Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:32:44.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Protecting Travelers from Typhoid Fever

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Nalini Rao
Nalini Rao*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
*
Division of Infectious Diseases, Shadyside Hospital, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Typhoid fever is unique to humans. It remains a significant health problem in many developing countries, and poses a risk to travelers who visit such endemic regions. The proportion of cases acquired in foreign countries has continued to rise, reaching 70% in 1984. The risk of typhoid fever should not be underestimated as a travel-related illness.

The incidence of typhoid fever in the united states has decreased from one case per 100,00 population in 1955 to about 0.2 cases per 100,000 in 1966, and has since remained the same. However, international travelers account for more than two-thirds of the reported cases. The percentage of imported cases increased from 33% during 1967 through 1972, to 70% during 1983 through 1984. The majority of the imported cases were from mexico (39%) and india (15%). During the decade 1975 through 1984, 43% of travel-associated cases were non-U.S. citizens. the risk of acquiring typhoid varied from country to country and was the highest for travelers to india and pakistan, with over 400 cases per million, compared with mexico, with 34 per million, and europe, with 0.6 cases per million travelers.

Type
Emporiatrics
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , March 1991 , pp. 168 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Rice, PA, Baine, Web, Gangarosa, EJ. Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1967-1972; increasing importance of international travelers. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:160–466.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112446CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Taylor, DN, Pollard, RA, Blake, PA. Typhoid in the United States and the risk to the international traveler. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:599–602.10.1093/infdis/148.3.599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Edelman, R, Levine, MM. Summary of an international workshop on tvnhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:329–349.10.1093/clinids/8.3.329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Ryan, CA, Hargrett-Bean, NT Blake, PA. Salmonella typhi infections in the United States: 19751984; increasing role of foreign travel. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;1:1–8.10.1093/clinids/11.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Homick, RB, Greisman, SE, Woodward, TE, et al. Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. N Engl J Med. 1970;283:739–746.Google Scholar
6. Mandell, GL, Douglas, RG, Bennett, JE. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston: 1990.Google Scholar
7. Hoffman, TA, Ruiz, CJ, Counts, GW, et al. Waterbom typhoid fever in Dade County, Florida: clinical and therapeutic evaluations of 105 bacteremic patients. Am J Med. 1975;59:481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Breakey, WR, Kala, AK. Typhoid catatonia responsive to ECT. Br Med J. 1977;3:357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Stuart, BM, Pullen, RL. Typhoid: clinical analysis of three hundred and sixty cases. Arch Intern Med. 1946;78:629.10.1001/archinte.1946.00220060002001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Butler, T, Bell, WR, Levin, J, et al. Typhoid fever: studies of blood coagulation, bacteremial and endotoxemia. Arch Intern Med. 1978;138:407–410.10.1001/archinte.1978.03630270047018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Sitprija, V, Pipatanagul, V, Boonpucknavig, V, et al. Glomerulitis in typhoid fever. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81:210.10.7326/0003-4819-81-2-210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Indraprasit, S, Boonpucknavig, , Boonpucknavig, S. IgA nephropathy associated with enteric fever. Nephron. 1985;40:219–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Hoffman, SL, Punjabi, NH, Rockhill, RC, et al. Duodenal string-capsule culture compared with bone marrow, blood and rectal-swab cultures for diagnosing typhoid and paratyphoid fever. J Infect Dis. 1984;149:157–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Guerra-Caceres, JG, Gotuzzo-Herencia, E, Crosby-Dagnino, E, et al. Diagnostic value of bone marow culture in typhoid fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73:680–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Gilman, RH, Terminel, M, Levine, MM. et al. Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. Lancet. 1975;1:1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Nardiello, S, Pizzella, T, Russo, M, et al. Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay determination of anti-Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20:718–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Christie, AFL Infectious Diseases: Epidemiologic and Clinical Practice. Vol 1. 4th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 1987.Google Scholar
18. Panicker, CKJ, Vimala, KN. Transferable chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella typhi. Nature. 1972;239:109.10.1038/239109b0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Trimethorprimsulfarnethoxazole in typhoid. Br Med J. 1970;3:297.Google Scholar
20. Snyder, MJ, Perroni, J, Gonzalez, O. et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, J Infect Dis. 1973;128(suppl):734.10.1093/infdis/128.Supplement_3.S734CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Doe, GB, Overturf, GD. Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefopera-zone, and other newer cephalosporins. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9:719–736.Google Scholar
22. Pape, JW, Gerdes, H, Orial, L, et al. Typhoid fever: successful therapy with cefoperazone. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:272–276.10.1093/infdis/153.2.272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Mandal, B, Flegg, P, Dunbar, E, et al. Ciprofloxacin in enteric fever. Chemotheyupia. 1987;6(suppl):492–493.Google ScholarPubMed
24. Sammalkorpi, K, Lahdevirta, J, Makela, R, et al. Treatment of chronic Salmonella carriers with ciprofloxacin. Lancet. 1987;2:164–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Ramiiz, CA, Bran, JL, Meja, CR et al. Open, prospective study of the clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;28:128–132.Google Scholar
26. Mandal, BK. Bacterial infections: typhoid fever and other salmonellae. Curr Opinion Gastroenterol. 1986;2:109–112.Google Scholar
27. Kozicki, M, Steffen, R, Schar, M. ‘Boil it, cook it, peel it or forget it’: does this rule prevent travelers’ diarrhea? Znt J Epidemiol. 1985;14:169–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Dickens, DL, DuPont, HL, Johnson, PC. Survival of bacterial enteropathogens in the ice of popular drinks. JAMA. 1985:253:3141–3143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Ericsson, CD, Pickering, LK, Sullivan, P, et al. The role of location of food consumption in the prevention of travelers’ diarrhea in Mexico. Gastroenterology. 1980;79:812–816 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Warren, KS. Geographic medicine in practice. Hosp Practice. 1980;15:110–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Hill, DR, Pearson, RD. Health advice for international travel. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:839–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Preparation of dried acetone-inactivatedand heat-phenol-inactivatedtyphoidvaccines. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1964;30:635–646.Google Scholar
33. Yugoslav Typhoid Commission. A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of acetone-dried and inactivated and heat-phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccines in Yugoslavia. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1964;30:623–630.Google Scholar
34. Ashcroft, MT, Nicholson, CC, Balwant, S, Ritchie, JM, Soryan, E, William, F. A seven-year field trial of two typhoid vaccines in Guiana. Lancet. 1967;2:1056–1060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Polish Typhoid Committee. Controlled field trials and laboratory studies on the effectivness of typhoid vaccines in Poland. 1961-1964. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1966;34:211–222.Google Scholar
36. Hejfec, LB, Salmin, LV, Lejtman, MZZ, et al. A controlled field trial and laboratory study of five typhoid vaccines in the USSR Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1966;34:321–339.Google ScholarPubMed
37. Ghai, OP, Paul, VK. Typhoid immunization. Indian J Pediat. 1984;51:71–76.10.1007/BF02753530CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Levine, MM, Ferreccio, C, Black, RE, et al. Progress in vaccines against typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:S552–S557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Tapa, S, Cvjetanovic, B. Controlled filed trial on the effectiveness of one and two doses of acetone-inactivated and dried typhoid vaccines. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1975;52:75.Google Scholar
40. Centers for Disease Control. Typhoid immunization. Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee. MMWR. 1990;39.Google Scholar
41. DuPont, LH, Homick, RB, Snyder, MJ, Dawkins, AT, Heiner, GG, Woodward, TE. Studies of immunity in typhoid fever. Protection induced by killed oral antigens or by primary infection. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1971;44:667–672.Google ScholarPubMed
42. Borgono, JM, Corey, G, Engelhardt, H. Field trials with killed oral typhoid vaccines. Dev Biol Stand. 1976;33:80–84.Google ScholarPubMed
43. Chuttani, CS, Prakash, K, Gupta, P, Groven, V, Kumar, A. Controlled field trial of a high dose oral killed typhoid vaccine in India. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1977;55:643–644.Google ScholarPubMed
44. Chuttani, CS, Prakash, K, Vergese, A, Sharma, U, Singha, P, Ghosh Ray, B. Effectiveness of oral killed typhoid vaccine. Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1971;45:445–450.Google ScholarPubMed
45. Germanier, R, Furer, E. Isolation and characterization of gal E mutant Ty21a of Salmonella typhi: a candidate strain for a live oral typhoid vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1977;136:717–723.Google Scholar
46. Wahdan, MH, Serie, C, Cerisier, Y, et al. A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three year results. J Infect Dis. 1982;145:292–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. Levine, MM, Taylor, DN, Ferreccio, C. Typhoid vaccines come of age. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1989;8:374–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48. Levine, MM, Ferreccio, C, Black, RE, et al. Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation. Luncet. 1987; 2:1049–1052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49. Ferreccio, C, Levine, MM, Rodriguez, H, et al. Comparative efficacy of two, three or four doses of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric coated capsules. A field trial in an endemic area. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:766–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Simanjartuk, C, Paleologo, FP, Punjabi, WH, et al. Randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of the efficacy of Ty21a oral typhoid vaccine as Plaju, Indonesia. Presented at Twenty-Eighth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October, 1988; Los Angeles, Calif.Google Scholar
51. Felix, A, Pitt, RM. A new antigen of B typhosus . Lancet. 1934;2:186–191.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)44360-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52. Losonsky, GA, Ferreccio, C, Kotloff, KL, et al. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum Vi antibodies for detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers. / Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:2266–2269.10.1128/jcm.25.12.2266-2269.1987CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53. Lanalta, C, Levine, MM, Ristore, C, et al. Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area. Lancet. 1983:2:441–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar