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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2016
We show that in the inner magnetosphere of a pulsar mildly relativistic particles can flow out steadily under two assumptions: i) all vacuum fields are completely shielded by copious amounts of particles drawn out by thermal and field emission (which is likely as shown in Jessner et al, 1999) ii) particles emitted from the neutron star surface have weakly relativistic energies (βϒ ≈ 1). The results are consistent with the typical particle energies predicted in the radio emission model by Kunzl et al., 1999.