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TIMBER TRADE ORGANIZATIONS IN SHANGHAI: INSTITUTIONS, ENFORCEMENT, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION, 1880–1930
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 July 2017
Abstract
This study focuses on the mechanisms of contract enforcement and dispute resolution in the trade of timber in Shanghai from the 1880s to the 1930s. It shows that merchant guilds, chambers of commerce, and the court system constituted complementary institutions of contract enforcement. Timber trade guilds relied on reputation mechanisms and information sharing to maintain intra-group solidarity and monitor outside trading partners. Horizontal communications among timber guilds in different localities further enhanced their capability to respond promptly to cross-regional cases. When disputes escalated beyond the scope of a single merchant guild, chambers of commerce (after 1904) and the court system became involved. Vertical communications among these organizations strengthened the continuity from informal norms of business practices to guild regulations, and thence to adjudications in court. Whereas the typical story, drawn from European history, was one of transition toward more formal institutions, this case study shows that formal and informal institutions could complement each other and that they existed along a continuum rather than in separated spheres. The convergence of the expected outcomes as a result of resorting to different platforms of dispute resolution reinforced the consistency and credibility of the cost of defaulting.
Keywords
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017
References
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1951
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North, Douglass C.
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
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Peng Zeyi, 彭泽益. “Zhongguo hanghui shi yanjiu de jige wenti” 中国行会史研究的几个问题 (“Several Issues in the Study of the History of Chinese Guilds”). Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 6 (1988).Google Scholar
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Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent and Wong, R. Bin. Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
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Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796–1889. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
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1940
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Williamson, Oliver E. “Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization.” Journal of Law and Economics
36:1 (1993), pp. 453–86.Google Scholar
Wong
2002
Wong, R. Bin. “Formal and Informal Mechanisms of Rule and Economic Development: The Qing Empire in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Early Modern History
5:4 (2002), pp. 387–408.Google Scholar
Yang
2006
Yang Xiangjun, 杨湘钧. Diguo zhi bian yu guatou zhi lian: Shanghai Huishen Gongxie quanli guanxi bianqian yanjiu 帝国之鞭与寡头之链——上海会审公廨权力关系变迁研究 (“The Whip of the Empire and the Chains of Oligarchs: A Study on the Changes in the Power Relations of Shanghai Mixed Courts”). Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
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Zelin, Madeleine, Ocko, Jonathan K. and Gardella, Robert. Contract and Property in Early Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang
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Zhang Wei, 张玮. Shichang, shangren zuzhi, chanye fazhan: yi shanghai chouduan ye wei li, 1900–1930 市场、商人组织、产业发展: 以上海绸缎业为例 (“Market, Merchant Organizations, and Industrial Development: The Silk Industry in Shanghai as an Example”). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2011.Google Scholar
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“Zhejiang zhi mucai” 浙江之木材 (“Timber of Zhejiang”). Zhongguo jingji zhoukan 中國經濟周刊, 219 (1927).Google Scholar
Zhu
2006
Zhu Rong, 朱榕. “Cong tongye gongsuo dao tongye gonghui: 1858 nian zhi 1937 nian Shanghai muye tongye zhuzhi de jindai hua” 从同业公所到同业公会——1858年至1937年上海木业同业组织的近代化 (“From Associations to Guilds: Modernization of the Shanghai Timber Trade Organizations from 1858 to 1937”). In Dang'an li de Shanghai 档案里的上海 (“Shanghai in the Archives”), ed. Shanghai Municipal Archives. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
Hunan Shangshi Xiguan Baogaoshu
Hunan Shangshi Xiguan Baogaoshu 湖南商事习惯报告书 (“Report on Commercial Customs in Hunan”). Changsha: Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2010.Google Scholar
SHMA Shanghai Municipal Archives [SHMA], fonds NO. S145.Google Scholar
SZMA Suzhou Municipal Archives [SZMA], fonds NO. I14.Google Scholar
“Shanghai muye jianshi ziliao” “Shanghai muye jianshi ziliao” 上海木業簡史資料 (“Materials on a Brief History of the Shanghai Timber Industry”), SHMA S145-3-1-12 (1953).Google Scholar
Shenbao
Shenbao 申報 Digital Archive, 1872–1949.Google Scholar
Zhenxun Muye Gonghui baogao lu
Zhenxun Muye Gonghui baogao lu 震巽木業公會報告錄 (“Report of the Zhenxun Association of Imported Timber”), SHMA S145-1-7 (1925).Google Scholar
Aslanian
2011
Aslanian, Sebouh. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Bourgon
2002
Bourgon, Jerome. “Uncivil Dialogue: Law and Custom Did Not Merge into Civil Law under the Qing.” Late Imperial China
23:1 (2002), pp. 50–90.Google Scholar
Ch'iu
2009
Ch'iu Pengsheng, 邱澎生. “Guofa yu banggui: Qingdai qianqi Chongqing cheng de chuanyun jiufen jiejue jizhi” 國法與幫規: 清代前期重慶城的船運糾紛解決機制 (“State Law and Guild Rules: The Mechanisms for Resolving Shipping Disputes in Early-Qing Chongqing”). In Ming Qing falü yunzuo zhong de quanli yu wenhua 明清法律運作中的權力與文化 (“Power and Culture in the Operation of Law during the Ming-Qing period”), ed. Pengsheng, Ch'iu and Xiyuan, Chen 陳熙遠, pp. 275–344. Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2009.Google Scholar
Ch'iu
1990
Ch'iu Pengsheng, 邱澎生. Shiba shijiu shiji suzhou cheng de xinxing gongshang ye tuanti 十八十九世紀蘇州城的新興工商業團體 (“Newly Emerged Industrial and Commercial Organizations in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Suzhou City”). Taipei: Taiwan Daxue Chubanshe, 1990.Google Scholar
Du
2006
Du Xuncheng, 杜恂诚. Jindai Zhongguo qianye xiguan fa: yi Shanghai qianye wei shijiao 近代中国钱业习惯法: 以上海钱业为视角 (“Customary Law in the Modern Chinese Banking Industry: Taking the Perspective of the Banking Industry in Shanghai”). Shanghai: Shanghai Caijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
Dykstra
2014
Dykstra, Maura D. “Complicated Matters: Commercial Dispute Resolution in Qing Chongqing from 1750 to 1911.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles, 2014.Google Scholar
Dykstra
2013
Dykstra, Maura D. “Beyond the Shadow of the Law: Firm Insolvency, State-Building, and the New Policy Bankruptcy Reform in Late Qing Chongqing.” Frontiers of History in China
8:3 (2013), pp. 406–33.Google Scholar
Fan et al.
2007
Fan Jinmin, 范金民, Yang, Yao 姚暘 and Yi, Ni 倪毅. Ming Qing shangshi jiufen yu shangye susong 明清商事纠纷与商业诉讼 (“Commercial Disputes and Lawsuits in Ming-Qing China”). Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2007.Google Scholar
Gelderblom
2013
Gelderblom, Oscar. Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Goldberg
2012
Goldberg, Jessica. Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Geniza Merchants and Their Business World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Greif
2006
Greif, Avner. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Huang
2001
Huang, Philip C.
Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Huang
1996
Huang, Philip C.
Civil Justice in China, Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Huang
2011
Huang Yuansheng, 黄源盛. Mingchu Daliyuan Yu Caipan 民初大理院與裁判 (“The Supreme Court and Its Judgments in Early Republican China”). Taipei: Angle Publishing, 2011.Google Scholar
Kotenev
1925
Kotenev, Anatol M.
Shanghai: Its Mixed Court and Council Material Relating to the History of the Shanghai Municipal Council and the History, Practice and Statistics of the International Mixed Court. Chinese Modern Law and Shanghai Municipal Land Regulations and Bye-Laws Governing the Life in the Settlement. Shanghai: North-China Daily News & Herald, 1925.Google Scholar
Liang
1996
Liang Zhiping, 梁治平. Qingdai xiguan fa: shehui yu guojia 清代习惯法: 社会与国家 (“Customary Law in Qing China: Society and State”). Beijing: Zhongguo Zhengfa Daxue Chubanshe, 1996.Google Scholar
Liu and He
1983
Liu Yongcheng, 刘永成 and Zhiqing, He 赫治清. “Lun woguo hanghui zhidu de xingcheng he fazhan” 论我国行会制度的形成和发展 (“On the Formation and Development of the Guild Institution in China”). Meng ya 萌芽 (1983a), pp. 117–40.Google Scholar
Lucassen et al.
2008
Lucassen, Jan, De Moor, Tine and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. The Return of the Guilds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Lydon
2009
Lydon, Ghislaine. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Ma
1996
Ma Min, 马敏. “Shangshi caipan yu shanghui: lun wan Qing Suzhou shangshi jiufen de tiaochu” 商事裁判与商会——论晚清苏州商事纠纷的调处 (“Commercial Adjudication and the Chamber of Commerce: On the Resolution of Commercial Disputes in Late Qing Suzhou”). Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 1 (1996), pp. 30–43.Google Scholar
Ma and Fu
2015
Ma Min, 马敏 and Haiyan, Fu 付海晏. Zhongguo jindai shanghui tongshi 中国近代商会通史 (“The General History of Modern Chinese Chamber of Commerce”). 4 vols. Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe, 2015.Google Scholar
Ma and Zhu
1993
Ma Min, 马敏 and Ying, Zhu 朱英. 1993. Chuantong yu jindai de erchong bianzou — Wan Qing Suzhou shanghui ge'an yanjiu 传统与近代的二重变奏—晚晴苏州商会个案研究 (“A Duet of Tradition and Modernity: Case Studies from Late-Qing Suzhou Chamber of Commerce”). Chengdu: Bashu Shushe, 1993.Google Scholar
Mann
1987
Mann, Susan. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy: 1750–1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Negishi
1951
Negishi Tadashi, 根岸 佶. Shanhai no girudo 上海のギルド (“The Guilds of Shanghai”). Tokyo: Nihon Hyōronsha, 1951.Google Scholar
North
1990
North, Douglass C.
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
North et al
2009
North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph and Weingast, Barry R.. Violence and Social Orders. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Olson
1965
Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Peng
1988
Peng Zeyi, 彭泽益. “Zhongguo hanghui shi yanjiu de jige wenti” 中国行会史研究的几个问题 (“Several Issues in the Study of the History of Chinese Guilds”). Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 6 (1988).Google Scholar
Rosenthal and Wong
2011
Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent and Wong, R. Bin. Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Rowe
1984
Rowe, William T.
Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796–1889. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Shiga
1998
Shiga Shūzō, 滋賀 秀三. “Qingdai susong zhidu zhi minshi fayuan de gaikuo xing kaocha: qing, li, fa” 清代诉讼制度之民事法源的概括性考察——情、理、法 (“An Overall Study on the Civil Origin of Qing Litigation: Emotion, Reason, and Law”). In Ming Qing shiqi de minshi shenpan yu minjian qiyue 明清时期的民事审判与民间契约 (“Civil Adjudication and Private Contracts in Ming-Qing Period”), ed. Yaxin, Wang 王亚新 and Zhiping, Liang 梁治平, pp. 19–53. Beijing: Falü Chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Shiga
1996
Shiga Shūzō, 滋賀 秀三. “Shindai no minji saiban ni tsuite” 清代の民事裁判について (“On Civil Adjudication in Qing China”). Chūgoku shakai to bunka 中国社会と文化 11:12 (1996), pp. 226–52.Google Scholar
Stephens
1992
Stephens, Thomas B.
Order and Discipline in China: The Shanghai Mixed Court, 1911–27. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Weng
1940
Weng Lixin, 翁禮馨. Fujian zhi mucai 福建之木材 (“Timber of Fujian”). Fuzhou: Fujian Sheng Zhengfu Mishuchu Tongjishi 福建省政府秘書處統計室, 1940.Google Scholar
Williamson
1993
Williamson, Oliver E. “Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization.” Journal of Law and Economics
36:1 (1993), pp. 453–86.Google Scholar
Wong
2002
Wong, R. Bin. “Formal and Informal Mechanisms of Rule and Economic Development: The Qing Empire in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Early Modern History
5:4 (2002), pp. 387–408.Google Scholar
Yang
2006
Yang Xiangjun, 杨湘钧. Diguo zhi bian yu guatou zhi lian: Shanghai Huishen Gongxie quanli guanxi bianqian yanjiu 帝国之鞭与寡头之链——上海会审公廨权力关系变迁研究 (“The Whip of the Empire and the Chains of Oligarchs: A Study on the Changes in the Power Relations of Shanghai Mixed Courts”). Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
Zelin et al.
2004
Zelin, Madeleine, Ocko, Jonathan K. and Gardella, Robert. Contract and Property in Early Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang
2011
Zhang Wei, 张玮. Shichang, shangren zuzhi, chanye fazhan: yi shanghai chouduan ye wei li, 1900–1930 市场、商人组织、产业发展: 以上海绸缎业为例 (“Market, Merchant Organizations, and Industrial Development: The Silk Industry in Shanghai as an Example”). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2011.Google Scholar
“Zhejiang zhi mucai”
“Zhejiang zhi mucai” 浙江之木材 (“Timber of Zhejiang”). Zhongguo jingji zhoukan 中國經濟周刊, 219 (1927).Google Scholar
Zhu
2006
Zhu Rong, 朱榕. “Cong tongye gongsuo dao tongye gonghui: 1858 nian zhi 1937 nian Shanghai muye tongye zhuzhi de jindai hua” 从同业公所到同业公会——1858年至1937年上海木业同业组织的近代化 (“From Associations to Guilds: Modernization of the Shanghai Timber Trade Organizations from 1858 to 1937”). In Dang'an li de Shanghai 档案里的上海 (“Shanghai in the Archives”), ed. Shanghai Municipal Archives. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar