Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T21:42:07.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Confronting the Indian State: Islamism, secularism, and the Kashmiri Muslim question

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2020

Iymon Majid Open the ORCID record for Iymon Majid [Opens in a new window]
Iymon Majid*
Affiliation:
Independent Scholar, Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir, India
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper investigates the framework of Islamist politics of Jama'at e Islami in Indian-administered Kashmir. Even though Jama'at e Islami creates the notion of “other” in the Indian state and challenges it but Kashmir's provincial relationship with India also forces it to work within the limits set up by the same state. This paper, thus, conceptualizes the relationship between Indian state and Islamists in a Muslim Majority region that demands the right to self-determination. In doing so, the paper interrogates Jama'at e Islami's rhetorical opposition to the political doctrine of Indian secularism and raises queries about minority rights and their place in the Islamist project.

Keywords

IslamismJama'at e IslamiKashmir conflictKashmiri Muslim QuestionSecularism
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 67 - 80
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aggarwal, Neil (2008). “Kashmiriyat as Empty Signifier.” Interventions 10:2, pp. 222–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, Hilal (2019). Siyasi Muslims: A Story of Political Islams in India. Gurgaon: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Irfan (2009). Islamism and Democracy in India: The Transformation of Jamaat-e-Islami. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, Irfan (2012) “Theorizing Islamism and Democracy: Jamaat-e-Islami in India.” Citizenship Studies 16:7, pp. 887–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, Irfan (2013). “Islam and Politics in South Asia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, eds. Esposito, John and Shahin, Emal El-Din, pp. 324–39. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis (2006). “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation).” In The Anthropology of the State: A Reader, eds. Sharma, Aradhana and Gupta, Akhil, pp. 88–111. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict (1983/2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, Revised Edition. London and New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Anderson, Perry (2012). The Indian Ideology. Gurgaon: Three Essays Collective.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal (1993). Genealogies of Religion: Disciplines and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: John Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Asadullah, Mir (1984). Muqaddamah-e Ilhaq: Aik Nazr mēñ. Srinagar: Sho'ba-e Pārlemāni Jama'at e Islami Jammu va Kashmir.Google Scholar
Bazaz, Prem Nath (1988). “Kashmir: Challenge and Response, Convener's Address to the People's Convention.” In Kashmir Predilection, ed. Fazili, Manzoor, pp. 105–24. Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers.Google Scholar
Bhan, Mona, Duschinski, Haley and Zia, Ather (2018). “Introduction: ‘Rebels of the Streets’: Violence, Protest, and Freedom in Kashmir.” In Resisting Occupation in Kashmir, eds. Duschinski, Haley, Mona Bhan, Ather Zia and Cynthia, Mahmood, pp. 1–41. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul (2003). The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Casanova, Jose (1994). Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha (1992). “History and the Nationalisation of Hinduism.” Social Research 59:1, pp. 111–49.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha (1998). “Secularism and Tolerance.” In Secularism and its Critics, ed. Bhargava, Rajeev, pp. 345–79. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Choueiri, Yousuf (1990). Islamic Fundamentalism. New Delhi: CBS Publishers & Distributers.Google Scholar
Cook, Michael (2003). Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jama'at e Islami Jammu va Kashmir. (n.a). Dastur-e Jama'at e Islami Jammu va Kashmir. Srinagar: Sho'ba-e Nashr-o Isha'at Jama'at e Islami Jammu va Kashmir.Google Scholar
Eickelman, Dale and Piscatori, James (1996). Muslim Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazili, Manzoor (1988). “State Peoples Convention: An introduction.” In Kashmir Predilection, ed. Fazili, Manzoor, pp. 3–44. Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers.Google Scholar
Fuller, Graham (2003). The Future of Political Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganai, Naseer (2017). Two Poles and a Green Drape.” Outlook. December 7, 2017. https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/two-poles-and-a-green-drape/299611.Google Scholar
