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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2016
Let Iv(r, θ) be the intensity of radiation of frequency v, at a distance r from the centre of a star and in a direction making an angle θ to the outward normal. In a plane-parallel approximation the equation of radiative transfer is
where 𝛋v is the opacity and jv the emissivity. The net outward flux of radiant energy is
and the flux integrated over all frequencies is