Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:20:43.805Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parents’ Associations, Support Group Interventions and Countering Violent Extremism: An Important Step Forward in Combating Violent Radicalization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2018

Daniel Koehler  and
Tobias Ehrt
Daniel Koehler*
Affiliation:
Ministry of the Interior, Digitization and Migration Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
Tobias Ehrt
Affiliation:
Ministry of the Interior, Digitization and Migration Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
*
*Corresponding Author: Dr Daniel Koehler, Willy-Brandt-Straße 41, 70173, Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article offers an introduction for constructing family self-help groups or parent associations in the field of countering violent extremism (CVE) and deradicalization. These support group interventions are an essential addition to recently developed family counseling CVE programs, which have been created in multiple countries since 2012. Based on interviews with parents of deceased foreign terrorist fighters, this article was able to identify the most pressing practical needs of parents and to suggest specific measures to address these. The most important needs voiced by parents are: loneliness, trauma, understanding, acquiring a death certificate, access to personal files, problems with child care (criminalization), and fear of the media. Support groups can be designed to address these issues with a specific CVE focus.

Abstracto

Este articulo ofrece una introducción a la construcción de grupos de autoayuda familiar o asociaciones de padres en el campo de la lucha contra el extremismo violento (CVE) y la desradicalización. Estas intervenciones de grupos de apoyo son una adición esencial a los programas de asesoramiento familiar recientemente desarrollados en Contra de la Violencia Extrema (CVE), que se han creado en varios países desde 2012. Basado en entrevistas con padres de combatientes terroristas extranjeros (FTF) muertos, este estudio pudo identificar las necesidades prácticas más apremiantes de los padres y sugerir medidas específicas para abordarlas. Las necesidades más importantes son: soledad, trauma, comprensión, adquisición de un certificado de defunción, acceso a archivos personales, problemas con el cuidado infantil (criminalización) y temor a los medios de comunicación. Los grupos de soporte se pueden diseñar para abordar estos problemas con un enfoque específico contra la violencia extremist (CVE).

Abstrait

Cet article propose une introduction à la construction de groupes familiaux d’entraide ou d’associations de parents dans le domaine de la lutte contre l’extrémisme violent (CVE) et de la déradicalisation. Ces interventions de groupes de soutien sont un ajout essentiel aux programmes CVE de consultation familiale récemment créés dans plusieurs pays depuis 2012. D’après des entrevues avec les parents des combattants terroristes étrangers décédés (FTF), cet etude a été capable d’ identifier les besoins pratiques les plus urgents des parents et de suggérer des mesures spécifiques pour les traiter. Les plus importants besoins exprimés par les parents sont: la solitude, le traumatisme, la compréhension, l’acquisition d’un certificat de décès, l’accès aux fichiers personnels, des problèmes de garde d’enfants (criminalisation) et la peur des médias. Les groupes de support peuvent être conçus pour résoudre ces problèmes avec un focus spécifique de lutte contre l’extrémisme violent (CVE).

家长协会、支持团体干预和打击暴力极端主义（CVE）——打击暴力激化在打击暴力激进化方面迈出重要一步

摘要: 本文介绍了在打击暴力极端主义（CVE）和去激进化领域建立家庭自助团体或家长协会的情况。这些支持团体干预措施是最近开展的家庭咨询CVE计划的重要补充，自2012年以来，该计划已在多个国家建立。根据对已故外国恐怖主义战斗人员（FTF）父母的采访，本文能够确定父母最迫切的实际需求并建议采取具体措施去解决这些问题。父母表达的最重要的需求是：孤独、创伤、理解、获得死亡证明、获得个人档案、儿童保育问题（犯罪化）以及对媒体的恐惧。可以设立以特定的CVE为重点的支持小组来解决这些问题。

