Christoph (2001) ‘The European Charter of Fundamental Rights. A Changed Opportunity Structure and its Normative Consequences,European Law Journal 7(2): 151–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Knight, Jack and Shvetsova, Olag (2001) ‘The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government’, Law & Society Review 35(1): 117–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everson, Michele and Eisner, Julia (2007) The Making of a European Constitution. Judges and Law beyond Constitutive Power. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabbrini, Sergio (2007) Compound Democracies. Why the United States and Europe are Becoming Similar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferejohn, John (2002) ‘Judicializing Politics, Politicizing Law’, Law and Contemporary Problems 65(3): 4168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossum, John Erik and Menéndez, Augustín José (2011) The Constitution's Gift. A Constitutional Theory for a Democratic Union. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Frerichs, Sabine (2008) Judicial Governance in der europäischen Rechtsgemeinschaft. Integration durch Recht jenseits des Staates. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Garcelon, Marc (2005) Revolutionary Passage. From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Garlicki, Leszek (1988) ‘Constitutional Developments in Poland’, St Louis University Law Journal 32: 713–35.Google Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey (1995) ‘The Politics of Legal Integration in the European Union’, International Organization 49(1): 171–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawron, Thomas and Rogowski, Ralf (2007) Die Wirkung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. Rechtssoziologische Analysen. Baden-Baden: Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentile, Giovanni (1929) Origini e dottrina del fascismo. Rome: Libreria del Littorio.Google Scholar
Gerber, Scott Douglas (2011) A Distinct Judicial Power. The Origins of an Independent Judiciary 1606–1787. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom (2003) ‘Introduction: The Decline and Fall of Parliamentary Sovereignty’, in Ginsburg, Tom (ed.), Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Leslie Friedman (1986) ‘Popular Sovereignty, the Origins of Judicial Review, and the Revival of Unwritten Law’, The Journal of Politics 48(1): 5171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Leslie Friedman (1997) ‘State Resistance to Authority in Federal Unions: The Early United States (1790–1860) and the European Community (1958–94)’, Studies in American Political Development 11: 149–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Leslie Friedman (2001) Constituting Federal Sovereignty. The European Union in Comparative Context. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark A. (2003) ‘Establishing Judicial Review: Marbury and the Judicial Act of 1789’, Tulsa Law Review 38: 609650.Google Scholar
Greer, Steven and Williams, Andrew (2009) ‘Human Rights in the Council of Europe and the EU: Towards “Individual”, “Constitutional” or “Institutional” Justice?’, European Law Journal 15(4): 462–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grey, Thomas C. (1978) ‘Origins of the Unwritten Constitution: Fundamental Law in American Revolutionary Thought’, Stanford Law Review 30(5): 843–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, Dieter (2009) ‘Gesellschaftlicher Konstitutionalismus – Eine Kompensation für den Bedeutungsschwund der Staatsverfassung?’, in Herdegen, Matthias, Hugo Klein, Hans, Papier, Hans-Jürgen and Scholz, Rupert (eds), Staatsrecht und Politik. Festschrift für Roman Herzog zum 75. Geburtstag. Munich: Beck, 6781.Google Scholar
Gueli, Vincenzo (1958) ‘La corte costituzionale’, in Scritti giuridici in memoria di Piero Calamandrei, 5 vols. Padua: CEDAM, vol. 4, 351–79.Google Scholar
Haltern, Ulrich (2005) Europarecht und das Politische. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Harding, Christopher (2000) ‘The Identity of European Law: Mapping Out the European Legal Space’, European Law Journal 6(2): 128–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausmaninger, Herbert (1990) ‘The Committee of Constitutional Supervision of the USSR’, Cornell International Law Journal 23: 287322.Google Scholar
Hendley, Kathryn (2006) ‘Assessing the Rule of Law in Russia’, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 14: 347–91.Google Scholar
Henne, Thomas (2005) ‘Von O auf Lüth in 6½ Jahren: Zu den prägenden Faktoren der Grundsatzentscheidung’, in Henne, Thomas und Riedlinger, Arne (eds), Das Lüth-Urteil aus (rechts)-historischer Sicht. Die Konflikte um Veit Harlen und die Grundrechtsjudikatur des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, 197222.Google Scholar
Herberg, Martin (2008) ‘Globalisierung des Rechts. Öffnung des Staates: Der Staat als Koordinator pluraler Teilrechtsordnungen’, in Hurrelmans, Achim, Leibfried, Stephan, Martens, Kerstin and Mayer, Peter (eds), Zerfasert der Nationalstaat? Die Internationalisierung politischer Verantwortung. Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 113–42.Google Scholar
Hesse, Hans Albrecht (2006) ‘Das Bundesverfassungsgericht in der Perspektive der Rechtssoziologie’, in Chr. Van Ooyen, Robert and Möllers, Martin H. W. (eds), Das Bundesverfassungsgericht im politischen System. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 8798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschl, Ran (2004) Towards Juristocracy. The Origins and the Consequences of the New Constitutionalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran (2007) ‘The New Constitutionalism and the Judicialization of Pure Politics Worldwide’, Fordham Law Review 75: 721–53.Google Scholar
Hyde, Alan (1983) ‘The Concept of Legitimation in the Sociology of Law’, Wisconsin Law Review 13: 379426.Google Scholar
Jacobson, David and Ruffer, Galya Benarieh (2003) ‘Courts across Borders: The Implications of Judicial Agency for Human Rights and Democracy’, Human Rights Quarterly 25(1): 7492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joerges, Christian (2008) ‘Integration durch Entrechtlichung?’, in Folke Schuppert, Gunnar und Zürn, Michael (eds), Governance in einer sich wandelnden Welt. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, Sonderheft 41: 213–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joerges, Christian (2011) ‘A new Type of Conflicts Law as the Legal Paradigm of the Postnational Constellation’, in Joerges, Christian and Falke, Josef (eds), Karl Polanyi, Globalisation and the Potential of Law in Transnational Markets. Oxford: Hart, 465501.Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian (2001) ‘The Legal-Domestic Sources of Immigrant Rights: The United States, Germany, and the European Union’, Comparative Political Studies 34: 339–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, Robert A. (1997) ‘Should Europe Worry about Adversarial Legalism?’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 17(2): 165183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, Joseph (1960). ‘Zur gegenwärtigen Differenzierung von Recht und Staat’, Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 10: 413–23.Google Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2003) ‘The EU Rights Revolution: Adversarial Legalism and European Integration’, in Börzel, Tanja A. and Cichowski, Rachel A. (eds), The State of the European Union: Law, Politics and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 221–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2006) ‘Suing for Europe: Adversarial Legalism and European Governance’, Comparative Political Studies 39: 101126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2009) ‘The Strength of Weak States: Adversarial Legalism in the US and the EU’. Available at: www.euce.org/eusa2009/papers/kelemen_10B.pdf (last accessed 26 April 2011).Google Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel (2011) Eurolegalism. The Transformation of Law and Regulation in the European Union. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kjaer, Poul F. (2010) Between Governing and Governance. On the Emergence, Function and Form of Europe's Post-National Constellation. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Klabbers, Jan, Peters, Anne and Ulfstein, Geir (2009) The Constitutionalization of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klich, Agnieszka (1996) ‘Human Rights in Poland: The Role of the Constitutional Tribunal and the Commissioner for Citizens’ Rights’, St. Louis-Warsaw Transatlantic Law Journal: 3360.Google Scholar
Klingsberg, Ethan (1992) ‘Judicial Review and Hungary's Transition from Communism to Democracy: The Constitutional Court, the Continuity of Law, and the Redefinition of Property Rights’, Brigham Young Law Review: 41: 41144.Google Scholar
Klug, Heinz (1996) ‘Participating in the Design: Constitution-Making in South Africa’, Review of Constitutional Studies 3(1): 1859.Google Scholar
Klug, Heinz (2000) Constituting Democracy. Law, Globalism and South Africa's Political Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, Larry (1992) ‘The Lawmaking Power of the Federal Courts’, Pace Law Review 12: 263301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, Larry (2004) The People Themselves. Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumm, Mattias (2005) ‘The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Conflict: Constitutional Supremacy in Europe before and after the Constitutional Treaty’, European Law Journal 11(3): 262307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurland, Philip B. (1970) Politics, the Constitution and the Warren Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Alison (2010) The Ideological Origins of American Federalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lasser, Mitchel de S.-O.-L'E. (2009) Judicial Transformations. The Rights Revolution in the Courts of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebeck, Carl (2007) ‘The European Court of Human Rights on the Relation between ECHR and EC-law: The Limits of Constitutionalisation of Public International Law’, Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 62: 195236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leibholz, Gerhard (1957) ‘Einleitung: Der Status des Bundesverfassungsgerichts’, Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts, Neue Folge 6: 110221.Google Scholar
Ludwikowski, Rett R. (1995) ‘Fundamental Constitutional Rights in the New Constitutions of Eastern and Central Europe’, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 73(3): 73162.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (1981) ‘Selbstlegitimation des Staates’, Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. Beiheft: Legitimation des modernen Staates: 6583.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas (1988) Macht, 2nd edn.Stuttgart: Enke.Google Scholar
Luther, Jörg (1990) Die italienische Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit. Geschichte, Prozessrecht, Rechtsprechung. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Macamlaigh, Cormac (2011) ‘EU Constitutional Mosaic: Big or Small C’, in Walker, Neil, Shaw, Jo and Tierney, Stephen (eds), Europe's Constitutional Mosaic. Oxford: Hart, 2148.Google Scholar
Maccormick, Neil (1999) Questioning Sovereignty. Law, State, and Nation in the European Commonwealth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander, and Jay, John (1987 [1787–1788]) The Federalist Papers. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Madsen, Mikael Rask (2010) La genèse de l'Europe des droits de l'homme. Enjeux juridiques et strategies d’état (France, Grande-Bretagne et pays scandinaves). Strasbourg: Presses universitaires de Strasbourg.Google Scholar
Maduro, Miguel Poiares (2003) ‘Europe and the Constitution: What if this is as Good as it Gets?’, in Weiler, J. H. H. and Wind, Marlene (eds), European Constitutionalism beyond the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 74102.Google Scholar
Maduro, Miguel Poiares (2005) ‘The Importance of being Called a Constitution: Constitutional Authority and the Authority of Constitutionalism’, International Journal of Constitutional Law 3(2/3): 332–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancini, G. Federico and Keeling, David T. (1994) ‘Democracy and the European Court of Justice’, Modern Law Review 57(2): 175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manners, Ian (2008) ‘The Normative Ethics of the European Union’, International Organization 84(1): 4560.Google Scholar
Martinez, Jenny S. (2003) ‘Towards an International Judicial System’, Stamford Law Review 56(2): 429529.Google Scholar
Mcfaul, Michael (1995) ‘State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia’, World Politics 47(2): 210–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellis, Guido (1988) Due modelli di amministrazione tra liberalismo e fascismo. Burocrazie tradizionali e nuovi apparati. Rome: Ministro per i beni culturali.Google Scholar
Menéndez, Augustín José (2004) ‘Three Conceptions of the European Constitution’, in Oddvar Eriksen, Erik, Erik Fossum, John and José Menéndez, Augustín (eds), Developing a Constitution for Europe. London: Routledge, 109128.Google Scholar
Middlemas, Keith (1979) Politics in Industrial Society. The Experience of the British System since 1911. London: Deutsch.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel (1988) Strong Societies and Weak States. State–Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Jonathan (1997) ‘Judicial Review and Constitutional Stability: A Sociology of the U.S. Model and its Collapse in Argentina’, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 21: 77176.Google Scholar
Morris, Richard B. (1940) ‘Judicial Supremacy and the Inferior Courts in the American Colonies’, Political Science Quarterly 55(3): 429–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Münch, Richard (2001) Offene Räume. Soziale Integration diesseits und jenseits des Nationalstaats. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Münch, Richard (2003) ‘Die juristische Konstruktion Europas: Die funktionale Ausdifferenzierung des europäischen Rechts aus nationalen Kollektivzwängen und Rechtstraditionen’, Bamberger Beiträge zur Europaforschung und zur internationalen Politik, 8. Available at: www.sozialstruktur.uni-oldenburg.de/dokumente/beip8.pdf (last accessed 27 March 2012).Google Scholar
Münch, Richard (2008) ‘Constructing a European Society by Jurisdiction’, European Law Journal 14(5): 519–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neyer, Jürgen (2010) ‘Justice, not Democracy: Legitimacy in the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies 48(4): 903921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordlinger, Eric A. (1981) On the Autonomy of the Democratic State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
O'neill, Michael (2009) The Struggle for the European Constitution. A Past and Future History. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Vincent (1987) The Political Theory of the Compound Republic. Designing the American Experiment, 2nd edn.Lincoln, NE/London: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott (1969) Politics and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Pernice, Ingolf (1999) ‘Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution-making Revisited?Common Market Law Review 36: 703749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Anne (2001) Elemente einer Theorie der Verfassung Europas. Berlin: Dunker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Peters, Anne (2011) ‘The Constitutionalisation of International Organization’, in Walker, Neil, Shaw, Jo and Tierney, Stephen (eds), Europe's Constitutional Mosaic. Oxford: Hart, 253–86.Google Scholar
Pinnegard, Charles (2009) Virginia and State Rights, 1750–1851. Jefferson: McFarland.Google Scholar
Piris, Jean-Claude (2006) The Constitution for Europe. A Legal Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogany, Stephen I. (1992) ‘Human Rights in Hungary’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 41(3): 676–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, Mark A. (2003) The Engines of European Integration. Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rakove, Jack (1999) ‘The Super-Legality of the Constitution, or a Federalist Critique of Bruce Ackermann's Neo-Federalism’, Yale Law Journal 108(8): 1931–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, John Phillip (2003) Constitutional History of the American Revolution. The Authority of Rights. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Renoux, Thierry S. (1994) ‘Le Conseil constitutionnel et le pouvoir judiciaire en France dans le modèle européen de contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois’, Revue internationale de droit comparé 46(3): 891–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, William H. (1987) The Development of American Federalism. Dordrecht: Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, Michel (2006) ‘Comparing Constitutional Review by the European Court of Justice and the U.S. Supreme Court’, International Journal of Constitutional Law 4(4): 618–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabel, Charles F. and Gerstenberg, Oliver (2010) ‘Constitutionalising an Overlapping Consensus: The ECJ and the Emergence of a Coordinate Constitutional Order’, European Law Journal 16(5): 511–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, Albie (1996) ‘South Africa's Unconstitutional Constitution: The Transition from Power to Lawful Power’, St. Louis University Law Journal 41: 1249–57.Google Scholar
Sajó, András (1995) ‘Reading the Invisible Constitution: Judicial Review in Hungary’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 15(2): 253–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakwa, Richard (2010) ‘The Dual State in Russia,Post-Soviet Affairs 26(3): 185206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkin, Jeremy (1998) ‘The Effect of Constitutional Borrowing on the Drafting of South Africa's Bill of Rights and Interpretation of Human Rights Provisions,Journal of Constitutional Law 1(2): 176204.Google Scholar
Saurugger, Sabine (2008) ‘Une sociologie d'integration européenne’, Politique européenne 25: 522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatz, Sara (1998) ‘A Neo-Weberian Approach to Constitutional Courts in the Transition from Authoritarian Rule: The Mexican Case (1994–1997)’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law 26: 217–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheeck, Laurent (2005) ‘Solving Europe's Binary Human Rights Puzzle: The Interaction between Supranational Courts as a Parameter of European Governance’, Questions de Recherche / Research in Question 15.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane (2003) ‘Constitutional Negotiations. Political Contexts of Judicial Activism in Post-Soviet Europe’, International Sociology 18(1): 219–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiemann, John W. (2001) ‘Explaining Hungary's Powerful Constitutional Court: A Bargaining Approach’, European Journal of Sociology 42: 357–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling, Theodor (1996) ‘The Autonomy of the Community Legal Order: An Analysis of Possible Foundations’, Harvard International Law Journal 37(2): 389409.Google Scholar
Schimmelfenig, Frank (2006) ‘Competition and Community: Constitutional Courts, Rhetorical Action, and the Institutionalization of Human Rights in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy 13(8): 1247–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Carl (1923) Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl (1928) Verfassungslehre. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot.Google Scholar
Schnapper, Dominique (2010) Une sociologue au Conseil constitutionnel. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2003) Staatswissenschaft. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2006) ‘The Europeanization of National Governance Structures in the Context of the Transformation of Statehood’, in Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (ed.), The Europeanization of Governance. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 958.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Hermann (1998) ‘Eastern Europe's Constitutional Courts’, Journal of Democracy 9(4): 100114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seiler, Christian (2005) Der souveräne Verfassungsstaat zwischen demokratischer Rückbindung und überstaatlicher Einbindung. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin and Stone, Alec (1994) ‘The New Constitutional Politics of Europe’, Comparative Political Studies 26(4): 397420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Jo (1996) ‘European Union Legal Studies in Crisis? Towards a New Dynamic’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 16(2): 231–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Jo (2000) ‘Relating Constitutionalism and Flexibility in the European Union’, in de Búrca, Gráinne and Scott, Joanne (eds), Constitutional Change in the EU. From Uniformity to Flexibility? Oxford: Hart, 331–58.Google Scholar
Simon, Denys (2001) ‘Des influences réciproques entre CJCE et CEDH: “Je t'aime, moi non plus”?’, Pouvoirs 96: 3149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen (1982) Building a New American State. The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities 1877–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smend, Rudolf (1968 [1928]) ‘Verfassung und Verfassungsrecht’, in Rudolf Smend, Staatsrechtliche Abhandlungen und andere Aufsätze, 2nd edn.Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 119277.Google Scholar
Solomon, Peter H. (2002) ‘Putin's Judicial Reform: Making Judges Accountable as well as Independent’, East European Constitutional Review 11: 117–24.Google Scholar
Sólyom, László (1994) ‘The Hungarian Constitutional Court and Social Change’, Yale Journal of International Law 19: 223–38.Google Scholar
Stamm, Katja (2001) ‘Das Bundesverfassungsgericht und die Meinungsfreiheit’, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 37/38: 1625.Google Scholar
Starck, Christian (2003) Verfassungen. Entstehung, Auslergung, Wirkungen und Sicherung. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric (1981) ‘Lawyers, Judges and the Making of a Transnational Constitution’, The American Journal of International Law 75(1): 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Eric (1994) ‘International Law in Internal Law: Toward Internationalization of Central-Eastern European Constitutions?’, American Journal of International Law 88: 427–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone sweet, Alec (2000) Governing with Judges. Constitutional Politics in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone sweet, Alec (2004) The Judicial Construction of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone sweet, Alec (2008) ‘Constitutions and Judicial Power’, in Caramani, Daniele (ed.), Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 217–39.Google Scholar
Stone sweet, Alec (2012) ‘A Cosmopolitan Legal Order: Constitutional Pluralism and Rights Adjudication in Europe’, Global Constitutionalism 1(1): 5390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone sweet, Alec and Brunell, Thomas (1998) ‘Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community’, American Political Science Review 92: 6381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarr, Alan H. G. (1998) Understanding State Constitutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, C. Neal (1995) ‘Why the Expansion of Judicial Power?’, in Neal Tate, C. and Vallinder, Torbjörn (eds), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York: New York University Press, 2738.Google Scholar
Teitel, Ruti (1995) ‘Post-Communist Constitutionalism: A Transitional Perspective’, Columbia Human Rights Law Review 26: 167–90.Google Scholar
