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Resistance to Zinc and Cadmium in Staphylococcus aureus of Human and Animal Origin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 May 2016

Rajeshwari Nair ,
Dipendra Thapaliya ,
Yutao Su  and
Tara C. Smith
Rajeshwari Nair
Affiliation:
Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Dipendra Thapaliya
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
Yutao Su
Affiliation:
Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
Tara C. Smith
Affiliation:
Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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Objective.

Studies conducted in Europe have observed resistance to trace metals such as zinc chloride and copper sulfate in livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of zinc and cadmium resistance in S. aureus isolated in the United States.

Design.

Cross-sectional study of convenience sample of S. aureus isolates.

Participants.

Three hundred forty-nine S. aureus isolates, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) obtained from human, swine, and retail meat were included in the sample set.

Methods.

Polymerase chain reaction was used to test for the presence of genes for zinc and cadmium resistance (czrC), methicillin resistance (mecA), and staphylococcal complement inhibitor (scn). Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was tested using the broth microdilution method. Data were analyzed using the multivariable logistic regression method.

Results.

Twenty-nine percent (102/349) of S. aureus isolates were czrC positive. MRSA isolates were more likely to be czrC positive compared to MSSA (MRSA czrC positive: 12/61, 19.6%; MSSA czrC positive: 12/183, 6.6%). After adjustment for oxacillin and clindamycin susceptibility in analysis, multidrug-resistant S. aureus was observed to have low odds of being czrC positive (P = .03). The odds of being czrC positive were observed to be significantly high in tetracycline-resistant S. aureus isolated from noninfection samples (P = .009) and swine (P < .0001).

Conclusions.

Resistance to zinc and cadmium was observed to be associated with MRSA, a finding consistently observed in European studies. Prolonged exposure to zinc in livestock feeds and fertilizers could propagate resistance to the metal ion, thereby hindering use of zinc-based topical agents in treating S. aureus infections.

Type
Original Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 35 , Issue S3: Preventing Healthcare–Associated Infections: Results and Lessons Learned from AHRQ's HAI Program , October 2014 , pp. S32 - S39
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2014

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