الملخّص

تعرض هذه المقالة مقدّمة لبناء مجموعات المساعدة الذاتيّة للأسرة أو رابطات الآباء لمكافحة التّطرّف العنيف (CVE) واجتثاثه. تعتبر مداخلات مجموعة الدعم هذه إضافة أساسية إلى برامج الإرشاد الأسري لمكافحة التّطرّف العنيف التي تم تطويرها مؤخرًا، والتي تم إنشاؤها في العديد من الدول منذ عام 2012. واستناداً إلى مقابلات أُجْرِيَت مع آباء المقاتلين الإرهابيين الأجانب المتوفّ ، تمكنت هذه المقالة من تحديد الاحتياجات العمليّة والأكثر إلحاحًا للوالدين واقتراح تدابير محدّدة لمعالجتها. أهم الاحتياجات التي يعبر عنها الآباء هي: الشعور بالوحدة، والصدمة، والتفهّم، ملفات الشخصيّة، ومشوالحصول على شهادة الوفاة، والوصول إلى الاكل رعاية الطفل (التجريم)، والخوف من وسائل الإعلام. جميعها قضايا يمكن معالجتها، مع التّركيز على التّطرّف العنيف، من خلال تصميم مجموعات الدعم.

Keywords

family counselingderadicalizationparent self-help groupscountering violent extremismsupport group interventionsorientación familiardesradicalizacióngrupos de autoayuda para padrescontrarrestar el extremismo violentointervenciones de grupos de apoyo.Counselling familialdéradicalisationgroupes d’entraide parentalelutte contre l’extrémisme violentinterventions de groupe de soutienidentifier les besoins pratiques urgents des parentscommunication.家庭咨询去非激进化父母自助团体打击暴力极端主义支持小组干预المشورة الأسرية ، نزع التطرف ، مجموعات المساعدة الذاتية للوالدين ، مكافحة التطرف العنيف ، تدخلات مجموعة الدعم
Type
Article
Information
International Annals of Criminology , Volume 56 , Special Issue 1-2: Special Issue on Female Migration to ISIS , November 2018 , pp. 178 - 197
Copyright
© 2018 International Society of Criminology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agerschou, Toke. 2014. “Preventing Radicalization and Discrimination in Aarhus.” Journal for Deradicalization 1(Winter):5–22.Google Scholar
al-Hadlaq, Abdulrahman. 2015. “Saudi Efforts in Counter-Radicalisation and Extremist Rehabilitation.” Pp. 21–39 in Insurgency and Terrorism Series. Vol. 7, Terrorist Rehabilitation: A New Frontier in Counter-Terrorism , edited by Rohan Gunaratna and Mohamed Bin Ali. London: Imperial College Press.Google Scholar
Altier, Mary Beth, Thoroughgood, Christian N. Horgan, John G.. 2014. “Turning Away from Terrorism: Lessons from Psychology, Sociology, and Criminology.” Journal of Peace Research 51(5):647–661.Google Scholar
Andrews, Don A, Bonta, James Wormith, J. Stephen. 2006. “The Recent Past and Near Future of Risk and/or Need Assessment.” Crime & Delinquency 52(1):7–27.Google Scholar
Ashour, Omar. 2009. The Deradicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bakker, Edwin. 2006. Jihadi Terrorists in Europe. Their Characteristics and the Circumstances in Which They Joined the Jihad: An Exploratory Study. Den Haag: Netherlands Institute of International Relations (Clingendael).Google Scholar
BBC. 2016. “IS Suspect ‘Jihadi Jack’s Parents Charged with Terrorism Offences.” BBC News, June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016 (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-36427136).Google Scholar
Bjørgo, Tore Horgan, John. 2009. Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Borum, Randy. 2013. “Informing Lone‐Offender Investigations.” Criminology & Public Policy 12(1):103–112.Google Scholar
Bromley, David G. Holstein, Jay A. 1991. “Unraveling Religious Disaffiliation: The Meaning and Significance of Falling from the Faith in Contemporary Society.” Counseling and Values 35(3):197–200.Google Scholar
CBC. 2015. “Montreal Anti-Radicalization Centre Officially Launches after Months in Service.” CBC News, November 22, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-anti-radicalizaton-centre-terrorism-1.3330350).Google Scholar
Council of the European Union. 2014. “Revised EU Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism.” Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%209956%202014%20INIT).Google Scholar
Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja. 2013. “Promoting Exit from Violent Extremism: Themes and Approaches.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36(2):99–115.Google Scholar
Deane, Lawrence, Bracken, Denis C. Morrissette, Larry. 2007. “Desistance Within an Urban Aboriginal Gang.” Probation Journal 54(2):125–141.Google Scholar
Disley, Emma, Weed, Kristin, Reding, Anais, Clutterbuck, Lindsay Warnes, Richard. 2011. “Individual Disengagement from Al Qa’ida-Influenced Terrorist Groups: A Rapid Evidence Assessment to Inform Policy and Practice in Preventing Terrorism.” Cambridge: RAND Europe.Google Scholar
El-Said, Hamed. 2015. New Approaches to Countering Terrorism: Designing and Evaluating Counter Radicalization and De-Radicalization Programs. New Security Challenge Series, edited by Stuart Croft. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fink, Chowdhury Naureen Haerne, Ellie B.. 2008. Beyond Terrorism: Deradicalization and Disengagement from Violent Extremism. Washington, DC: International Peace Institute.Google Scholar
Focus. 2017. “Radikalisierung im Grundschulalter: Berater helfen ‘Kindern des Salafismus’.” Retrieved February 24, 2018 (https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/hotline-des-bamf-radikalisierung-im-grundschulalter-berater-helfen-kindern-des-salafismus_id_7669035.html).Google Scholar
Garreau, Marion. 2015, “Un Numéro Vert Contre La Radicalisation Djihadiste.” Le Monde, February 12, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://www.lemonde.fr/m-actu/article/2015/02/12/un-numero-vert-contre-la-radicalisation-djihadiste_4574897_4497186.html).Google Scholar
Gielen, Amy-Jane. 2014. “Antiradicalisering in België, Denemarken En Duitsland.” Tijdschrift voor Sociale Vraagstukken 1(2014):20–23.Google Scholar
Gielen, Amy-Jane. 2015. “Supporting Families of Foreign Fighters. A Realistic Approach for Measuring the Effectiveness.” Journal for Deradicalization 2(Spring):21–48.Google Scholar
Gill, Paul, Horgan, John Deckert, Paige. 2014. “Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 59(2):425–435.Google Scholar
Gill, Paul, Bouhana, Noemie Morrison, John. 2015. “Individual Disengagement from Terrorist Groups.” Pp. 243–257 in Terrorism and Political Violence, edited by Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, Gordon Clubb, and Simon Mabon. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Google Scholar
Grossman, Dave. 2009. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. New York: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Gunaratna, Rohan Bin Ali, Mohamed. 2015. Terrorist Rehabilitation: A New Frontier in Counter-Terrorism. New Jersey: Imperial College Press.Google Scholar
Harrigan, Jane. 2012. “Malaysia: A History of Dealing with Insurgency and Extremism.” Pp. 140–160 in Deradicalising Violent Extremists: Counter-Radicalisation and Deradicalisation Programmes and Their Impact in Muslim Majority States, edited by H. El-Said and J. Harrigan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harris, Kira, Gringart, Eyal Drake, Deirdre. 2017. “Leaving Ideological Groups Behind: A Model of Disengagement.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression. Published online March, 17, 2017.Google Scholar
Hastings, Ross, Dunbar, Laura Bania, Melanie. 2011. Leaving Criminal Youth Gangs: Exit Strategies and Programs. Ottawa: University of Ottawa.Google Scholar
Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni. 2002. “Political Ideology, Helping Mechanisms and Empowerment of Mental Health Self‐Help/Mutual Aid Groups.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 12(4):271–285.Google Scholar
Horgan, John. 2009. Walking Away from Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Horgan, John Braddock, Kurt. 2010. “Rehabilitating the Terrorists? Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Programs.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22(2):267–291.Google Scholar
Huff, C. Ronald. 1998. “Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and at-Risk Youths. Research in Brief.” National Institute of Justice Research in Brief, October 1998. Retrieved April, 2018 (https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172852.pdf).Google Scholar
