Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T04:08:35.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Control of Influenza in the Long-Term–Care Facility: A Review of Established Approaches and Newer Options

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Nancy H. Arden
Nancy H. Arden*
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
*
9253 Brookwater Cr, College Station, TX 77845
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Influenza infections pose a serious threat to residents of nursing homes and other long-term–care facilities. Annual vaccination of residents and staff with the currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccine continues to be the mainstay of prevention. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, which is expected to be licensed in the United States in the near future, may offer added protection for elderly persons when administered in conjunction with inactivated vaccine. Antiviral agents also can be useful as an adjunct to vaccination, especially for control of institutional outbreaks. Two new antiviral agents that appear to be less toxic than amantadine and rimantadine have recently been approved.

Type
Topics in Long-Term Care
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , January 2000 , pp. 59 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Simonsen, L, Clarke, MJ, Williamson, GD, Stroup, DF, Arden, NH, Schonberger, LB. The impact of influenza on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1944–1950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Eickhoff, TC, Sherman, IL, Serfling, RE. Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza. JAMA 1961;176:776–782.Google Scholar
3.Budnick, LD, Stricof, RL, Ellis, F. An outbreak of influenza A in a nursing home, 1982. NY State J Med 1984;84:235–238.Google Scholar
4.Goodman, RA, Orenstein, WA, Munro, TF, Smith, SC, Sikes, RK. Impact of influenza A in a nursing home. JAMA 1982;247:1451–1453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Morens, DM, Rash, VM. Lessons from a nursing home outbreak of influenza A. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:275–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Hall, WN, Goodman, RA, Noble, GR, Kendal, AP, Steece, RS. An outbreak of influenza B in an elderly population. J Infect Dis 1981;144:297–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza A (H1N1) associated with mild illness in a nursing home—Maine. MMWR 1987;36:57–59.Google Scholar
8.Couch, RB, Kasel, JA, Immunity to influenza in man. Annu Rev Microbiol 1983;37:529–549.Google Scholar
9.Powers, DC. Effect of age on serum immunoglobulin G subclass antibody responses to inactivated influenza virus vaccine. J Med Virol 1994;43:57–61.Google Scholar
10.Patriarca, PA, Weber, JA, Parker, RA, Hall, WN, Kendal, AP, Bregman, DJ, et al. Efficacy of influenza vaccine in nursing homes: reduction in illness and complications during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic. JAMA 1985;253:1136–1139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Arden, NH, Patriarca, PA, Fasano, MB, Lui, KJ, Harmon, MW, Kendal, AP, et al. The roles of vaccination and amantadine prophylaxis in controlling an outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) in a nursing home. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:865–868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Arden, NA, Patriarca, PA, Kendal, AP. Experiences in the use and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in nursing homes. In: Kendal, AP, Patriarca, PA. eds. Options for the Control of Influenza. New York City, NY: Alan R Iiss, Inc; 1986:155–168.Google Scholar
13.Gross, PA, Hermogenes, AW, Sacks, HS, Lau, J, Levandowski, RA. The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:518–527.Google Scholar
14.Nichol, KL, Margolis, KL, Wouremna, J, von Sternberg, T. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in elderly. Gerontology 1996:42:274–279.Google Scholar
15.Coles, FB, Balzano, GJ, Morse, DL, An outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) in a well immunized nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:589–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Christie, RW, Marquis, LL. Immunization roulette: influenza occurrence in five nursing homes. Am J Infect Control 1985;13:174–177.Google Scholar
17.Patriarca, PA, Weber, JA, Parker, RA, Orenstein, WA, Hall, WN, Kendal, AP, et al. Risk factors for outbreaks of influenza in nursing homes—a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:114–119.Google Scholar
18.Arden, NH, Monto, AS, Ohmit, SE. Vaccine use and risk of institutional outbreaks in a sample of nursing homes during a type A (H3N2) influenza epidemic. Am J Public Health 1995;85:399–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Kendal, AP, Patriarca, PA, Arden, NH. Policies and outcomes for control of influenza among the elderly in the USA. Vaccine 1985;3 (suppl) :274–276.Google Scholar
20.National Center for Health Statistics. 1995 National Nursing Home Survey. Advanced Data. January 23, 1997, Number 280.Google Scholar
21.Potter, J, Statt, DJ, Roberts, MA, Elder, AG, O'Donnell, B, Knight, PV, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers in long-term-care hospitals reduces the mortality of elderly patients. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1–6.Google Scholar
22.Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(RR-4):1–28.Google Scholar
23.Ruben, FL, Johnston, F, Streift, EJ. Influenza in a partially immunized aged population: effectiveness of killed Hong Kong vaccine against infection with the England strain. JAMA 1974;230:863–866.Google Scholar
24.Wood, JM, Williams, MS. History of inactivated vaccines. In: Nicholson, KG, Webster, RG, Jay, AJ, eds. Textbook of Influenza. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science, Ltd; 1998:317–323.Google Scholar
25.Arden, NH, Patriarca, PAHarmon, MW, Lui, JK, Brandon, F, Kendal, AP. Safety and immunogenirity of a 45-μg supplemental dose of inactivated influenza B vaccine in the elderly. J Infect Dis 1986;153:805–806.Google Scholar
26.Peters, NL, Meiklejohn, G, Jahnigen, DW. Antibody response of an elderly population to a supplemental dose of influenza B vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:593–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Gross, PA, Quinnan, GV, Weksler, ME, Gaerlan, PF, Denning, CR.Immunization of elderly people with high doses of influenza vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:209–212.Google Scholar
28.Gross, PA. Weksler, ME, Quinnan, GV, Douglas, RG, Gaerlan, PF, Denning, CR. Immunization of elderly people with two doses of influenza vaccine. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:1763–1765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Levine, M, Beattie, BL, McLean, DM. Comparison of one- and two-dose regimens of influenza vaccine for elderly men. Can Med Assoc J 1987;137:722–726.Google ScholarPubMed
30.Beyer, WE, Palache, AM, Baljet, M, Masurel, N. Antibody induction by influenza vaccines in the elderly: a review of the literature. Vaccine 1989;7:385–394.Google Scholar
31.Levine, M, Beattie, BL, McLean, DM, Corman, D. Characterization of the immune response to trivalent influenza vaccine in elderly men. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987;35:609–615.Google Scholar
32.Gross, PA, Quinnan, GV Jr, Weksler, ME, Setia, U, Douglas, RG Jr. Relation of chronic disease and immune response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine 1989;7:303–308.Google Scholar
33.Maassab, HF, Herlocher, ML, Bryant, ML. Live influenza virus vaccine. In: Plotkin, SAOrenstein, WA, eds. Vaccines. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PAWB Saunders Co; 1999:909–927.Google Scholar
34.Belshe, RB, Mendelman, PM, Treanor, J, King, J, Gruber, WC, Piedra, R. et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza-virus vaccine in children. N Engl JMed 1998;338:1405–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Gorse, GJ, Belshe, RB, Munn, NJ. Safety of and serum antibody response to cold-recombinant influenza A and inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccines in older adults with chronic diseases. J Clin Microbiol 1986;24:336–342.Google Scholar
36.Gorse, GJ, Campbell, MJ, Otto, EE, Powers, DC, Chambers, GW, Newman, FK, Increased anti-influenza A virus cytotoxic T cell activity following vaccination of the chronically ill elderly with live attenuated or inactivated influenza virus vaccine. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1–10.Google Scholar
37.Gorse, GJ, Belshe, RB, Munn, NJ. Superiority of live attenuated compared with inactivated influenza A virus vaccines in older, chronically ill adults. Chest 1991;100:977–984.Google Scholar
38.Rudenko, L, Arden, N, Grigorieva, E, Naychin, A, Rekstin, A, Katz, J, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Russian live-attenuated and US inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in the elderly. In: Brown, LE, Hampson, AW, Webster, RG, eds. Options for the Control of Influenza III. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science BV; 1996:572–578.Google Scholar
39.Treanor, JJ, Mattison, HR, Dumyati, G, Yinnon, A, Erb, S, O'Brien, D, et al. Protective effect of combined live intranasal and inactivated influenza A vaccines in the elderly. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:625–633.Google Scholar
40.Tominack, RL, Hayden, FG. Rimantadine hydrochloride and amantadine hydrochloride use in influenza A virus infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987;1:459–478.Google Scholar
41.Calfee, DP, Hayden, FG. New approaches to influenza chemotherapy: neuraminidase inhibitors. Drugs 1998;56:537–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Hayden, FG, Osterhaus, AD, Treanor, JJ, Fleming, DM, Aoki, FY, Nicholson, KG, et al. Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:874–880.Google Scholar
43.Aoki, F, Osterhaus, A, Rimmelzwaan, G, Kinnersley, N, Ward, P. Oral GS4104 successfully reduces duration and severity of naturally acquired influenza. In: Final Program and Exhibits Addendum of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 24-28,1998; San Diego, CA Abstract LB-5.Google Scholar
44.The Mist Study Group. Randomized trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. Lancet 1998;352:1877–1881.Google Scholar
45.Monto, AS, Robinson, DP, Herlocher, ML, Hinson, JM, Elliott, MJ, Crisp, A. Zanamivir in the prevention of influenza among healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282:31–35.Google Scholar
46.Hayden, FG, Atmar, R, Schilling, M, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral GS4104 in long term prophylaxis of natural influenza. In: Final Program and Abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 24-28, 1998; San Diego, CA Abstract LB-6.Google Scholar
47. Relenza [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo Wellcome Inc; 1999.Google Scholar
48.Daniel, MJ, Barnett, JM, Pearson, BA. The low potential for drug interactions with zanamivir. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;36(suppl 1):41–50.Google Scholar
49. Tamiflu [package insert]. Nutley, NJ: Roche Laboratories Inc; 1999.Google Scholar
50.Colacino, JM, Laver, WG, Air, GM. Selection of influenza A and B viruses for resistance to 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en in cell culture. J Infect Dis 1997;176(suppl 1):S66–S68.Google Scholar
51.Gubareva, LV, Bethell, R, Hart, GJ, Murti, KG, Penn, CR, Webster, RG. Characterization of mutants of influenza A virus selected with the neuraminidase inhibitor 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en. J Virol 1996;70:1818–1827.Google Scholar
52.Blick, TJ, Tiong, T, Sahasrabudhe, A, Varghese, JN, Colman, PM, Hart, GJ, et al. Generation and characterization of an influenza virus neuraminidase variant with decreased sensitivity to the neuraminidase-spe-cific inhibitor 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en. Virology 1995;214:475–484.Google Scholar
53.Tai, CY, Escarpe, PA, Sidwell, RW, Williams, MA, Lew, W, Wu, H, et al. Characterization of human influenza virus variants selected in vitro in the presence of the neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:3234–3241.Google Scholar
54.Monto, AS, Arden, NH. Implications of viral resistance to amantadine in control of influenza A. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15 (suppl l):362–367.Google Scholar
55.Mast, EE, Harmon, MW, Gravenstein, S, Wu, SP, Arden, NH, Circo, R, et al. Emergence and possible transmission of amantadine-resistant viruses during nursing home outbreaks of influenza A (H3N2). Am J Epidemiol 1991;13:988–997.Google Scholar
56.Hayden, FG, Belshe, RB, Clover, RD, Hay, AJ, Oakes, MG, Soo, W. Emergence and apparent transmission of rimantadine-resistant influenza A virus in families. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1696–1702.Google Scholar
57.Hayden, FG, Hay, AJ. Emergence and transmission of influenza A viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992;176:120–130.Google Scholar
58.Gomolin, HG, Leib, HB, Arden, NH, Sherman, FT. Control of influenza outbreaks in the nursing home: guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAm Geriatr Soc 1995;43:71–74.Google Scholar
59.Staynor, K, Foster, G, McArthur, M, McGeer A Petric, M, Simor, AE. Influenza A outbreak in a nursing home: the value of early diagnosis and the use of amantadine hydrochloride. Can J Infect Control 1994;9:109–111.Google Scholar
60.Leonardi, GP, Leib, H, Birkhead, GS, Smith C, Costello, P, Conron, W. Comparison of rapid detection methods for influenza A virus and their value in health-care management of institutionalized geriatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:70–74.Google Scholar
61. Zstat flu [product package insert]. Oklahoma City, OK- ZymeTx Inc; 1998.Google Scholar
62. Flu OIA [product package insert]. Boulder, CO: BioStar, Inc; 1999.Google Scholar
63.Bradley, SF, the Long-Term-Care Committee of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Prevention of influenza in long-term-care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:629–637.Google Scholar