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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2016
I summarize recent observational and theoretical advances in the understanding of the Soft Gamma Repeaters and the Anomalous X-ray Pulsars. Several direct physical arguments point to very strong magnetic fields (B > 10 BQED = 4.4 × 1014 G) in SGR outbursts. The connection between these two classes of neutron stars is examined. Their persistent X-ray emission and spindown behavior are interpreted in the magnetar model, where a decaying magnetic field dominates all other sources of energy for radiative and particle emission. The response of a magnetic field to the violent motions in a supernova core is also examined, with a focus on mechanisms that may impart unusually large kicks.