Hwang, Chernov Julie. 2015. “The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists: Understanding the Pathways.” Terrorism and Political Violence 29(2):277–295.Google Scholar
Istiqomah, Milda. 2011, “De-Radicalization Program in Indonesian Prisons: Reformation on the Correctional Institution.” Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://ro.ecu.edu.au/act/13/).Google Scholar
Jacobs, Janet. 1987. “Deconversion from Religious Movements: An Analysis of Charismatic Bonding and Spiritual Commitment.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 26(3):294–308.Google Scholar
Jones, Jessica. 2015. “Spanish Anti-Jihadist Hotline Turns up 29 ‘Suspects’ in First 24 Hours.” The Local Espania, December 7, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015 (http://www.thelocal.es/20151207/spain-to-investigate-29-people-after-one-day-of-stop-radicalism-campaign).Google Scholar
Katz, Alfred Hyman Bender, Eugene I.. 1976. The Strength in Us: Self-Help Groups in the Modern World. New York: New Viewpoints.Google Scholar
Klandermans, Bert. 1997. The Social Psychology of Protest. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Klaw, Elena Luong, Desiree. 2010. “Self-Help Groups.” Pp. 1538–1540 in The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by Irving B. Weiner and W. Edward Craighead. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Koehler, Daniel. 2016a. Understanding Deradicalization: Methods, Tools and Programs for Countering Violent Extremism . Oxford and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Koehler, Daniel. 2016b. “Family Counseling as a Special Case of Deradicalization.” Pp 145–163 in Understanding Deradicalization: Methods, Tools and Programs for Countering Violent Extremism. Oxford and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kyrouz, Elaina M. Humphreys, Keith. 1997. “A Review of Research on the Effectiveness of Self-Help Mutual Aid Groups.” International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 2:64–68.Google Scholar
Levy, Leon H. 1976. “Self-Help Groups: Types and Psychological Processes.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 12(3):310–322.Google Scholar
Levy, Leon H. 2000. “Self-Help Groups.” Pp. 591–613 in Handbook of Community Psychology, edited by J. Rappaport and E. Seidman. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Meisenhelder, Thomas. 1977. “An Exploratory Study of Exiting from Criminal Careers.” Criminology 15(3):319–334.Google Scholar
Mullins, Samuel J. 2010. “Rehabilitation of Islamist Terrorists: Lessons from Criminology.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 3(3):162–193.Google Scholar
Musharbash, Y. 2018. “Wie Deradikalisierung in Deutschland Funktioniert.” Die Zeit, February 7, 2018. February 1, 2018. Retrieved Februray 24, 2018 (http://blog.zeit.de/radikale-ansichten/2018/02/07/wie-deradikalisierung-in-deutschland-funktioniert/).Google Scholar
Olmer, Bart. 2015. “Kinderbescherming Volgt ‘Jihadkids’.” De Telegraf, October 1, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/494080/kinderbescherming-volgt-jihadkids).Google Scholar
Osada, Jasmine. 2015. “Helpline for Muslims Starts Tomorrow.” The Straits Times, June 30, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/helpline-for-muslims-starts-tomorrow).Google Scholar
Pettinger, Tom. 2015. “What Is the Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on Radicalization?” Journal for Deradicalization 5(2015):92–119.Google Scholar
Pieters, Janene. 2015. “Radicalization Helpline Handling 30 Cases.” NL Times, February 19, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2018 (http://www.nltimes.nl/2015/02/19/radicalization-helpline-handling-30-cases/).Google Scholar
Qureshi, Asim. 2015. “Prevent: Creating ‘Radicals’ to Strengthen Anti-Muslim Narratives.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 8(1):181–191.Google Scholar