Teitel, Ruti (1997) ‘Transitional Jurisprudence: The Role of Law in Political Transformation’, Yale Law Journal 106(7): 20092080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Daniel C. (2001) The Helsinki Effect. International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorson, Carla (2004) ‘Why Politicians Want Constitutional Courts: The Russian Case,Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37: 187211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorson, Carla (2012) Politics, Judicial Review, and the Russian Constitutional Court. Basingstoke: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tompson, William (2002) ‘Putin's Challenge: The Politics of Structural Reform in Russia’, Europe–Asia Studies 54(6): 933–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trochev, Alexei (2006) Judging Russia. The Role of the Constitutional Court in Russian Politics 1990–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vauchez, Antoine (2008a) ‘“Integration-through-Law”: Contribution to a Socio-History of EU Political Commonsense’, EUI Working Papers RSACS 2008/10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vauchez, Antoine (2008b) ‘The Force of a Weak Field: Law and Lawyers in the Government of the European Union (For a Renewed Research Agenda)’, International Political Sociology 2: 128–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vereshchetin, Vladlen (1996) ‘New Constitutions and the Old Problem of the Relationship between International Law and Nationals Law’, European Journal of International Law 7: 2941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vesterdorf, Bo (2006) ‘A Constitutional Court for the EU?’, International Journal of Constitutional Law 4(4): 607617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volcansek, Mary C. (1994) ‘Political Power and Judicial Review in Italy’, Comparative Political Studies 26(4): 492509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VOßkuhle, Andreas (2010) ‘Multilevel Cooperation of the European Constitutional Courts: Der Europäische Verfassungsgerichtsverbund’, European Constitutional Law Review 6: 175–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Neil (2007) ‘Post-Constituent Constitutionalism? The Case of the European Union’, in Loughlin, Martin and Walker, Neil (eds), The Paradox of Constitutionalism. Constituent Power and Constitutional Form. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 247–68.Google Scholar
Walker, Neil (2009) ‘Reframing EU Constitutionalism’, in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Trachtman, Joel P. (eds), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 149–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Neil, Shaw, Jo and Tierney, Stephen (eds) (2011) Europe's Constitutional Mosaic. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Walter, Christian (1999) ‘Die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention als Konstitutionalisierungsprozeß’, Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 59: 962–83.Google Scholar
Weber, Albrecht (2008) ‘Rechtsstaatsprinzip als gemeineuropäisches Verfassungsprinzip’, Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 63: 267–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidmann, Klaus W. (1985) Der Europäische Gerichtshof auf dem Weg zu einem europäischen Verfassungsgerichtshof. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.Google Scholar
Weiler, J. H. H. (1986) ‘Eurocracy and Distrust: Some Questions concerning the Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights within the Legal Order of the European Communities’, Washington Law Review 61: 1103–142.Google Scholar
Weiler, J. H. H. (1991) ‘The Transformation of Europe’, Yale Law Journal 100: 2404–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiler, J. H. H. (1999) The Constitution of Europe. ‘Do the New Clothes have an Emperor?’ And Other Essays on European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weiler, J. H. H. (2003) ‘In Defence of the Status Quo: Europe's Constitutional Sonderweg’, in Weiler, J. H. H. and Wind, Marlene (eds), European Constitutionalism beyond the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 726.Google Scholar
Wernicke, Stephan (2007) ‘Au nom de qui? The European Court of Justice between Member States, Civil Society and Union Citizens’, European Law Journal 13(3): 380407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiethoff, Jan Hendrik (2008) Das konzeptuelle Verhältnis von EuGH und EGMR. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Verfassungsentwicklung der Europäischen Union. Baden-Baden: Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willerton, John P. (1992) Patronage and Politics in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Andrew (2004) EU Human Rights Policies. A Study in Irony. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Nathan Boone (1940) ‘Independent Judiciary Born in Colonial Virginia’, Journal of the American Judicature Society 24: 124–27.Google Scholar
Wincott, Daniel (1994) ‘Human Rights, Democracy and the Role of the Court of Justice in European Integration’, Democratization 1(2): 251–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar