Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T08:16:05.506Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mars: a free planet?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2021

Octavio A. Chon-Torres*
Affiliation:
Programa de Estudios Generales, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
*
Author for correspondence: Octavio A. Chon-Torres, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

We are witnessing the enormous breakthroughs of space technology, which will eventually allow us to reach Mars. However, it seems that the technological evolution is expanding at a faster rate than the moral development. Are we ethically ready to take human beings to Mars? Will it be a private company the first one that manages to take us there? Should we colonize Mars or leave it like it is right now? Are astrobiological interests being contemplated when discussing human presence in Mars? These are some of the questions that we must answer since the moment of stepping on Mars does not seem to be far away. Therefore, the objective of this article is to evaluate the idea of Mars being a free planet from any of Earth's governments, and to analyse the idea of colonizing Mars considering that by doing that we could seriously endanger native life. What it proposed is that its unavoidable that we will reach Mars, however, we may not be prepared as humanity and this is something that we must face.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexandrov, S (2016) Planetary protection for Mars: time for reconsideration. Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 7, 3134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azua-Bustos, A and Vega-Martínez, C (2013) The potential for detecting “life as we don't know it” by fractal complexity analysis. International Journal of Astrobiology 12, 314320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, I (2014) Freedom and Its Betrayal. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Billings, L (2019) Should humans colonize Mars? No. Theology and Science 17, 341346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, K (2016) Prester John: The Legend and Its Sources. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chon-Torres, OA (2018) Astrobioethics. International Journal of Astrobiology 17, 5156. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550417000064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chon-Torres, O (2020) Moral challenges of going to Mars under the presence of non-intelligent life scenario. International Journal of Astrobiology 19, 4952. DOI: 10.1017/S1473550419000156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chon-Torres, OA (2021) Disciplinary nature of astrobiology and astrobioethic's epistemic foundations. International Journal of Astrobiology 20, 186193. DOI: 10.1017/S147355041800023X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockell, C and Horneck, G (2004) A planetary park system for Mars. Space Policy 20, 291295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowley, R (2019) A Manifesto for Governing Life on Mars. London: King's College London.Google Scholar
Elvis, M, Milligan, T and Krolikowski, A (2016) The peaks of eternal light: a near-term property issue on the moon. Space Policy 38, 3038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glavin, DP, Dworkin, JP, Lupisella, M, Kminek, G and Rummel, JD (2004) Biological contamination studies of lunar landing sites: implications for future planetary protection and life detection on the Moon and Mars. International Journal of Astrobiology 3, 265271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, BW (2008) Mars before the space age. International Journal of Astrobiology 7, 143155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kminek, G and Rummel, J (2015) Research highlights. Space Research Today 193, 718.Google Scholar
Levchenko, I, Xu, S, Mazouffre, S, Keidar, M and Bazaka, K (2019) Mars colonization: beyond getting there. Global Challenges 3, 1800062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losch, A (2019) The need of an ethics of planetary sustainability. International Journal of Astrobiology 18, 259266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupisella, ML and Race, MS (2018) Low-latency teleoperations, planetary protection, and astrobiology. International Journal of Astrobiology 17, 239246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maynard, AD (2018) Thinking differently about risk. Astrobiology 18, 244245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, CP (2019) Prerequisites to human activity on Mars: scientific and ethical aspects. Theology and Science 17, 317323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, JS (2014) On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Naess, A and Sessions, G (1984) The Deep Ecology Platform. In Foundations for Deep Ecology. Available at http://www.deepecology.org/platform.htm.Google Scholar
NASA (2015) NASA's Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration. Available at https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdfGoogle Scholar
Persson, E (2012) The moral status of extraterrestrial life. Astrobiology 12, 976984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, T (2018) Does extraterrestrial life have intrinsic value? An exploration in responsibility ethics. International Journal of Astrobiology 18, 304310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randolph, RO and McKay, CP (2014) Protecting and expanding the richness and diversity of life, an ethic for astrobiology research and space exploration. International Journal of Astrobiology 13, 2834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rettberg, P, Anesio, AM, Baker, VR, Baross, JA, Cady, SL, Detsis, E and … Westall, F (2016) Planetary protection and Mars special regions − a suggestion for updating the definition. Astrobiology 16, 119125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmeri, A (2020) Op-ed | No, Mars is not a free planet, no matter what SpaceX says − SpaceNews. December 25, 2020, from Available at https://spacenews.com/op-ed-no-mars-is-not-a-free-planet-no-matter-what-spacex-says/Google Scholar
Santos, C, Alabi, L, Friaça, A and Galante, D (2016) On the parallels between cosmology and astrobiology: a transdisciplinary approach to the search for extraterrestrial life. International Journal of Astrobiology 15, 251260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, KC (2009) The trouble with intrinsic value: an ethical primer for astrobiology. In Bertka, CM (ed.), Exploring the Origin, Extent, and Future of Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, KC (2018) Got humanities? Astrobiology 18, 465467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparrow, R (2015) Terraforming, vandalism and virtue ethics. In Galliott, J (ed). Commercial Space Exploration: Ethics, Policy and Governance. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Stoner, I (2017) Humans should not colonize mars. Journal of the American Philosophical Association 3(3), 334353. DOI: 10.1017/apa.2017.26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szocik, K, Abood, S, Impey, C, Shelhamer, M, Haqq-Misra, J, Persson, E, Oviedo, L, Capova, KA, Braddock, M, Rappaport, MB and Corbally, C (2020a) Visions of a Martian future. Futures 117, 334353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szocik, K, Wójtowicz, T and Braddock, M (2020b) The martian: possible scenarios for a future human society on Mars. Space Policy 54, 111. DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2020.101388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, CB (2007) The space cowboys. Time 169, 5258.Google Scholar
United Nations (2002) United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space. New York, UN: United Nations Publication.Google Scholar