Rabasa, Angel, Pettyjohn, Stacie L., Ghez, Jeremy J. Boucek, Christopher. 2010. Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Ramakrishna, Kumar. 2014. “The ‘Three Rings’ of Terrorist Rehabilitation and Counter-Ideological Work in Singapore: A Decade On.” Pp. 197–213 in Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform , edited by A. Silke. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ranstorp, Magnus Hyllengren, Peder. 2013. Prevention of Violent Extremism in Third Countries: Measures to Prevent Individuals Joining Armed Extremist Groups in Conflict Zones. Stockholm: Center for Asymmetric Threat Studies (CATS), Swedish National Defence College.Google Scholar
Ripley, Amanda. 2008. “Future Revolutions. 4. Reverse Radicalism.” Time Magazine, March 13, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1720049_1720050_1722062,00.html).Google Scholar
Rowe, Mary, Wilcox, Linda Gadlin, Howard. 2009. “Dealing with – or Reporting – ‘Unacceptable’ Behavior.” Journal of the International Ombudsman Association 2(1):52–64.Google Scholar
Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Salleh, Nur Asyiqin Mohamad. 2015. “New Helpline, Manual to Help Counter Isis Threat in Singapore.” The Straits Times, June 9, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-helpline-manual-to-help-counter-isis-threat-in-singapore).Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J., Laub, John H. Wimer, Christopher. 2006. “Does Marriage Reduce Crime? A Counterfactual Approach to within‐Individual Causal Effects.” Criminology 44(3):465–508.Google Scholar
Schneider, Eric C. 2001. Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Solomon, Phyllis. 2004. “Peer Support/Peer Provided Services Underlying Processes, Benefits, and Critical Ingredients.” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 27(4):392–401.Google Scholar
Solyom, Catherine. 2015, “New Centre in Brussels Modelled after Montreal’s Anti-Radicalization Efforts”: Montreal Gazette, December 16, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/new-centre-in-brussels-modelled-after-montreals-anti-radicalization-efforts).Google Scholar
The Local. 2014. “Austria Launches Hotline for Extremism.” The Local, December 1, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://www.thelocal.at/20141201/austria-launches-hotline-for-extremism).Google Scholar
The Local. 2015. “‘Extremism Hotline’ Swamped with Calls.” The Local, January 21, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016 (http://www.thelocal.at/20150121/austrian-extremism-hotline-swamped-with-calls).Google Scholar
Trojan, Alf. 1989. “Benefits of Self-Help Groups: A Survey of 232 Members from 65 Disease-Related Groups.” Social Science & Medicine 29(2):225–232.Google Scholar
Uhlmann, Milena. 2017. “Evaluation der Beratungsstelle „Radikalisierung“. Abschlussbericht.” Retrieved February 24, 2018 (https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Forschungsberichte/fb31-evaluation-beratungsstelle-radikalisierung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile).Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2014. “Resolution 2178 (2014). S/RES/2178 (2014).” Retrieved April, 2018 (http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%20(2014)).Google Scholar
Vidino, Lorenzo. 2014. CSS Case Study: Foreign Fighters: An Overview of Responses in Eleven Countries. Zurich: Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich.Google Scholar
Vigil, James Diego. 1988. “Group Processes and Street Identity: Adolescent Chicano Gang Members.” Ethos 16(4):421–445.Google Scholar
Vigil, James Diego. 2010. Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Michael J., Horgan, John G. Evans, William P.. 2015. “The Critical Role of Friends in Networks for Countering Violent Extremism: Toward a Theory of Vicarious Help-Seeking.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 8(1):45–65.Google Scholar
Witzel, Andreas Reiter, Herwig. 2012. The Problem-Centered Interview, Vol. 1. New York: Sage.Google Scholar