Ganguly, Sumit (1996). “Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay.” International Security 21:2, pp. 76–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geelani, Syed Ali (2011). Vular Kinarey Aval. Srinagar: Markazi Maktaba Tehreek e Hurriyat.Google Scholar
Iqtidar, Humeira (2011). Secularizing Islamists: Jama'at-e-Islami and Jama'at-ud-da'wa in Urban Pakistan. Ranikhet: Permanent Black.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Islam, Maidul (2015). Limits of Islamism: Jama'at e Islami in Contemporary India and Bangladesh. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ismail, Salwa (2006). Rethinking Islamist Politics: Culture, the State and Islamism. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kashmiri, Ashiq (1991). Tarīkh-e Tahrīk-e Islami Jammu va Kashmir. Hiṣsa II. Lahore: Idara-e Mu'arif-e Islami.Google Scholar
Kashmiri, Ashiq (2015). Tarīkh-e Jama'at e Islami Jammu va Kashmir. Srinagar: Chinar Publications.Google Scholar
Mahmood, Saba (2005). Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mahmood, Saba (2006). “Secularism, Hermeneutics, and the Empire: The Politics of Islamic Reformation.” Public Culture 18:2, pp. 323–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmood, Saba (2016). Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masud, Muhammad Khalid (2005). “The Construction and Deconstruction of Secularism as an Ideology in Contemporary Muslim Thought.” Asian Journal of Social Science 33:3, pp. 363–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maududi, Syed Abul Ala (2012). Four Basic Quranic Terms, trans. Abu Asad. New Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami.Google Scholar
Maududi, Syed Abul Ala (2014). Islam kā Ikhlāqi Nuqta-e Nazr. New Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami.Google Scholar
Maududi, Syed Abul Ala (2015). Islam aur Jahiliyat. New Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami.Google Scholar
Ministry of Home Affairs (2019). “Notification.” New Delhi: Government of India, February 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Nandy, Ashis (1998). “The Politics of Secularism and the Recovery of Religious Tolerance.” In Secularism and its Critics, ed. Bhargava, Rajeev, pp. 321–44. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nayeem, Hameeda (2012). “Politics of Exclusion.” In The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity, ed. Khan, Nyla Ali, pp. 213–27. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noorani, A.G. (2011). Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pandey, Gyanendra (1999). “Can a Muslim Be an Indian?” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41:4, pp. 608–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Para, Altaf Hussain. (2019). The Making of Modern Kashmir: Sheikh Abdullah and the Politics of the State. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rai, Mridu (2018). “The Indian Constituent Assembly and the Making of Hindus and Muslims in Jammu and Kashmir.” Asian Affairs 49:2, pp. 205–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saifuddin, Qari (1979). Vadi-e Purkhar. Srinagar: Markazi Maktaba Islami Jammu and Kashmir.Google Scholar
Saifuddin, Qari (2001). Muhammāt-e Hayāt: Khud Nosht Savāneḥ. Delhi: J.K. Offset Printers.Google Scholar
Sayyid, Bobby S. (1997). A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. London/New York: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Sikand, Yoginder (2002). “The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990).” Modern Asian Studies 36:3, pp. 705–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swami, Praveen (2007). India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947–2004. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles (1998). “Modes of Secularism.” In Secularism and its Critics, ed. Bargava, Rajeev, pp. 31–53. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh (1992). “Three Compromised Problems: Why Kashmir has been a Problem.” In Perspectives on Kashmir: The Roots of Conflict in South Asia, ed. Thomas, Raju G. C., pp. 191–234. Boulder, Colo: Westview.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh and Gubler, Joshua (2012). “Does the State Promote Communal Violence for Electoral Reasons?” India Review 11:3, pp. 191–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh and Gubler, Joshua (2013). “The State and Civil Society in Communal Violence: Sparks and Fires.” In Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics, eds. Kohli, Atul and Singh, Prerna, pp. 155–66. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wani, Muhammad Ashraf (2010). “Religion, Economy, and Political Crises in Kashmir.” In Identity Politics in Jammu and Kashmir, ed. Chowdhary, Rekha, pp. 177–91. New Delhi: Vitasta Publishing.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven (2004). Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2012). Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar