Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T19:53:04.202Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nosocomial Transmission and Infection Control Aspects of Parasitic and Ectoparasitic Diseases Part II. Blood and Tissue Parasites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Ludwig A. Lettau
Ludwig A. Lettau*
Affiliation:
Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Greenville Hospital System, Greenville, South Carolina
*
Greenville Hospital System, 701 Grove Road. Greenville, SC 29605
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Special Review
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , February 1991 , pp. 111 - 121
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. MacLeod, CL, ed. Parasitic Infections in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Oxford, London: Oxford University Press; 1988.Google Scholar
2. Nyakundi, PM, Muigai, R, Were, JBO, Oster, CN, Gachihi, GS, Kirigi, G. Congenital visceral leishmaniasis: case report. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988;82:564.10.1016/0035-9203(88)90508-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Esernio-Jenssen, D, Scimeca, PG, Benach, JL, Tenenbaum, MJ. Transplacental/perinatal babesiosis. J Pediatr. 1987;110:570–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Bruce-Chwatt, LJ. Transfusion malaria. Bull WORLD Health Org. 1974;50:337–346.Google ScholarPubMed
5. Guerrero, I, Weniger, B. Schultz, MG. Transfusion malaria in the United States, 1972-1981. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:221–226.10.7326/0003-4819-99-2-221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Nahlen, BL, Cannon, SE, Campbell, CC. Reassessment of blood-donor selection criteria for U.S. travelers to malarious areas. Presented at the 37th meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, December 4-8, 1988, Washington DC.Google Scholar
7. Akinboye, DO, Ogunrinade, AF. Malaria and loaisis among blood donors at Ibadan, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:398–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Dover, AS, Guinee, VE Malaria transmission by leukocyte component theranv. JAMA. 1971;217:1701–1702.10.1001/jama.1971.03190120067017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Dike, AE. Two cases-of transfusion malaria. Lancet. 1970;2:72–73.10.1016/S0140-6736(70)92641-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Garfield, MD, Ershler, WB, Maki, DG. Malaria transmission by platelet concentrate transfusion. JAMA. 1978;240:2285–2286.10.1001/jama.1978.03290210067033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Biggam, AG. Malignant malaria associated with the administration of heroin intravenously. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1929;23:147–155.10.1016/S0035-9203(29)90473-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Garcia, JJG, Arnalich, F, Pena, JM, et al. An outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria among heroin users in Spain. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986;80:549–552.10.1016/0035-9203(86)90136-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Burne, JC. Malaria by accidental inoculation. Lancet. 1970;2:936.10.1016/S0140-6736(70)92117-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Lewis, J. Iatrogenic malaria. N Z Med J. 1971;71:88.Google Scholar
15. Cannon, NJ, Walker, SP, Dismukes, WE. Malaria acquired by accidental needle puncture. JAMA. 1972;222:1425.10.1001/jama.1972.03210110059024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Bouree, P, Fouquet, E. Paludisme: contamination directe interhumaine. Nouv Presse Med. 1978:7:1865.Google Scholar
17. Bending, MR, Maurice, PDL. Malaria: a laboratory risk. Postgrad Med J. 1980;56:344–345.10.1136/pgmj.56.655.344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Varma, AI. Malaria acquired by accidental inoculation. Can Med Assoc J. 1982;126:1419–1420.Google ScholarPubMed
19. Borsch, G, Odendahl, J, Sabin, G, Ricken, D. Malaria transmission from patient to nurse. Lancet. 1982;2:1212.10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91219-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Carosi, G. Maccabruni, A. Castelli, F, Viale, P. Accidental and transfusion malaria in Italy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986;80:667–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Antunes, F, Forte, M, Tavares, L, et al. Malaria in Portugal 1977-1986. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:561–562.10.1016/0035-9203(87)90407-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Kociecka, W, Skoryna, B. Falciparum malaria probably acquired from infected skin-cut. Lancet. 1987;2:220.10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90804-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Hira, PR, Siboo, R, Al-Kandari, S, Behbehani, K. Induced malaria and antibody titres in acute infections and in blood donors in Kuwait. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:391–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Bruce-Chwatt, LJ. Imported malaria: an uninvited guest. By Med Bull. 1982;38:179–185.10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071756CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Petithory, J, LeBeau, G. Contamination probable de laboratoire par Plasmodium falciparum . Bull Soc Path Exot. 1977;4:371–375.Google Scholar
26. Jensen, JB, Capps, TC, Carlin, JM. Clinical drug-resistant falciparum malaria acquired from cultured parasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;30:523–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Navarro, P, Betancurt, A, Paublini, H, Medina, I, Nunez, MJ, Dominguez, M. Malaria causada por Plasmodium falciparum como infection nosocomial. Bol Of Sanit Panam. 1987;102:476–482.Google Scholar
28. Cruz, I, Mody, V, Callender, C, Hosten, A. Malaria infection in transplant recipient. J Natl Med Assoc. 1978;70:105–107.Google ScholarPubMed
29. Lefavour, GS, Pierce, JC, Frame, JD. Renal transplant-associated malaria. JAMA. 1980;244:1820–1821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Johnston, IDA. Possible transmission of malaria by renal transplantation. Br Med J. 1981;282:780.10.1136/bmj.282.6266.780CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Rosner, F, Zarrabi, MH, Benach, JL, Habicht, GS. Babesiosis in splenectomized adults. Review of 22 reported cases. Am J Med. 1984;76:696–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Wittner, M, Rowin, KS, Tanowitz, HB, et al. Successful chemotherapy of transfusion babesiosis. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:601–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. Smith, RP, Evans, AT, Popovsky, M, Mills, L, Spielman, A. Transfusion-acquired babesiosis and failure of antibiotic treatment. JAMA. 1986;256:2726–2727.10.1001/jama.1986.03380190096034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Grabowski, EF, Giardina, PJV, Goldberg, D, et al. Babesiosis transmitted by a transfusion of frozen-thawed blood. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:466–467.10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-446CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. Jacoby, GA, Hunt, JV, Kosinski, KS, et al. Treatment of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis by exchange transfusion. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:1098–1100.10.1056/NEJM198011063031906CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Sun, T, Tenenbaum, MJ, Greenspan, J, et al. Morphologic and clinical observations in human infection with Babesia microti. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:239–248.10.1093/infdis/148.2.239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37. Iacopino, V, Earnhart, T. Life-threatening babesiosis in a woman from Wisconsin. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1527–1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Goldsmid, JM, Lowe, RE Rogers, S, Cranston, L, Robertson, T. The transmission of blood parasites via blood transfusion. Cent Afr J Med. 1974;20:23–30.Google ScholarPubMed
39. Hira, PR, Husein, SE Some transfusion-induced parasitic infections in Zambia. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1979;4:436–444.Google Scholar
40. Bruce-Chwatt, LJ. Blood transfusion and tropical disease. Trop Dis Bull. 1972:69:825–862.Google ScholarPubMed
41. Robertson, DHH, Pickens, S, Lawson, JH, Lennox, B. An accidental laboratory infection with African trypanosomes of a defined stock. I. The clinical course of infection. J Infect. 1980;2:105–112.10.1016/S0163-4453(80)91084-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Marsden, PD. Selective primary health care: Strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XVI. Chagas' disease. Rev Infect Dis. 1984;6:855–865.10.1093/clinids/6.6.855CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43. Zuna, H, LaFuente, C, Valdez, E, et al. Estudio prospectivo de la transmision del Trypanosoma cruzi por via sanguinea, en Bolivia. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1985;65(suppl 11:107–113.Google Scholar
44. Lorca, M, Atias, A, Asterga, B, Munoz, P, Carrere, I. Trypanosoma cruzi infections in blood banks of 12 Chilean hospitals. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1983;17:269–274.Google ScholarPubMed
45. Woody, NC, Woody, HR. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease): first indigenous case in the USA. JAMA. 1955;159:676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46. Greer, DA. Found: two cases of Chagas' Disease. Texas Health Bull. 1955;9:11–13.Google Scholar
47. Schiffler, RJ, Mansur, GP, Navin, TR, Limpakarnjanarat, K. Indigenous Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in California. JAMA. 1984;251:2983–2984.10.1001/jama.1984.03340460061025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48. Navin, TR, Roberto, RR, Juranek, DD, et al. Human and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in California. Am J Public Health. 1985;75:366–369.10.2105/AJPH.75.4.366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49. Kirchhoff, LV, Neva, FA. Chagas' disease in Latin American immigrants. JAMA. 1985;254:3058–3060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Pearlman, JD. Chagas' disease in northern California. No longer an endemic diagnosis, Am J Med. 1983;75:1057–1060.10.1016/0002-9343(83)90888-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Kirchhoff, LV, Gam, AA, Gilliam, FC. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in Central American immigrants. Am J Med. 1987;82:915–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52. Theis, JH, Tibayrenc, M, Mason, DT, Ault, SK. Exotic stock of Trypanosoma cruzi (Schizotrypanum) capable of development in and transmission by Triatoma protracta protracta from California: public health implications. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;36:523–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53. Kerndt, P, Waskin, H, Steurer, F, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi antibody among blood donors in Los Angeles. Presented at the 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, October 23-26, 1988. Los Angeles, Calif.Google Scholar
54. Grant, IH, Gold, JWM, Wittner, M, et al. Transfusion-associated acute Chagas disease acquired in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:849–851.10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-849CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55. Nickerson, P, Orr, P, Schroeder, M, Sekla, L, Johnston, JB. Transfusion-associated Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a non-endemic area. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:851–853.10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-851CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56. Kirchhoff, LV. Is Trypanosoma cruzi a new threat to our blood supply? Ann Intern Med 1989;111:773–775.10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-773CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57. Aronson, PR. Septicemia from concomitant infection with Trypansoma cruzi and Neisseria perflava . Ann Intern Med. 1962;57:994–1000.10.7326/0003-4819-57-6-994CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58. Hofflin, JM, Sadler, RH, Araujo, FG, Page, WE, Remington, JS. Laboratory-acquired Chagas disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:437–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59. Centers for Disease Control. Chagas' disease-Michigan. MMWR. 1980;29:147–148.Google Scholar
60. Brener, Z. Laboratory-acquired Chagas disease: comment. Trans R Soc Trob Med Hyg. 1987:81:527.10.1016/0035-9203(87)90197-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61. Chocair, PR, Sabbaga, E, Amato-Neto, V, Shiroma, M, deGoes, GM. Transplante de rim: nova modaiidade de transmissao da doenca de chagas. Reo Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1981;23:280–282.Google ScholarPubMed
62. Figueiredo, JFC, Martinez, R, daCosta, JC, Moyses-Neto, M, Suaid, HJ, Ferraz, AS. Transmission of Chagas disease through renal transplantation: report of a case. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:61–62.10.1016/0035-9203(90)90383-PCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63. Weller, PF, Simon, HB, Parkhurst, BH, Medrek, TF Tourism-acquired Mansonella azzardi microfilaremia in a regular blood donor. JAMA. 1978;240:858–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64. Mazzotti, L, Palomo, E. A note on the survival of the microfilariae of Mansonella ozzardi . Bull WORLD Health Organ. 1957;16:696–699.Google ScholarPubMed
65. Hawking, F, The transference of Microfilaria bancrofti into natural and unnatural hosts. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1940;34:121–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66. Bruce-Chwatt, LJ. From Laveran's discovery to DNA probes: new trends in diagnosis of malaria. Lancet. 1987;2:1509–1511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67. Moser, DR, Kirchhoff, LV, Donelson, JE. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. I Clin Microbiol. 1989:27:1477–1482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for prevention of LUV transmission in health care settings. MMWR. 1987;36(suppl 2S):3S–18S.Google Scholar
69. Hudson, L, Grover, F, Gutteridge, WE, et al. Suggested guidelines for work with live Trypanosoma cruzi . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:416–419.Google Scholar
70. Kostmann, R, Barr, M, Bengtsson, E, Garnham, PCC, Huit, G. Kala-azar transfered by exchange blood transfusions in two Swedish infants. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of, Trotjical Medicine and Malaria. 1963:2:384.Google Scholar
71. Bowdre, JH. Campbell, JL, Walker, DH, Tart, DE. American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Culture of a Leishmania species from peripheral blood leukocytes. Am J Clin Pathol. 1981;75:435–438.10.1093/ajcp/75.3.435CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72. Terry, LL, Lewis, JL, Sessoms, SM. Laboratory infection with Leishmania donovani: a case report. Am J Trop Med. 1950;30:643–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73. Freedman, DO, MacLean, JD. Viloria, JB. A case of laboratory-acquired Leishmaniadonovani infection: evidence for primary lymphatic dissemination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:118–119.10.1016/0035-9203(87)90301-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74. Sampaio, RN, de Lima, LMP, Vexenat, A, Cuba, CC, Barreto, AC, Marsden, PD. Alaboratoiy infection with Leishmania braziliensis . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:274.10.1016/0035-9203(83)90089-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75. Yebra, M. Segovia, J, Manzano, L, Vargas, JA, de Quiros, LB, Alvar, J. Disseminated-to-skin kala azar and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:490–491.10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-490_2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76. Wreghitt, TG, Hakim, M, Gray, JJ, et al. Toxoplasmosis in heart and heart and lung transplant recipients. J Clin Puthol. 1989;42:194–199.10.1136/jcp.42.2.194CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77. Sluiters, JF, Balk, AHMM, Essed, CE, et al. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G and four immunoassays for immunoglobulin M to Toxoplasma gondii in a series of heart transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:529–535.10.1128/jcm.27.3.529-535.1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78. Luft, BJ, Naot, Y, Araujo, FG, Stinson, EG, Remington, JS. Primary and reactivated Toxoplasma infection in patients with cardiac transplants. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:27–31.10.7326/0003-4819-99-1-27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79. Mejia, G, Leiderman, E, Builes, M, et al. Transmission of toxoplasmosis by renal transplant. Am J Kidney Dis. 1983;2:615–617.10.1016/S0272-6386(83)80041-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80. Reynolds, ES, Walls, KW, Pfeiffer, RI. Generalized toxoplasmosis following renal transplantation. Arch Intern Med. 1966;118:401–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81. Mason, JC, Ordelheide, KS, Grames, GM, et al. Toxoplasmosis in two renal transplant recipients from a single donor. Transplantation. 1987;44:588–591.Google ScholarPubMed
82. Hirsch, R, Burke, BA, Kersey, JH. Toxoplasmosis in bone marrow transplant recipients. J Pediatr. 1984;105:426–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83. Anthony, CW. Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a liver transplant patient. J Am Med Worn Assoc. 1972:27:601–603.Google Scholar
84. Derouin, F, Debure, A, Godeaut, E, Lariviere, M, Kreis, H. Toxoplasma antibody titers in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1987;44:515–518.10.1097/00007890-198710000-00011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85. Siegel, SE, Lunde, MN, Gelderman, AH, et al. Transmission of toxoplasmosis by leukocyte transfusion. Blood. 1971;37:388–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86. Kimball, AC, Kean, BH, Kellner, A. The risk of transmitting toxoplasmosis by blood transfusion. Transfusion. 1965;5:447–451.10.1111/j.1537-2995.1965.tb02923.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87. Miller, MJ, Aronson, WJ, Remington, JS. Late parasitemia in asymptomatic acquired toxoplasmosis. Ann Intern Med. 1969;71:139–145.10.7326/0003-4819-71-1-139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88. Hofflin, JM, Remington, JS. Tissue culture isolation of Toxoplasma from blood of a patient with AIDS. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:925–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89. Shepp, DH, Hackman, RC, Conley, FR, Anderson, JB, Meyers, JD. Toxoplasma aondii reactivation identified by detection of parasite&a in tissue culture. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 103:218–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90. Neu, HC. Toxoplasmosis transmitted at autopsy. JAMA. 1967;202:844–845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91. Kayhoe, DE, Jacobs, L, Beye, HK, McCullough, NB. Acquired toxoplasmosis. Observations on two parasitologically proved cases treated with pyrimethamine and triple sulfonamides. N Engl J Med. 1957;257:1247–1254.10.1056/NEJM195712262572601CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92. Rawal, BD. Laboratory infection with toxoplasma. J Clin Pathol. 1959;12:59–61.10.1136/jcp.12.1.59CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93. Frenkel, JK, Weber, RW, Lunde, MN. Acute toxoplasmosis. JAMA. 1960;173:1471–1476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94. Field, PR, Moyle, GG, Parnell, PM. The accidental infection of a laboratory worker with Toxoplasma gondii . Med J Aust. 1972;2:196–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95. Remington, JS, Gentry, LO. Acquired toxoplasmosis: infection versus disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1970;174:1006–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96. Burch, TA, Rees, CW, Reardon, LV. Epidemiological studies on human trichomoniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1959;8:312–318.10.4269/ajtmh.1959.8.312CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97. Hesseltine, HC, Wolters, SL, Campbell, A. Experimental human vaginal trichomoniasis. J Infect Dis. 1942;71:127–130.10.1093/infdis/71.2.127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
98. Crowther, IA. Trichomonas vaginitis in infancy. Lancet. 1962;1:1074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99. Al-Salihi, FL, Curran, JE Wang, J. Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1974;53:196–200.10.1542/peds.53.2.196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100. Bramley, M. Study of female babies of women entering confinement with vaginal trichomoniasis. Br J Vener Dis. 1976;52:58–62.Google ScholarPubMed
101. McLaren, LC, Davis, LE, Healy, GR, James, CG. Isolation of Trichomonas vaginalis from the respiratory tract of infants with respiratory disease. Pediatrics. 1983;71:888–890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102. Hiemstra, I, Van Bel, F, Berger, HM. Can Trichomonas vaginalis cause pneumonia in newborn babies? Br Med J. 1984;289:355–356.10.1136/bmj.289.6441.355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103. Hughes, WT. Natural mode of acquisition for de novo infection with Pneumocystis carinii . J Infect Dis. 1982;145:842–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
104. Hughes, WT. Bartley, DL, Smith, BM. A natural source of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii . J Infect Dis. 1983;147:595.10.1093/infdis/147.3.595CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105. Meuwissen, JHET, Tauber, I, Leeuwenberg, ADEM, Beckers, PJA, Sieben, M. Parasitologic and serologic observations of infection with Pneumocysfis in humans. J Infect Dis. 1977;136:43–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106. Peglow, SL, Smulian, AG, Linke, MJ, et al. Serologic responses to Pneumocystis carimi antigens in health and disease. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:296–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107. Brazinsky, JH, Phillips, JE. Pneumocystis pneumonia trans mission between patients with lymphoma. JAMA. 1969;209:1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108. Goesch, TR, Gotz, G. Stellbrinck, KH, Albrecht, H, Weh, HJ, Hossfeld, DK. Possible transfer of Pneumocystis carinii between immunodeficient patients. Lancet. 1990:336:627.10.1016/0140-6736(90)93420-TCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109. Singer, C, Armstrong, D, Rosen, PP, Schottenfeld, D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a cluster of eleven cases. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82:772–777.10.7326/0003-4819-82-6-722CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110. Perera, DR, Western, KA, Johnson, HD, Johnson, WW, Schultz, MG, Akers, PV. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a hospital for children. JAMA. 1970;214:1074–1078.10.1001/jama.1970.03180060052010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
111. Chusid, MJ, Heyrman, KA. An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at a pediatric hospital. Pediatrics. 1978;62:1031–1035.10.1542/peds.62.6.1031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112. Ruebush, TK, Weinstein, RA, Baehner, RL, et al. An outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Dis Child. 1978;132:143–148.Google ScholarPubMed
113. Fenelon, LE, Keane, CT, Bakir, M, Temperley, IJ. A cluster of Pneumocystis carinii infections in children. Br Med J. 1985;291:1683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114. Giron, JA, Martinez, S, Walzer, PD. Should inpatients with Pneumocystis carinii be isolated? Luncet. 1982;2:46.10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91181-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115. Haron, E, Bodey, GP, Luna, MA. Dekmezian, R, Elting, L. Has the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in cancer patients increased with the AIDS epidemic? Luncet. 1988;2:904–905.10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92498-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116. Chave, JP, David, S, Wouters, JP, Glauser JR Franchioli I? Is Pneumocystis carinii transmissable from AIDS to other patients: a case-control study of a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. Presented at the 6th International Conference on AIDS, June 20-23, 1990. San Francisco, Calif.Google Scholar
117. Bensousan, TH, Garo, B. Islam, S, Bourbigot, B, Cledes, J, Garre, M. Possible transfer of Pneumocystis carinii between kidney transplant recipients. Lancet. 1990;2:1066–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
118. Petri, WA. Infections in heart transplant recipients. In: Mandell, G, Douglas, RG, Bennett, JE, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Update 4. New York, NY: John Wiley; 1990:3–14.Google Scholar
119. Rosenblatt, JE, Edson, RS. Metronidazole. Mayo Clin Proc. 1987;62:1013–1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120. Safety of antimicrobial drugs in pregnancy. Med Lett Drugs Titer. 1987;29:61–63.Google Scholar
121. Garner, JS, Simmons, BP CDC guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Control. 1983;4(suppl):245–325.Google ScholarPubMed