Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:27:09.349Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Julia S. Garner*
Affiliation:
Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
*
Mailstop E-69, Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Special Report
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Garner, JS. The CDC Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:160162.10.1016/0196-6553(93)90009-SGoogle Scholar
2. National Communicable Disease Center. Isolation Techniques for Use in Hospitals. 1st ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1970. PHS publication no. 2054.Google Scholar
3. Centers for Disease Control. Isolation Techniques for Use in Hospitals. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. HHS publication no. (CDC) 80-8314.Google Scholar
4. Garner, JS, Simmons, BP CDC Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals. Atlanta, GA US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control; 1983. HHS publication no. (CDC) 83-8314; Infect Control 1983;4:245325, and Am J Infect Control 1984;12:103-163.Google Scholar
5. Lynch, T. Communicable Disease Nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1949.Google Scholar
6. Gage, ND, Landon, JF, Sider, MT Communicable Disease. Philadelphia, PA FA Davis; 1959.Google Scholar
7. Haley, RW, Shachtman, RH. The emergence of infection surveillance and control programs in US hospitals: an assessment, 1976. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:574591.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112935Google Scholar
8. Schaffner, W. Infection control: old myths and new realities. Infect Control 1980;1:330334.10.1017/S0195941700053285Google Scholar
9. Garner, JS. Comments on CDC guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals, 1984. Am J Infect Control 1984;12:163164.Google Scholar
10. Haley, RW, Garner, JS, Simmons, BP A new approach to the isolation of patients with infectious diseases: alternative systems. J Hosp Infect 1985;6:128139.10.1016/S0195-6701(85)80089-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Nauseef, WM, Maki, DG. A study of the value of simple protective isolation in patients with granulocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1981;304:448453.10.1056/NEJM198102193040802Google Scholar
12. Pizzo, PA The value of protective isolation in preventing nosocomial infections in high risk patients. Am J Med 1981:70:631637.10.1016/0002-9343(81)90586-6Google Scholar
13. Jacobson, JT, Johnson, DS, Ross, CA, Conti, MT, Evans, RS, Burke, JP. Adapting disease-specific isolation guidelines to a hospital information system. Infect Control 1986;7:411418.10.1017/S0195941700064651Google Scholar
14. Goldmann, DA. The role of barrier precautions in infection control. J Hosp Infect 1991;18:515523.10.1016/0195-6701(91)90065-GCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Goldmann, DA Platt, R Honkins, C. Control of hospital-acquired infections. In:' Gorbach, SL, Bartlett, JG, Blacklow, NR, eds. Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, PA WB Saunders; 1992:378390.Google ScholarPubMed
16. Centers for Disease Control. Management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever. MMWR 1988;37(3S):116.Google Scholar
17. Centers for Disease Control. Risks associated with human parvovirus B19 infection. MMWR 1989;38:81-88, 9397.Google Scholar
18. Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in health-care settings, with special focus on HIV-related issues. MMWR 1990;39(RR–17):129.Google Scholar
19. Centers for Disease Control. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to healthcare workers and HIV-infected patients in an urban hospital-Florida. MMWR 1990;39:718722.Google Scholar
20. Centers for Disease Control. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons—Florida and New York, 1988-1991. MMWR 1991;40:585591.Google Scholar
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Initial therapy for tuberculosis in the era of multidrug resistance: recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR 1993;42(RR–7):18.Google Scholar
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Draft guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in health-care facilities, second edition. Federal Register 1993;58(195):5281052850.Google Scholar
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare facilities, 1994. MMWR 1994;43(RR–13):1132, and Federal Register 1994;59(208):54242-54303.Google Scholar
24. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the workplace. MMWR 1985;34:681-686, 691695.Google Scholar
25. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus during invasive procedures. MMWR 1986;35:221223.Google Scholar
26. Centers for Disease Control. Update: human immunodeficiency virus infections in health-care workers exposed to blood of infected patients. MMWR 1987;36:285289.Google Scholar
27. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR 1987;36(2S):1S18S.Google Scholar
28. Centers for Disease Control. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in healthcare settings. MMWR 1988;37:377-382, 387388.Google Scholar
29. Lynch, P, Jackson, MM, Cummings, MJ, Stamm, WE. Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:243246.10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-243Google Scholar
30. Lynch, P, Cummings, MI. Roberts, PL. Herriott, MJ, Yates, B, Stamm, WE. Implementing and evaluating a system of generic infection precautions: body substance isolation. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:112.10.1016/0196-6553(90)90204-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. McPherson, DC, Jackson, MM, Rogers, JC. Evaluating the cost of the body substance isolation system. J Heathcare Material Mgmt 1988;6:2028.Google Scholar
32. Patterson, JE, Vecchio, J, Pantelick, EL, et al. Association of contaminated gloves with transmission of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus val: anitratus in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 1991;91:479483.10.1016/0002-9343(91)90183-XGoogle Scholar
33. Klein, BS, Perloff, WH, Maki, DG. Reduction of nosocomial infection during pediatric intensive care by protective isolation. N Engl J Med 1989;320:17141721.10.1056/NEJM198906293202603Google Scholar
34. Leclair, JM, Freeman, J, Sullivan, BF, Crowley, CM, Goldmann, DA. Prevention of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections through compliance with gown and glove isolation precautions. N Engl J Med 1987;317:329334.10.1056/NEJM198708063170601Google Scholar
35. Weinstein, RA, Kabins, SA. Strategies for prevention and control of multiple drug-resistant nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1981;70:449454.10.1016/S0002-9343(81)80001-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Garner, JS, Hierholzer, WJ. Controversies in isolation policies and practices. In: Wenzel, W, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1993:70181.Google Scholar
37. Garner, JS, Hughes, JM. Options for isolation precautions. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:248250.10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-248Google Scholar
38. Weinstein, RA, Kabins, SA. Isolation practices in hospitals. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:781782. Letter.10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-781_2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Doebbeling, BN, Pfaller, MA, Houston, AK, Wenzel, RP. Removal of nosocomial pathogens from the contaminated glove: implications for glove reuse and handwashing. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:394398.10.7326/0003-4819-109-5-394Google Scholar
40. Sussman, GL, Tarlo, S, Dolovich, J. The spectrum of IgE-mediated response to latex. JAMA 1991;255:28442847.10.1001/jama.1991.03460210090035Google Scholar
41. Bubak, ME, Reed, CE, Fransway, AF, et al. Allergic reactions to latex among health-care workers. Mayo Clin Proc 1992;67:10751079.10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61122-7Google Scholar
42. Albert, RK, Condie, F. Hand-washing patterns in medical intensive care units. N Engl J Med 1981;304:14651466.10.1056/NEJM198106113042404Google Scholar
43. Preston, GA, Larson, EL, Stamm, WE. The effect of private isolation rooms on patient care practices, colonization, and infection in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 1981;70:641645.10.1016/0002-9343(81)90588-XGoogle Scholar
44. Larson, E, Leyden, JJ, McGinley, KJ, Grove, GL, Talbot, GH. Physiologic and microbiologic changes in skin related to frequent handwashing. Infect Control 1986:7:5963.10.1017/S019594170006389XGoogle Scholar
45. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens; proposed rule and notice of hearings. Federal Register 1989:54(102):2304223139.Google Scholar
46. Diebbeling, BN, Wenzel, RP. The direct costs of universal precautions in a teaching hospital. JAMA 1990:264:20832087.10.1001/jama.1990.03450160053028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. Eickhoff, TC. The cost of prevention. J Infect Dis News 1991;4:6.Google Scholar
48. Fahey, BJ, Koziol, DE, Banks, SM. Henderson, DK. Frequency of nonparenteral occupational exposures to blood and body fluids before and after universal precautions training. Am J Med 1991;90:145153.10.1016/0002-9343(91)90535-6Google Scholar
49. Klein, RS. Universal precautions for preventing occupational exoosures to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Am J Med 1991;90:141153.10.1016/0002-9343(91)90534-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Wong, ES, Stotka, JL, Chinchilli, VM, Williams, DS, Stuart, CG, Markowitz, SM. Are universal precautions effective in reducing the number of occupational-exposures among health care workers? JAMA 1991;265:11231128.10.1001/jama.1991.03460090071035Google Scholar
51. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens; final rule. Federal Register 1991;56(235):6417564182.Google Scholar
52. American Hospital Association. OSHAS Final Bloodborne Pathogens Standard: A Special Briefing. 1992; item no. 155904.Google Scholar
53. Bruning, LM. The bloodborne pathogens final rule. AORN J 1993;57:439461.10.1016/S0001-2092(07)67311-6Google Scholar
54. Jackson, MM, Lynch, P. An attempt to make an issue less murky: a comparison of four systems for infection precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12:448450.10.2307/30148309Google Scholar
55. Pugliese, G, Lynch, P, Jackson, MM. Universal Precautions: Policies, Procedures, and Resources. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association; 1991:787.Google Scholar
56. Birnbaum, D, Schulzer, M, Mathias, RG, Kelly, M, Chow, AW. Adoption of guidelines for universal precautions and body sub stance isolation in Canadian acute-care hospitals. Infect Control Hasp Epidemiol 1990;11:465472.10.2307/30146978Google Scholar
57. Lynch, P, Cummings, MJ, Stamm, WE, Jackson, MM. Handwashing versus gloving. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991:12:139. Letter.10.2307/30146926CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58. Birnbaum, D, Schulzer, M, Mathias, RG, Kelly, M, Chow, AW. Handwashing versus gloving. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12:140. Letter.Google Scholar
59. Gurevich, I. Body substance isolation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:191. Letter.10.2307/30147095Google Scholar
60. Jackson, MM, Lynch, P. Body substance isolation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:191192. Letter.10.1017/S0899823X00087651Google Scholar
61. Rudnick, JR, Kroc, K, Manangan, L, Banerjee, S, Pugliese, G, Jarvis, W. Are US hospitals prepared to control nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis? Epidemic Intelligence Service Annual Conference, 1993;60. Abstract.Google Scholar
62. Institute of Medicine. Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. 1st ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992.Google Scholar
63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin-United States, 1989-1983. MMWR 1993:42:597599.Google Scholar
64. Lowbury, EJL, Lilly, HA, Bull, JP. Disinfection of hands: removal of transient organisms. BY Med J 1964;2:230233.10.1136/bmj.2.5403.230Google Scholar
65. Sprunt, K, Redmon, W, Leidy, G. Antibacterial effectiveness of routine handwashing. Pediatrics 1973;52:264271.10.1542/peds.52.2.264Google Scholar
66. Steere, AC, Mallison, GE Handwashing practices for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:683690.10.7326/0003-4819-83-5-683Google Scholar
67. Food and Drug Administration. The tentative final monograph for over-the-counter topical antimicrobial products. Federal Resister 1978:43:12101249.Google Scholar
68. Garner, JS, Favero, MS. Guideline for Handwashing and Hospital Environmental Control. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control; 1985.Google Scholar
69. Larson, E. APIC guideline for use of topical antimicrobial products. Am J Infect Control 1988;16:255266.10.1016/S0196-6553(88)80005-1Google Scholar
70. Ehrenkranz, NJ. Bland soap handwash or hand antisepsis? The pressing need for clarity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:299301.10.2307/30145507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71. Larson, E. Skin cleansing. In: Wenzel, RP, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1993:450459.Google Scholar
72. Larson, EL, 1992, 1993, and 1994 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology Guidelines Committee. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:251269.10.1016/0196-6553(95)90070-5Google Scholar
73. Paulssen, J, Eidem, T, Kristiansen, R Perforations in surgeons' gloves. J Hosp Infect 1988;11:8285.10.1016/0195-6701(88)90043-6Google Scholar
74. DeGroot-Kosolcharoen, J, Jones, JM. Permeability of latex and vinyl gloves to water and blood. Am J Infect Control 1989;17:196201.10.1016/0196-6553(89)90128-4Google Scholar
75. Kotilainen, HR, Brinker, JP, Avato, JL, Gantz, NM. Latex and vinyl examination gloves: quality control procedures and implications for health care workers. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:27492753.10.1001/archinte.1989.00390120091018Google Scholar
76. Olsen, RJ, Lynch, P, Coyle, MB, Cummings, MJ, Bokete, T, Stamm, WE. Examination gloves as barriers to hand contamination and clinical practice. JAMA 1993:270:350353.10.1001/jama.1993.03510030074037Google Scholar
77. Health Resources and Services Administration. Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1984. PHS publication no. (HRSA) 84-14500.Google Scholar
78. American Institute of Architects, Committee on Architecture for Health. General hospital. In: Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities. Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architects Press; 1993.Google Scholar
79. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers. Health facilities. In: 1991 Application Handbook. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc; 1991.Google Scholar
80. Jarvis, WR, Bolyard, EA, Bozzi, CJ, et al. Respirators, recommendations, and regulations: the controversy surrounding protection of health care workers from tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:142146.10.7326/0003-4819-122-2-199501150-00011Google Scholar
81. Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Labor. Respiratory protective devices: final rules and notice. Federal Register 1995;60(110):3033630402.Google Scholar
82. Rutula, WA, Mayhall, CG. The Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America position paper: medical waste. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:3848.10.2307/30146966Google Scholar
83. Rhame, FS. The inanimate environment. In: Bennett, JV, Brachman, PS, eds. Hospital Infections. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co; 1992:299333.Google Scholar
84. Rutula, WA Disinfection, sterilization, and waste disposal. In: Wenzel, RP, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1993:460495.Google Scholar
85. Maki, DG, Alvarado, C, Hassemer, C. Double-bagging of items from isolation rooms is unnecessary as an infection control measure: a comparative study of surface contamination with single and double bagging. Infect Control 1986;7:535537.10.1017/S0195941700065279Google Scholar
86. American Society for Healthcare Central Services. Recommended Practices for Central Service: Sterilization. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association; 1988.Google Scholar
87. American Society for Healthcare Central Services. Recommended Practices for Central Service: Decontamination. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association; 1990.Google Scholar
88. Rutula, WA APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:99117.10.1016/0196-6553(90)90089-BGoogle Scholar
89. Bond, WW, Ott, BJ, Franke, KA, McCracken, JE. Effective use of liquid chemical germicides on medical devices: instrument design problems. In: Block, SS, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA Lea and Febiger, 1991:10971106.Google Scholar
90. Favero, MS, Bond, WW. Sterilization, disinfection, and antisep sis. In: Ballows, A, Hausler, WJ, Herrmann, KL, Isenberg, HO, Shadomy, HJ, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1991:183200.Google Scholar
91. Favero, MS, Bond, WW. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In: Block, SS, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA Lea and Febiger, 1991:617641.Google Scholar
92. Pugliese, G, Hunstiger, CA Central services, linens, and laundry. In: Bennett, JV, Brachman, PS, eds. Hospital Infections. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co; 1992:335344.Google Scholar
93. Joint Committee on Healthcare Laundry Guidelines. Guidelines for Healthcare Linen Service-1994. Hallandale, FL: Textile Rental Services Association of America; 1994.Google Scholar
94. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Am J Infect Control 1995;23:8794, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:105-113, and MMWR 1995; 44(No. RR-12):1-13.10.1016/0196-6553(95)90104-3Google Scholar
95. Tablan, OC, Anderson, LJ, Arden, NH, Breiman, RF, Butler, JC, McNeil, MM, Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Part I: issues on prevention of nosocomial pneumonia—1994. Am J Infect Control 1994;22:247266, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:587-604, and American Association of Respiratory Care 1994;12:1191-1209.Google Scholar
96. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Part II: recommendations for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Infect Control 1994;22:266292, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:604-627, and American Association of Respiratory Care 1994;12:1209-1236.Google Scholar
97. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: manage ment of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever—United States. MMWR 1995;44:475479.Google Scholar