Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:18:51.431Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Growth of Financial Technology in Indonesia: Implications for Terrorism Financing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2022

Amparo Pamela Fabe*
Affiliation:
University of South Wales, UK
Joan Andrea Toledo
Affiliation:
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Sylvia Laksmi
Affiliation:
Australian National University
*
*Corresponding Author: Amparo Pamela Fabe, Visiting Fellow, University of South Wales, UK E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Indonesia has the largest financial technology (FinTech) industry in Southeast Asia: 167 FinTech companies offer payment, lending, personal finance, crypto and blockchain, crowdfunding, Insurtech and point-of-sale (POS) services. Two entities regulate the FinTech industry: Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). The Indonesian FinTech ecosystem encompasses savings and investments, money transfer and payments, POS, lending and borrowing, accounting, comparison, financial planning, crowdfunding and cryptocurrency. Money transfer and payments take up the highest percentage, currently at 50%, in all FinTech ecosystems with the most digitally active customers. Peer-to-peer lending dominates the Indonesian market. The FinTech subsectors offer financial management, crowdfunding and insurance services. The abuse of this technology in facilitating terrorist financing, the weaknesses of the laws and policies, and the need for reform and remedies are discussed.

Abstrak

Abstrak

Indonesia memiliki industri Fintech terbesar di Asia Tenggara: 167 perusahaan Fintech menawarkan layanan pembayaran, pinjaman, keuangan pribadi, kripto dan blockchain, crowdfunding, Insurtech, dan point of sale (POS). Dua entitas yang mengatur industri Fintech: Bank Indonesia dan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Ekosistem FinTech Indonesia meliputi tabungan dan investasi, transfer dan pembayaran uang, POS, pinjam meminjam, akuntansi, perbandingan, perencanaan keuangan, crowdfunding, dan cryptocurrency. Pengiriman uang dan pembayaran mengambil persentase tertinggi – saat ini sebesar 50%, di semua Ekosistem FinTech dengan pelanggan paling aktif secara digital. Peer to peer lending mendominasi pasar Indonesia. Subsektor Fintech menawarkan layanan pengelolaan keuangan, crowdfunding, dan asuransi. Penyalahgunaan teknologi ini dalam memfasilitasi pendanaan teroris, kelemahan undang-undang dan kebijakan, dan perlunya reformasi dan pemulihan dibahas.

Abstracto

Abstracto

Indonesia tiene la industria FinTech más grande del sudeste asiático: 167 empresas FinTech ofrecen servicios de pagos, préstamos, finanzas personales, cripto y blockchain, crowdfunding, Insurtech y puntos de venta (POS). Dos entidades regulan la industria FinTech: Bank Indonesia y Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). El ecosistema FinTech de Indonesia abarca ahorros e inversiones, transferencias y pagos de dinero, POS, préstamos y préstamos, contabilidad, comparación, planificación financiera, crowdfunding y criptomonedas. Las transferencias de dinero y los pagos ocupan el porcentaje más alto, actualmente en un 50 %, en todos los ecosistemas FinTech con los clientes más activos digitalmente. Los préstamos entre pares dominan el mercado indonesio. Los subsectores FinTech ofrecen servicios de gestión financiera, crowdfunding y seguros. Se discute el abuso de esta tecnología para facilitar el financiamiento del terrorismo, las debilidades de las leyes y de las políticas, y la necesidad de reformas y remedios.

Abstrait

Abstrait

L’Indonésie possède la plus grande industrie FinTech en Asie du Sud-Est : 167 entreprises FinTech proposent des services de paiement, de prêt, de finances personnelles, de crypto et de blockchain, de financement participatif, d’Insurtech et de points de vente (POS). Deux entités réglementent l’industrie FinTech : Bank Indonesia et Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). L’écosystème fintech indonésien englobe l’épargne et les investissements, les transferts d’argent et les paiements, les POS, les prêts et les emprunts, la comptabilité, la comparaison, la planification financière, le financement participatif et la crypto-monnaie. Les transferts d’argent et les paiements représentent le pourcentage le plus élevé - actuellement à 50 %, dans tous les écosystèmes FinTech avec les clients les plus actifs sur le plan numérique. Les prêts de pair à pair dominent le marché indonésien. Les sous-secteurs FinTech offrent des services de gestion financière, de financement participatif et d’assurance. L’utilisation abusive de cette technologie pour faciliter le financement du terrorisme, les faiblesses des lois et des politiques, et la nécessité d’une réforme et de solutions sont discutées.

抽象的

抽象的

印度尼西亚拥有东南亚最大的金融科技产业:167 家金融科技公司提供支付、借贷、个人理财、加密和区块链、众筹、保险科技和 POS服务。两个实体监管金融科技行业:印度尼西亚银行和 Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)。印尼金融科技生态系统包括储蓄和投资、汇款和支付、销售点 (POS)、借贷、会计、比较、财务规划、众筹和加密货币。在所有数字活跃客户最多的金融科技生态系统中,汇款和支付所占比例最高——目前为 50%。点对点(P2P)借贷在印尼市场占据主导地位。金融科技子行业提供财务管理、众筹和保险服务。讨论了该技术在促进恐怖主义融资方面的滥用、法律和政策的弱点以及改革和补救措施的必要性。

الملخص

الملخص

إندونيسيا لديها أكبر صناعة في مجال التكنولوجيا المالية في جنوب شرق آسيا: 167 شركة FinTech تقدم خدمات الدفع والإقراض والتمويل الشخصي والعملات المشفرة والبلوك تشين والتمويل الجماعي و Insurtech و POS. يقوم كيانان بتنظيم صناعة التكنولوجيا المالية: بنك إندونيسيا و Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). يشمل النظام الإيكولوجي للتكنولوجيا المالية الإندونيسية المدخرات والاستثمارات ، وتحويل الأموال والمدفوعات ، ونقاط البيع (POS) ، والإقراض والاقتراض ، والمحاسبة ، والمقارنة ، والتخطيط المالي ، والتمويل الجماعي ، والعملات المشفرة. تشغل عمليات تحويل الأموال والمدفوعات أعلى نسبة - حاليًا عند 50٪ ، في جميع الأنظمة البيئية للتكنولوجيا المالية مع العملاء الأكثر نشاطًا رقميًا. يهيمن الإقراض من نظير إلى نظير (P2P) على السوق الإندونيسية. تقدم القطاعات الفرعية للتكنولوجيا المالية خدمات الإدارة المالية والتمويل الجماعي والتأمين. وتناقش مسألة استغلال هذه التقنية في تسهيل تمويل الإرهاب ، وضعف القوانين والسياسات ، والحاجة إلى الإصلاح وسبل الانتصاف.

Type
Article
Copyright
© International Society of Criminology, 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andriariza, Yan and Agustina, Lidya. 2020. “Perkembangan dan Tantangan Industri Teknologi Finansial Indonesia di Era Ekonomi Digital.” Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi: Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 11(1):116–27.Google Scholar
Arianti, V. and Yaoren, Kenneth Yeo. 2020. “How Terrorists Use Cryptocurrency in Southeast Asia.” The Diplomat, 30 June 2020, Retrieved 11 October 2022 (https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/how-terrorists-use-cryptocurrency-in-southeast-asia/).Google Scholar
Badan Nasional Pennungulangan Terrorisme. 2017. “Pemetaan Risiko Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme terkait Jaringan Teroris Domestik yang Terafiliasi dengan Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).” White Paper.Google Scholar
Bank Indonesia. 2020. Guidance Note on Financial Technology. Jakarta: Bank Indonesia.Google Scholar
Cahya, Kahfi Dirga. 2015. “5 Fakta tentang Teroris Pengebom Mall Alam Sutera.” KOMPAS.com, 30 October 2015, retrieved 1 September 2022 (https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2015/10/30/09395201/5.Fakta.tentang.Teroris.Pengebom.Mall.Alam.Sutera?page=all).Google Scholar
Chen, Estey. “As Cyber Threats Grow, Indonesia’s Data Protection Efforts Are Falling Short.” The Diplomat, 30 June 2022, retrieved 1 September 2022 (https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/as-cyber-threats-grow-indonesias-data-protection-efforts-are-falling-short/).Google Scholar
FinTech Indonesia. 2020. Laporan Kajian: Peran Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) terhadap Perekonomian Nasional. June 2020, retrieved 2 September 2022 (https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/ac462254-a85f-4225-a6c0-28df3c78f4d2/Laporan%20ECF%2018112020%2023.07.pdf).Google Scholar
GlobeNewswire. 2021. “Cybercrime To Cost The World $10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025.” 18 November 2021, retrieved 2 September 2022 (https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/11/18/2129432/0/en/Cybercrime-To-Cost-The-World-10-5-Trillion-Annually-By-2025.html).Google Scholar
Jusi, Ishna Indika, Satrya, Aryana1, and Wardoyo, Broto. 2019. “Terrorist Financing Through the Internet in Indonesia: Methods and Vulnerabilities.” Pp. 299–312 in Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies, ICSGS 2019, 6–7 November 2019, Sari Pacific, Jakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved 2 September 2022 (https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.6-11-2019.2297282).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kharisma, Dona Budi. 2020. “Urgency of Financial Technology (Fintech) Laws in Indonesia.” International Journal of Law and Management 63(3):320–31.Google Scholar
Laksmi, Sylvia Windya. 2017. “Terrorism Financing and the Risk of Internet-Based Payment Service in Indonesia.” Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis 9(2):21–5.Google Scholar
Planet Compliance. 2021. Annual RegTech Report on Cryptocurrencies. UK: Planet Compliance. Retrieved 1 September 2021 (https://www.planetcompliance.com/fintech-regtech-and-the-role-of-compliance-report/).Google Scholar
Soosai Raj, Adalbert Gerald, Kasama Ketsuriyonk, Jignesh M. Patel, and Halverson, Richard. 2018. “Does Native Language Play a Role in Learning a Programming Language?” Pp. 417–22 in SIGCSE ’18: Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Treasury. 2020. “Resource Center.” Retrieved 1 September 2021 (https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fit/).Google Scholar