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Clostridium Difficile Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: Systematic Review and Best Practices for Prevention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2017

Irene K. Louh ,
William G. Greendyke ,
Emilia A. Hermann ,
Karina W. Davidson ,
Louise Falzon ,
David K. Vawdrey ,
Jonathan A. Shaffer ,
David P. Calfee ,
E. Yoko Furuya  and
Henry H. Ting
Irene K. Louh
Affiliation:
Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
William G. Greendyke
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
Emilia A. Hermann
Affiliation:
Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
Karina W. Davidson
Affiliation:
Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
Louise Falzon
Affiliation:
Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
David K. Vawdrey
Affiliation:
New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
Jonathan A. Shaffer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
David P. Calfee
Affiliation:
New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
E. Yoko Furuya
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
Henry H. Ting*
Affiliation:
New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
*
Address correspondence to Henry H. Ting, MD, MBA, Columbia University Medical College, 622 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 ([email protected]).
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE

Prevention of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in acute-care hospitals is a priority for hospitals and clinicians. We performed a qualitative systematic review to update the evidence on interventions to prevent CDI published since 2009.

DESIGN

We searched Ovid, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, the ISI Web of Knowledge, and grey literature databases from January 1, 2009 to August 1, 2015.

SETTING

We included studies performed in acute-care hospitals.

PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS

We included studies conducted on hospitalized patients that investigated the impact of specific interventions on CDI rates.

INTERVENTIONS

We used the QI-Minimum Quality Criteria Set (QI-MQCS) to assess the quality of included studies. Interventions were grouped thematically: environmental disinfection, antimicrobial stewardship, hand hygiene, chlorhexidine bathing, probiotics, bundled approaches, and others. A meta-analysis was performed when possible.

RESULTS

Of 3,236 articles screened, 261 met the criteria for full-text review and 46 studies were ultimately included. The average quality rating was 82% according to the QI-MQCS. The most effective interventions, resulting in a 45% to 85% reduction in CDI, included daily to twice daily disinfection of high-touch surfaces (including bed rails) and terminal cleaning of patient rooms with chlorine-based products. Bundled interventions and antimicrobial stewardship showed promise for reducing CDI rates. Chlorhexidine bathing and intensified hand-hygiene practices were not effective for reducing CDI rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Daily and terminal cleaning of patient rooms using chlorine-based products were most effective in reducing CDI rates in hospitals. Further studies are needed to identify the components of bundled interventions that reduce CDI rates.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:476–482

Type
Review Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 38 , Issue 4 , April 2017 , pp. 476 - 482
Copyright
© 2017 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved 

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