Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T01:15:07.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pneumococcal Infections and Pneumococcal Vaccine: An Update

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Michael W. Rytel
Michael W. Rytel*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
*
Milwaukee County Medical Complex, 8700 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Pneumococcal pneumonia continues to be an important disease in terms of prevalence, morbidity and mortality. With the discovery of penicillin and its wide clinical use, the overall mortality of pneumococcal pneumonia has been significantly reduced, but problems remain. These include: 1) death rate is uninfluenced by the antibiotic in the first five days of illness; 2) death rate in certain high risk groups and in patients infectecd with type 3 pneumococcus exceeds 25%; and 3) penicillin resistant strains of pneumococci have emerged. Because of these and other considerations, a modern 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine has been developed by Robert Austrian and his co-workers. The vaccine has been found to be immunogenic and effective in a number of populations studied. Additional efficacy studies are needed, however, particularly in certain high risk groups, such as the elderly and immunocompromised patients.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 3 , Issue 4 , August 1982 , pp. 295 - 298
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Austrian, R: Some observations on the pneumococcus and on the current status of pneumococcal disease and its prevention. Rev Infect Dis 3:183–189, 1981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Austrian, R: Vaccines of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia, in Beers, RF Jr, Basset, EG (eds): The Role of Immunological Factors in Infectious, Allergic and Autoimmune Processes. New York, Raven, 1976, p 79.Google Scholar
3. Ammann, AJ, Addiego, J, Wara, DW, et al: Polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization of patients with sickle-cell anemia and patients with splenectomy. N Engl J Med 297:897–900, 1977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Kaufman, P: Pneumonia in old age – Active immunization against pneumonia with pneumococcus polysaccharide; results of 6-year study. Arch Intern Med 79:518–531, 1947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Linnemann, CG Jr, First, MR: Risk of pneumococcal infections in renal transplant patients. JAMA 241:2619–2621, 1979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Foy, HM, Wentworth, B, Kenny, GE, et al: Pneumococcal isolations from patients with pneumonia and control subjects in a prepaid medical care group. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:595–603, 1975.Google Scholar
7. Sullivan, RJ Jr, Dowdle, WR, Marine, WM, et al: Adult pneumonia in a general hospital; etiology and host risk factors. Arch Intern Med 129:935–942, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Bisno, AL, Griffin, JP, Van Epps, KA, et al: Pneumonia and Hong Kong influenza: A prospective study of the 1968-1969 epidemic. Am J Med Sci 261:251–263, 1971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Dorff, GJ, Rytel, MW, Farmer, SG, et al: Etiologies and characteristic features of pneumonias in a municipal hospital. Am J Med Sci 266:349–358, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Austrian, R, Gold, J: Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 60:759–776, 1964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. MacLeod, CM, Hodges, RG, Heidelberger, M, et al: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. J Exp Med 82:445–465, 1945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Ward, J: Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Rev Infect Dis 3:254–266, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Austrian, R, Douglas, RM, Schiffman, G, et al: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by vaccination. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 89:184–194, 1976.Google ScholarPubMed
14. Weibel, RE, Velia, PP, McLean, AA, et al: Studies in human subjects of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 156:144–150, 1977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Vella, PP, McLean, AA, Woodhour, AF, et al: Persistence of pneumococcal antibodies in human subjects following vaccination. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 164:435–438, 1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Simberkoff, MS, Schiffman, G, Katz, LA, et al: Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccination in adult chronic hemodialysis patients. J Lab Clin Med 96:363–370, 1980.Google ScholarPubMed
17. Dailey, MP, Schiffman, G, Piering, WF, et al: Response of renal allograft recipients and dialysis patients to pneumococcal vaccine, in Nelson, JD, Grassi, C (eds): Current Chemotherapy and Infectious Disease. Proceedings of the 11th ICC and the 19th ICA AC. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1980, pp 854–856.Google Scholar
18. Preheim, L, Rytel, MW: Pneumococcal infection after vaccination (letter to editor). Lancet 2:1317, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Smit, P, Oberholzer, D, Hayden-Smith, S, et al: Protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccines. JAMA 238:2613–2616, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Austrian, R: Surveillance of pneumococcal infection for field trials of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines, report DAB-VDP-12-84. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, 1980, pp 1–84.Google Scholar
21. Broome, CV, Facklam, RR, Fraser, DW: Pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal vaccination: An alternative method to estimate the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine. N Engl J Med 303:549–552, 1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Austrian, R: The assessment of pneumococcal vaccine. N Engl J Med 303:578–580, 1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Borgono, JM, McLean, AA, Velia, PP, et al: Vaccination and revaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults and infants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157:148–154, 1978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed