Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:36:38.800Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Where Ethics and Aesthetics Meet: Titian's Rape of Europa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2020

Abstract

Titian's Rape of Europa is highly praised for its luminous colors and sensual textures. But the painting has an overlooked dark side, namely that it eroticizes rape. I argue that this is an ethical defect that diminishes the painting aesthetically. This argument—that an artwork can be worse off qua work of art precisely because it is somehow ethically problematic—demonstrates that feminist concerns about art can play a legitimate role in art criticism and aesthetic appreciation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Tatius, Achilles. 1560. The adventures of Leucippe and Clitophon. Trans. Coccio, Francesco Angelo. Venice: Francesco Lorenzini da Turino.Google Scholar
Anscombe, G. E. M. 2000. Intention. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . 1984. Rhetoric. Trans. W. Rhys Roberts. In The complete works of Aristotle, ed. Barnes, Jonathan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . 1987. Poetics. Trans. Janko, Richard. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Barkan, Leonard. 1986. The gods made flesh: Metamorphosis and the pursuit of paganism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jonathan. 1995. Rhetoric and poetics. In The Cambridge companion to Aristotle, ed. Barnes, Jonathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baxandall, Michael. 1985. Patterns of intention: On the historical explanation of pictures. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Richard, ed. 1992. Culture wars: Documents from the recent controversies in the arts. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Booth, Wayne. 1961. The rhetoric of fiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Booth, Wayne. 1988. The company we keep: An ethics of fiction. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Booth, Wayne. 1998. Why banning ethical criticism is a serious mistake. Philosophy and Literature 22:366–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against our will—men, women, and rape. New York: Fawcett Columbine.Google Scholar
Bryson, Norman. 1986. Two narratives of rape in the visual arts: Lucretia and the Sabine Women. In Rape: A historical and social enquiry, ed. Tomaselli, Sylvana and Porter, Roy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.Google Scholar
Buchwald, Emilie, Fletcher, Pamela R., and Roth, Martha eds., 1993. Transforming a rape culture. Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions.Google Scholar
Carroll, Noël. 1996. Moderate moralism. British Journal of Aesthetics 36 (3): 223–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Noël. 1998. Art, narrative, and moral understanding. In Aesthetics and ethics: Essays at the intersection, ed. Levinson, Jerrold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Joshua. 1996. Freedom, equality, and pornography. In Justice and injustice in law and legal theory, ed. Sarat, Austin and Kearns, Thomas. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Ted. 1999. Identifying with metaphor: Metaphors of personal identification. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 57 (fall): 399409.10.2307/432147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, Drucilla, ed. 2000. Feminism & pornography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crowe, J. A., and Cavalcaselle, G. B. 1881. Titian: His life and times. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Devereaux, Mary. 1998. Beauty and evil: The case of Leni Riefenstahlapos;s Triumph of the Will. In Aesthetics and ethics: Essays at the intersection, ed. Levinson, Jerrold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Devereaux, Mary. 2001. Moral judgments and works of art. Paper delivered at the 50th annual meeting of the American Society for Aesthetics, Minneapolis, October, 2002.Google Scholar
Dickie, George. 1989. The Myth of the Aesthetic Attitude. In Aesthetics: A Critcal Anthology, ed. Dickie, George, Sclafani, Richard, and Roblin, Ronald.Google Scholar
Dolce, Lodovico. 1553. Le trasformationi di m. Lodovico Dolce, di nvovo ristampate e da lui riicorrette & in diuersi luoghi ampliate … Venice: G. Giolito de Ferrari.Google Scholar
Eaton, A. W. 2002. The ethics of displaying the female nude. Paper delivered at the 60th annual meeting of the American Society for Aesthetics, Miami, October.Google Scholar
Eaton, Marcia. 1997. Aesthetics: The mother of ethics? Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 55: 354–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, Marcia. 2001. Merit, aesthetic and ethical. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Estrich, Susan. 1987. Real rape. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Even, Yael. 1992. The Loggia dei Lanzi; A showcase of female subjugation. In The expanding discourse: Feminism and art history, ed. Broude, Norma and Garrard, Mary. New York: Icon Editions.Google Scholar
Even, Yael. 2001. Commodifying images of sexual violence in sixteenth‐century Italy. Source 20: 1319.Google Scholar
Even, Yael. 2002. The emergence of sexual violence in quattrocento Florentine art. In Violence in fifteenth‐century text and image, ed. Ducruck, Edelgard and Even, Yael. Camden: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
Freeland, Cynthia. 1997. Art and moral knowledge. Philosophical Topics 25: 1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehl, Philipp. 1976. Ovidian delight and problems in iconography: Two essays on Titianapos;s “Rape of Europa”: I, the cows. Storia dellapos;Arte 226: 2330.Google Scholar
Fehl, Philipp. 1992. Decorum and wit: The poetry of Venetian painting. Vienna: IRSA.Google Scholar
Garrard, Mary. 1989. Artemisia Gentileschi: The image of the female hero in Italian Baroque art. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gaut, Berys. 1998. The ethical criticism of art. In Aesthetics and ethics: Essays at the intersection, ed. Levinson, Jerrold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gaut, Berys. 2001. Art and ethics. In The Routledge companion to aesthetics, ed. Gaut, Berys and Lopes, Dominic Mclver. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Golding, William. 1962. Lord of the flies. New York: Coward‐McCann.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, Hilliard. 1998. Titian: Colore and ingegno in the service of power. In Titian and Rubens: Power, politics, and style. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.Google Scholar
Halliwell, Stephen. 1986. Aristotleapos;s poetics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, Karen. 1998. How bad can good art be? In Aesthetics and ethics: Essays at the intersection, ed. Levinson, Jerrold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hemker, J. 1985. Rape and the founding of Rome. Helios 12: 4147.Google Scholar
Higgins, Lynn, and Silver, Brenda eds., 1991. Rape and representation. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Horace. 1934. The odes and epodes. Trans. Bennett, C. E.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1978. A treatise of human nature. 23d ed. . Ed Selby‐Binge, L. A.Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1985. Of the standard of taste. In Essays moral, political, and literary, ed. Green, Thomas Hill and Grose, Thomas Hodge. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Daniel. 1997. In Praise of Immoral Art. Philosophical Topics 25: 155–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Sharon. 1997. Slave‐rape and female silence in Ovidapos;s love poetry. Helios 24 (1): 6076.Google Scholar
Kieran, Matthew. 1996. Art, imagination, and the cultivation of morals. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 54: 337–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lear, Jonathan. 1992. Katharsis. In Essays on Aristotleapos;s Poetics, ed. Oksenberg Rorty, Amélie. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 1987. Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 1989. Toward a feminist theory of the state. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 1991. Pornography as defamation and discrimination. Boston University Law Review 71: 795802.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 1993. Only words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 2001. Sex equality. New York: Foundation Press.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine, and Dworkin, Andrea eds., 1997. In harmapos;s way: The pornography civil rights hearings. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1988. The subjection of women, ed. Okin, Susan. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Murdoch, Iris. 1970. The sovereignty of the good. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nash, Jane. 1985. Veiled images: Titianapos;s mythological paintings for Philip II. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1985. “Finely aware and richly responsible”: Moral attention and the moral task of literature. The Journal of Philosophy 82: 516–29.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1990. Loveapos;s knowledge: Essays on philosophy and literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1992. Tragedy and self‐sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle on fear and pity. In Essays on Aristotleapos;s Poetics, ed. Oksenberg Rorty, Amélie. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 1998. Exactly and responsibly: A defense of ethical criticism. Philosophy and Literature 22: 343–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovid, . 1939. The art of love and other poems. Trans. Mozley, J. H.Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library.Google Scholar
Ovid, 1994. Metamorphoses. 3d ed. Trans. Miller, Frank J.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Panofsky, Erwin. 1969. Problems in Titian, mostly iconographic. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, Griselda. 1999. Differencing the canon: Feminist desire and the writing of artapos;s histories. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Povolo, Claudio. 1993. Il romanziere e lapos;archivista: Da un processo del ‘600 allapos;un anonimo manoscritto dei Promessi Sposi. Venice: The Process Guarnieri.Google Scholar
Povolo, Claudio. 1997. Lapos;intrigo dellapos;Onore: Poteri e istituzioni nella Repubblica di Venezia tra Cinque e Seicento. Verona: Cierre.Google Scholar
Richlin, Amy. 1991. Reading Ovidapos;s rapes. In Pornography and representation in Greece and Rome, ed. Richlin, Amy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Riefenstahl, Leni. 1980. Triumph des Willens: das Dokument vom Reichsparteitag. (Triumph of the Will). 114 min. New York: Crown Video.Google Scholar
Rosand, David. 1971–2. Ut pictor poeta: Meaning in Titanapos;s poesie. New Literary History 3: 527–46.Google Scholar
Rothfield, Lawrence, ed. 2001. Unsettling “Sensation”: Arts‐policy lessons from the Brooklyn Museum of Art controversy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. 1985. The boundaries of eras: Sex crime and sexuality in Renaissance Venice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scarry, Elaine. 1999. On beauty and being just. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, Maurice. 1971. Titianapos;s Rape of Europa. Gazette des Beaux Arts 6 (77):109–16.Google Scholar
Spielberg, Steven. 1994. Schindlerapos;s List. 197 min. Universal City: MCA Universal Home Video.Google Scholar
Stirrup, Barbara. 1977. Techniques of rape: Variety of wit in Ovidapos;s Metamorphoses. Greece and Rome 24: 170–84.Google Scholar
Stock, Wendy. 1991. Feminist explanations: Male power, hostility, and sexual coercion. In Sexual coercion: A source‐book on its nature, causes, and prevention, ed. Grauerholz, E. and Koralewski, M.Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Stone, Donald. 1972. The source of Titianapos;s Rape of Europa. Art Bulletin 54: 4749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1982. Uncle Tomapos;s cabin, or life among the lowely; the ministerapos;s wooing; oldtown folks. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Taslitz, Andrew. 1999. Rape and the culture of the courtroom. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Tomaselli, Sylvana, and Porter, Roy eds., 1986. Rape: a historical and social enquiry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.Google Scholar
Vigarello, Georges. 1998. Histoire du viol: XVIe‐XXe siècle. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Volk, Mary Crawford. 1981. Rubens in Madrid and the decoration of the kingapos;s summer apartments. The Burlington Magazine 123: 513–29.Google Scholar
Wolfthal, Diane. 1999. Images of rape: The “heroic” tradition and its alternatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zissos, Andrew. 1999. The rape of Proserpina in Ovid Met. 5.341–661: Internal audience and narrative distortion. Phoenix 53: 97113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar