Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:23:47.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Management of Inpatients Colonized or Infected With Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Hospitals in the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Rebecca H. Sunenshine
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Laura A. Liedtke
Affiliation:
Research Service, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
Scott K. Fridkin
Affiliation:
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Larry J. Strausbaugh*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Research Service, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, and the Infectious Disease Section, Division of Hospital and Specialty Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
*
Division of Hospital & Specialty Medicine (P3-ID), Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SWVeterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239.[email protected]

Abstract

Background:

Although guidelines for multidrug-resistant organisms generally include recommendations for contact precautions and surveillance cultures, it is not known how frequently U.S. hospitals implement these measures on a routine basis and whether infectious diseases consultants endorse their use.

Methods:

The Emerging Infections Network surveyed its members, infectious diseases consultants, to assess their use of and support for contact precautions and surveillance cultures for routine management of multidrug-resistant organisms in their principal inpatient workplace. Specifically, members were asked about use of these strategies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacilli on general wards, ICUs, and transplant units.

Results:

Overall, 400 (86%) of 463 respondents supported the routine use of contact precautions to control one or more multidrug-resistant organisms in at least one unit, and 89% worked in hospitals that use them. In contrast, 50% of respondents favored routine use of surveillance cultures to manage at least one multidrug-resistant organism in any unit, and 30% of respondents worked in hospitals that use them routinely in any unit. Members favored routine use of surveillance cultures significantly more in ICUs and transplant units than in general wards for each multidrug-resistant organism (P <.001).

Conclusions:

Most of the infectious diseases consultants endorsed the use of contact precautions for routine management of patients colonized or infected with multidrug-resistant organisms and work in hospitals that have implemented them. In contrast, infectious diseases consultants are divided about the role of routine surveillance cultures in multidrug-resistant organism management, and few work in hospitals that use them.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Muto, CA, Jernigan, JA, Ostrowsky, BE, et al.SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:362386.Google Scholar
2.Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:105113.Google Scholar
3.Arnold, MS, Dempsey, JM, Fishman, M, McAuley, PJ, Tibert, C, Vallande, NC. The best hospital practices for controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: on the cutting edge. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:6976.Google Scholar
4.Executive Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network. The Emerging Infections Network: a new venture for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:3436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Garner, JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals: the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:5380.Google Scholar
6.Shlaes, DM, Gerding, DN, John, JF Jr, et al.Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America joint committee on the prevention of antimicrobial resistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:275291.Google Scholar
7.Calfee, DP, Giannetta, ET, Durbin, LJ, Germanson, TP, Farr, BM. Control of endemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among inpatients at a university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:326332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Malik, RK, Montecalvo, MA, Reale, MR, et al.Epidemiology and control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a regional neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:352356.Google Scholar
9.DAgata, EMC, Thayer, V, Schaffner, W. An outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii: the importance of cross-transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:588591.Google Scholar
10.Podnos, YD, Cinat, ME, Wilson, SE, Cooke, J, Gornick, W, Thrupp, LD. Eradication of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter from an intensive care unit. Surgical Infections 2001;2:297301.Google Scholar
11.Saiman, L, Cronquist, A, Wu, F, et al.An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:317321.Google Scholar
12.Thompson, RL, Cabezudo, I, Wenzel, RP. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:309317.Google Scholar
13.Jernigan, JA, Titus, MG, Groschel, DHM, Getchell-White, SI, Farr, BM. Effectiveness of contact isolation during a hospital outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:496504.Google Scholar
14.Srinivasan, A, Song, X, Ross, T, Merz, W, Brower, R, Perl, TM. A prospective study to determine whether cover gowns in addition to gloves decrease nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:424428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Puzniak, LA, Leet, T, Mayfield, J, Kollef, M, Mundy, LM. To gown or not to gown: the effect on acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1825.Google Scholar
16.Fazal, BA, Telzak, EE, Blum, S, Turett, GS, Petersen-Fitzpatrick, FE, Lorian, V. Trends in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with discontinuation of an isolation policy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:372374.Google Scholar
17.Slaughter, S, Hayden, MK, Nathan, C, et al.A comparison of the effect of universal use of gloves and gowns with that of glove use alone on acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a medical intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:448456.Google Scholar
18.Goetz, AM, Rihs, JD, Wagener, MM, Muder, RR. Infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an acute care Veterans Affairs Medical Center: a 2-year survey. Am J Infect Control 1998;26:558562.Google Scholar
19.Jernigan, JA, Clemence, MA, Stott, GA, et al.Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a university hospital: one decade later. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:686696.Google Scholar
20.Murray-Leisure, KA, Geib, S, Graceley, D, et al.Control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:343350.Google Scholar
21.Byers, KE, Anglim, AM, Anneski, CJ, et al.A hospital epidemic of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: risk factors and control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:140147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Paterson, DL, Singh, N, Rihs, JD, Squier, C, Rihs, BL, Muder, RR. Control of an outbreak of infection due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a liver transplantation unit. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:126128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Patterson, JE, Hardin, TC, Kelly, CA, Garcia, RC, Jorgensen, JH. Association of antibiotic utilization measures and control of multiple-drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:455458.Google Scholar
24.Montecalvo, MA, Jarvis, WR, Uman, J, et al.Infection-control measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:269272.Google Scholar
25.Jochimsen, EM, Fish, L, Manning, K, et al.Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a community hospital: efficacy of patient and staff cohorting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:106109.Google Scholar
26.Wakefield, DS, Helms, CM, Massanari, RM, Mori, M, Pfaller, M. Cost of nosocomial infection: relative contributions of laboratory, antibiotic, and per diem costs in serious Staphylococcus aureus infections. Am J Infect Control 1988;16:185192.Google Scholar
27.Rao, N, Jacobs, S, Joyce, L. Cost-effective eradication of an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a community teaching hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988;9:255260.Google Scholar
28.Cohen, SH, Morita, MM, Bradford, M. A seven-year experience with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med 1991;91:233S237S.Google Scholar
29.Saint, S, Higgins, LA, Nallamothu, BK, Chenoweth, C. Do physicians examine patients in contact isolation less frequently? A brief report. Am J Infect Control 2003;31:354356.Google Scholar
30.Stelfox, HT, Bates, DW, Redelmeier, DA. Safety of patients isolated for infection control. JAMA 2003;290:18991905.Google Scholar
31.Kirkland, KB, Weinstein, JM. Adverse effects of contact isolation. Lancet 1999;354:11771178.Google Scholar
32.Rahal, JJ, Urban, C, Horn, D, et al.Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella. JAMA 1998;280:12331237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Michigan Society for Infection Control. Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistant Organisms: Focus on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) 2002 Guidelines. Lansing, MI: Michigan Society for Infection Control; 2002. Available at http://www.msic-online.org/resource_sections/aro_guidelines.html. Accessed March 9, 2004.Google Scholar
34.Back, NA, Linnemann, CC Jr, Staneck, JL, Kotagal, UR. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive-care unit: use of intensive microbiologic surveillance and mupirocin. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:227231.Google Scholar
35.Siddiqui, AH, Harris, AD, Hebden, J, Wilson, PD, Morris, JG, Roghmann, MC. The effect of active surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in high-risk units on vancomycin-resistant enterococci incidence hospital-wide. Am J Infect Control 2002;30:4043.Google Scholar
36.Tornieporth, NG, Roberts, RB, John, J, Hafner, A, Riley, LW. Risk factors associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection or colonization in 145 matched case patients and control patients. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:767772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Bisson, G, Fishman, NO, Patel, JB, Edelstein, PH, Lautenbach, E. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species: risk factors for colonization and impact of antimicrobial formulary interventions on colonization prevalence. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:254260.Google Scholar
38.Safdar, N, Maki, DG. The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:834844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed