Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:12:02.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Plasma Processes in the Outer Coma

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

A. A. Galeev*
Affiliation:
Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences117810, GSP-7, Moscow, USSR

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Spacecraft encounters with comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley revealed a great variety of collective plasma phenomena accompanying the interaction of the solar wind with comets. In this review, we discuss the theory and in situ measurements of the Alfvén wave turbulence and the solar wind loading by cometary ions, and the structure of the cometary bow shock.

Type
Section VII: Plasmas and Fields
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1991

References

Amata, E., and Formisano, V. (1985) ‘Energization of positive ions in the cometary foreshock region,’ Planet. Space Sci. 33, 12431250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsiger, H., Altwegg, K., Buhler, F., Feiss, J., Ghielmetti, A.G., Goldstein, B.E., Goldstein, R., Huntress, W.T., Ip, W.-H., Lazarus, A.J., Meier, A., Neugebauer, M., Rettenmund, U., Rosenbauer, H., Schwenn, R., Sharp, R.D., Shelley, E.G., Ungstrup, E., and Young, D.T. (1986). ‘Ion composition and dynamics at comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 330335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bame, S.J., Anderson, R.C., Asbridge, J.R., Baker, D.N., Feldman, W.C., Fuselier, S.A., Gosling, J.T., McComas, D.J., Thomsen, M.F., Young, D.T., and Zwickl, R.D. (1986) ‘Comet Giacobini-Zinner: Plasma description,’ Science 232, 356361.Google Scholar
Baranov, V.B., Zaitsev, N.A., and Lebedev, M.G. (1986) ‘Numerical simulation of solar wind interaction with comets,’ Astron. Zurn. 63, 170.Google Scholar
Barbosa, D.D. (1989) ‘Stochastic acceleration of cometary pickup ions: The classic leaky box model,’ Astrophys. J. 341, 493503.Google Scholar
Bell, A.R. (1978) ‘The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock-fronts, I.’ Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 182, 147156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierman, L., Brosowski, B., and Schmidt, H.U. (1967) ‘The interaction of the solar wind with a comet,’ Solar Phys. 1, 254283.Google Scholar
Brinca, A.L., and Tsurutani, B.T. (1987) ‘On the polarization, compression and nonoscillatory behavior of hydromagnetic waves associated with pickup ions,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 495498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coates, A.J., Johnstone, A.D., Wilken, B., Jockers, K., and Glassmaier, K.-H. (1989a) ‘Velocity-space diffusion of pickup ions from the water-group at comet Halley,’ J. Geophys., Res., in press.Google Scholar
Coates, A.J., Johnstone, A.D., Wilken, B., Jockers, K., and Glassmaier, K.-H. (1989b) ‘Observations of heavy pick-up ions at Halley: Pitch angle and energy distributions,’ J. Geophys. Res., submitted.Google Scholar
Coates, A.J., Lin, R.P., Wilken, B., Amata, E., Anderson, K.A., Borg, H., Bryant, D.A., Carlson, C.W., Curtis, D.W., Formisano, V., Jockers, K., Johnstone, A.D., Korth, A., Mendis, D.A., Reme, H., Richter, A.K., Rosenbauer, H., Sauvaud, J.A., Studeman, W., Thomsen, M.F., d’Uston, C., and Winningham, J.D. (1987) ‘Giotto measurements of cometary and solar wind plasma at the comet Halley bow shock,’ Nature 327, 489490.Google Scholar
Coroniti, F.V., Kennel, C.F., Scarf, F.L., Smith, E.J., Tsurutani, B.T., Bame, S.J., Thomsen, M.F., Hynds, R., and Wenzel, K.P. (1986) ‘Plasma wave turbulence in the strong coupling region at comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 869872.Google Scholar
Forman, M.A., and Webb, G.M. (1985) ‘Acceleration of energetic particles,’ in Stone, R.A. and Tsurutani, B.T. (eds.), Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: A Tutorial Review, AGU, Washington, D.C. pp. 91114.Google Scholar
Fuselier, S.A., Feldman, W.C., Bame, S.J., Smith, E.J., and Scarf, F.L. (1986) ‘Heat flux observations and the location of the transition region boundary of Giacobini-Zinner,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 247250.Google Scholar
Galeev, A.A. (1987) ‘Encounters with comets: Discoveries and puzzles in cometary plasma physics,’ Astron. Astrophys. 187, 1220.Google Scholar
Galeev, A. A., and Khabibrakhmanov, I.Kh. (1990) ‘On the Mach number of a cometary bow shock,’ Pis’ma Astron. Zurn., in press (in Russian).Google Scholar
Galeev, A.A., and Lipatov, A.S. (1984) ‘Plasma processes in the cometary atmospheres,’ Adv. Space Res. 4, No.9, 229237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galeev, A.A., and Sagdeev, R.Z. (1988) ‘Alfven waves in a space plasma and its role on the solar wind interaction with comets,’ Astrophys. Space Sci. 144, 427438.Google Scholar
Galeev, A.A., Cravens, T.E., and Gombosi, T.I. (1985a) ‘Solar wind stagnation near comets,’ Astrophys. J. 289, 807819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galeev, A.A., Gribov, B.E., Gombosi, T., Gringauz, K.I., Klimov, S.I., Olerz, P., Remizov, A.P., Riedler, W., Sagdeev, R.Z., Savin, S.P., Sokolov, A.Yu., Shapiro, V.D., Shevchenko, V.I., Szego, K., Verigin, M.I., and Yeroshenko, Ye.G. (1986) ‘Position and structure of the comet Halley bow shock: Vega-1 and Vega-2 measurements,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 841844.Google Scholar
Galeev, A.A., Lipatov, A.S., and Sagdeev, R.Z. (1985b) ‘Numerical simulation of near-comet shock waves: Some features of the structure and mechanisms of energy dissipation,’ Sov. Phys. JETP 62, 866875.Google Scholar
Galeev, A.A., Lipatov, A.S., and Sagdeev, R.Z. (1987a) ‘Two-dimensional numerical simulation of the dynamics of cometary ion relaxation and MHD turbulence in the solar wind – cometary atmosphere interaction,’ Sov. Phys. Plasma Phys. 13, 567574.Google Scholar
Galeev, A.A., Polyudov, A.N., Sagdeev, R.Z., Shapiro, V.D., and Shevchenko, V.I. (1987b) ‘MHD turbulence caused by a comet in the solar wind,’ Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 11781186.Google Scholar
Gary, S.P., and Madland, C.D. (1988) ‘Electromagnetic ion instabilities in a cometary environment,’ J. Geophys. Res. 93, 235241.Google Scholar
Gary, S.P., Akomoto, K., and Winske, D. (1989) ‘Computer simulation of cometary pick-up-ion/ion instabilities and wave growth,’ J. Geophys. Res. 94, 34133525.Google Scholar
Gary, S.P., Smith, C.W., Lee, M.A., Goldstein, M.X., and Forslund, D.W. (1984) ‘Electromagnetic ion beam instabilities,’ Phys. Fluids 27, 18521862.Google Scholar
Glassmeier, K.H., Coates, A.J., Acuna, M.H., Goldstein, M.X., Johnstone, A.D., Neubauer, F.M., and Reme, H. (1989) ‘Spectral characteristics of low-frequency plasma turbulence upstream of comet P/Halley,’ J. Geophys. Res. 94, 3748.Google Scholar
Glassmeier, K.H., Neubauer, F.M., Acuna, M.H., and Mariani, F. (1987) ‘Low frequency magnetic field fluctuations in comet P/Halley’s magnetosheath: Giotto observations,’ Astron. Astrophys. 187, 6568.Google Scholar
Goldstein, MX., and Roberts, D.A. (1987) ‘Numerical simulation of the generation of turbulence from cometary ion pick-up,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 860863.Google Scholar
Goldstein, MX., and Wong, H.K. (1987) ‘A theory for low-frequency waves observed at comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ J. Geophys. Res. 92, 46924700.Google Scholar
Gombosi, T. (1988) ‘Preshock region acceleration of implanted cometary H+ and 0+ ,’ J. Geophys. Res. 93, 3547.Google Scholar
Gribov, B.E., Keczkemety, K., Sagdeev, R.Z., Shapiro, V.D., Shevchenko, V.I., Somogyi, A.J., Szego, K., Erdo, S.G., Eroshenko, E.G., Gringauz, K.I., Keppler, E., Marsden, R., Remizov, A.P., Richter, A.K., Riedler, W., Schwingenshuh, K., and Wenzel, K.P. (1986) ‘Stochastic Fermi acceleration of ions in the pre-shock region of comet Halley,’ in Proc. 20th ESLAB Symp. on the Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, 271276.Google Scholar
Gringauz, K.I., Gombosi, T.I., Remizov, A.P., Apathy, I., Szemerey, I., Verigin, M.I., Denchikova, L.I., Dyachkov, A.V., Keppler, E., Klimenko, I.N., Richter, A.K., Somogyi, A.J., Szego, K., Szendro, S., T’atrallyay, M., Varga, A., and Vladimirova, G.A. (1986) ‘First in situ plasma and neutral gas measurements at comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 282285.Google Scholar
Hartle, R.E., and Wu, C.S. (1973) ‘Effects of electrostatic instabilities on planetary and interstellarions in the solar wind,’ J. Geophys. Res. 78, 58025807.Google Scholar
Hynds, R.J., Cowley, S.W.H., Sanderson, T.R., Wentzel, K.P., and Van Rooijen, J.J. (1986) ‘Observations of energetic ions from comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ Science 232, 361365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ip, W.-H. (1980) ‘Cometary atmospheres,’ Astron. Astrophys. 92, 95100.Google Scholar
Ip, W.-H., and Axford, W.I. (1982) ‘Theories of physical processes in the cometary comae and ion tail,’ in Wilkening, L.L. (ed.), Comets, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 588634.Google Scholar
Ip, W.-H., and Axford, W.I. (1986) ‘The acceleration of particles in the vicinity of comets,’ Planet. Space Sci. 34, 10611065.Google Scholar
Ip, W.-H., and Axford, W.I. (1987) ‘A numerical simulation of charged particle acceleration and pitch-angle scattering in the turbulent plasma environment of comet Halley,’ Proc. 20th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), Vol. 3, SH 4.2–14, p. 233.Google Scholar
Ip, W.-H., and Axford, W.I. (1989) ‘Cometary plasma physics,’ in Huebner, W.F. (ed.), Physics of Comets in the Space Age, in press.Google Scholar
Isenberg, P.A. (1987) ‘Energy diffusion of pickup ions upstream of comets,’ J. Geophys. Res. 92, 87958799.Google Scholar
Johnstone, A.D., Coates, A.J., Heath, J., Thomsen, M.F., Wilken, B., Jockers, K., Formisano, V., Amata, E., Wonningham, J.D., Borg, H., and Bryant, D.A. (1987) ‘Alfvenic turbulence in the solar wind flow during the approach to comet P/Halley,’ Astron. Astrophys. 187, 2532.Google Scholar
Johnstone, A., Coates, A., Kellock, S., Wilken, B., Jockers, K., Rosenbauer, H., Studemann, W., Weiss, W., Formisano, V., Amata, E., Cerulli-Irelli, R., Dobrowolny, M., Terenzi, R., Egidi, A., Borg, H., Hultqvist, B., Winningham, J., Gurgiolo, C., Bryant, D., Edwards, T., Feldman, W., Thomsen, M., Wallis, M.K., Bierman, L., Schmidt, H.U., Lust, Rh., Haerendel, G., and Paschmann, G. (1986) ‘Ion flow at comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 344347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennel, C.F., Coroniti, F.V., Scarf, F.L., Tsurutani, B.T., Smith, E.J., Bame, S.J., and Gosling, J.T. (1986) ‘Plasma waves in the shock interaction regions at comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 921924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennel, C.F., Mal’kov, M.A., Sagdeev, R.Z., Shapiro, V.D., and Khrabrov, A.V. (1988) ‘Shock-packet of Alfven waves with dispersion,’ Sov. Phys. JEPT Lett. 48, 7578.Google Scholar
Klimov, S., Savin, S., Aleksevich, Ya., Avanesova, G., Balebanov, V., Balikhin, M., Galeev, A.A., Gribov, B., Nozdrachov, M., Smirnov, V., Sokolov, A., Vaisberg, O., Obère, P., Krawczyk, Z., Crzedzielskii, S., Juchniewicz, J., Nowak, K., Orlowski, D., Parfianovich, B., Wozniak, D., Zbyszynski, Z., Voita, Ya., and Triska, P. (1986) ‘Extremely-low frequency plasma waves in the environment of comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 292294.Google Scholar
Kulsrud, R.M. (1983) ‘MHD description of plasma,’ in Galeev, A.A. and Sudan, R.N. (eds.), Basic Plasma Physics I, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp. 115145.Google Scholar
Landau, L.D., and Lifshitz, E.M. (1988) ‘Hydrodynamics,’ Nauka, Moscow, p. 497 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Lipatov, A.S., and Syrovatskii, I.N. (1987) ‘Numerical simulation of cometary quasiparallel shocks,’ Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya 25, 952957.Google Scholar
McKenna-Lawlor, S., Kirsch, E., O’Sullivan, D., Thompson, A., and Wenzel, K.P. (1986) ‘Energetic ions in the environment of comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 347349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukai, T., Miyaké, W., Terasawa, T., Kitayama, M., and Hirao, K. (1986) ‘Plasma observations by Suisei of solar wind interaction with comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 299303.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, M., Lazarus, A.J., Altwegg, K., Balsiger, H., Goldstein, B.E., Goldstein, R., Neubauer, F.M., Rosenbauer, H., Schwenn, R., Shelley, E.G., and Ungstrup, E. (1987) ‘The pick-up of cometary protons by the solar wind,’ Astron. Astrophys. 187, 21.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, M., Lazarus, A.J., Balsiger, H., Fuselier, S.A., Neubauer, F.M., and Rosenbauer, H. (1989a) ‘The velocity distributions of cometary protons picked up by the solar wind,’ J. Geophys. Res. 94, 52275239.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, M., Neubauer, F.M., Balsiger, II., Fuselier, S.A., Goldstein, B.E., Goldstein, R., Mariani, F., Rosenbauer, H., Schwenn, R., and Sehhely, E.G. (1989b) ‘The variation of protons, alpha particles and the magnetic field across the bow shock of comet Halley,’ J. Geophys. Res., in press.Google Scholar
Omidi, N., and Winske, D. (1987) ‘A kinetic study of solar wind mass loading and cometary bow shocks,’ J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13401349.Google Scholar
Omidi, N., and Winske, D. (1988) ‘Subcriticai dispersive shock waves upstream of planetary bow shocks and at comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 13031306.Google Scholar
Reme, H., Sauvaud, J.A., d’Uston, C., Cotin, F., Cros, A., Anderson, K.A., Carlson, C.W., Curtis, D.W., Lin, R.P., Mendis, D.A., Korth, A., and Richter, A.K. (1986) ‘Comet Halley – solar wind interaction from electron measurements aboard Giotto,’ Nature 321, 349352.Google Scholar
Riedler, W., Schwingenshuh, K., Yeroshenko, Ye.G., Styashkin, V.A., and Russell, C.T. (1986) ‘Magnetic field observations in comet Halley’s coma,’ Nature 321, 288290.Google Scholar
Sagdeev, R.Z., and Galeev, A.A. (1969) ‘Nonlinear Plasma Theory,’ Benjamin, New York Amsterdam, p. 54.Google Scholar
Sagdeev, R.Z., and Shafranov, V.D. (1961) ‘Instabilities of an anisotropic plasma,’ Sov. Phys. JETP 12, 130.Google Scholar
Sagdeev, R.Z., Shapiro, V.D., Shevchenko, V.I., and Szego, K. (1986) ‘MHD turbulence in the solar wind-comet interaction region,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 8588.Google Scholar
Scarf, F.L. (1989) ‘Plasma wave observations at comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley,’ in Tsurutani, B.T. and Oya, H. (eds.), Plasma Waves and Instabilities at Comets and in Magnetospheres, AGU, Washington D.C., pp. 3140.Google Scholar
Scarf, F.L., Coroniti, F.V., Kennel, C.F., Gurnett, D.A., Ip, W.-H., and Smith, E.J. (1986) ‘Plasma wave observations at comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ Science 232, 377381.Google Scholar
Scarf, F.L., Coroniti, F.V., Kennel, C.F., Gurnett, D.A., Ip, W.-H., and Smith, E.J. (1987) ‘Observations of cometary plasma-wave phenomena,’ Astron. Astrophys. 187, 109116.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H.U., and Wegmann, R. (1982) ‘Plasma flow and magnetic fields in comets,’ in Wilkening, L.L. (ed.), Comets, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 538560.Google Scholar
Skilling, J. (1975) ‘Cosmic ray streaming, I. Effect of Alfven waves on particles,’ Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 172, 557.Google Scholar
Smith, E.J., Tsurutani, B.T., Slavin, J.A., Jones, D.E., Siscoe, G.L., and Mendis, D.A. (1986) ‘International Cometary Explorer encounter with Giacobini-Zinner: Magnetic field observations,’ Science 232, 382385.Google Scholar
Somogyi, A.J., Gringauz, K.I., Szego, K., Szabo, L., Kozma, Gy., Remizov, A.P., Ero, J. Jr., Klimenko, I.N., Szucs, I.T., Verigin, M.I., Windberg, J., Cravens, T.E., Dyachkov, A., Erdos, G., Farago, M., Gombosi, T.I., Kecskemety, K., Keppler, E., Kovacs, T., Konder, A., Logachov, Yu.L, Lobonyai, L., Marsden, R., Redl, R., Richter, A.K., Stolpovskii, V.G., Szabo, J., Szentpetery, I., Szepesvary, A., Tatrallyay, M., Varga, A., Vladimirova, G.A., Wenzel, K.P., and Zaradny, A. (1986) ‘First observations of energetic particles near comet Halley,’ Nature 321, 285288.Google Scholar
Tsurutani, B.T., and Smith, E.J. (1986a) ‘Strong hydromagnetic turbulence associated with comet Giacobini-Zinner,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 259262.Google Scholar
Tsurutani, B.T., and Smith, E.J. (1986b) ‘Hydromagnetic waves and instabilities associated with cometary ion pickup: ICE observations,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 263266.Google Scholar
Tsurutani, B.T., Thorne, R.M., Smith, E.J., Gosling, J.T., and Matsumoto, H. (1987) ‘Steepened magnetosonic waves at comet Giaconibi-Zinner,’ J. Geophys. Res. 92, 1107411082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaisberg, O.L., Russell, C.T., Luhman, J.G., and Schwingenshuh, K. (1989) ‘Small scale irregularities in comet Halley’s plasma mantle: An attempt at self-consistent analysis of plasma and magnetic field data,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 58.Google Scholar
Wallis, M.K. (1971) ‘Shock-free deceleration of the solar wind?’, Nature 233, 2325.Google Scholar
Wallis, M.K., and Ong, R.S.B. (1975) ‘Strongly-cooled ionizing plasma flows with application to Venus,’ Planet. Space Sci. 23, 713721.Google Scholar
Wentzel, D.G. (1974) ‘Cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy: Collective effects,’ Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 7196.Google Scholar
Wegmann, R., Schmidt, H.U., Huebner, W.F., and Boice, D.C. (1987) ‘Cometary MHD and chemistry,’ Astron. Astrophys. 187, 339350.Google Scholar
Wilken, B., Jockers, K., Studemann, W., Rosenbauer, H., Thomson, M.F., Johnstone, A., Formisano, V., Amata, E., Winningham, J.D., and Borg, H. (1986) ‘Energetic cometary water group ions at Halley’s bow shock: Observations with the Giotto ion spectrometer IIS,’ in Proc. 20th ESLAB Symp. on the Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, pp. 271276.Google Scholar
Winske, D., and Gary, S.P. (1986) ‘Electromagnetic instabilities driven by cool heavy ion beams,’ J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6825.Google Scholar
Winske, D., Wu, C.S., Li, Y.Y., Mou, Z.Z., and Guo, S.Y. (1985) ‘Coupling of newborn ions to the solar wind by electromagnetic instabilities and their interaction with the bow shock,’ J. Geophys. Res. 90, 27132726.Google Scholar
Wu, C.S., and Davidson, R.C. (1972) ‘Electromagnetic instabilities produced by neutral particle ionization in interplanetary space,’ J. Geophys. Res. 77, 53995406.Google Scholar
Wu, C.S., and Hartle, R.E. (1974) ‘Further remarks on plasma instabilities produced by ions born in the solar wind,’ J. Geophys. Res. 79, 283285.Google Scholar