Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:51:51.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“We Won't Know Who You Are”: Contesting Sex Designations in New York City Birth Certificates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2020

Abstract

This article examines shifts in the legal, medical, and common-sense logics governing the designation of sex on birth certificates issued by the City of New York between 1965 and 2006. In the initial iteration, the stabilization of legal sex categories was organized around the notion of “fraud”; in the most recent iteration, “permanence” became the measure of authenticity. We frame these legal constructions of sex with theories about the “natural attitude” toward gender.

Type
Transgender Studies and Feminism: Theory, Politics, and Gendered Realities
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anonymous v. Weiner. 1966. 270 N.Y.S.2d 319.Google Scholar
Bettcher, Talia Mae. 2007. Evil deceivers and make‐believers: On transphobic violence and the politics of illusion. Hypatia 22 (3): 4365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, Jane. 2001. “This or that particular person”: Protocols of identification in nineteenth century Europe. In Documenting individual identity: The development of state practices in the modern world, ed. Caplan, Jane and Torpey, John. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cave, Damien. 2006. New York plans to make gender a personal choice. The New York Times, November 7.Google Scholar
Clarke, Roger. 1988. Information technology and dataveillance. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 31 (5): 498512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, Elaine. 2007. Trans‐phobia and the relational production of gender. Hastings Women's Law Journal 18:137–72.Google Scholar
Council, Charles R. 1965. Letter to Carl L. Erhardt, Director of the Bureau of Records and Statistics, The City of New York Health Department, June 11.Google Scholar
Currah, Paisley. 2006. Gender pluralisms under the transgender umbrella. In Transgender rights, ed. Currah, Paisley, Juang, Richard M., and Minter, Shannon Price. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Currah, Paisley. 2009. The transgender rights imaginary. In Feminist and queer legal theory: Intimate encounters, uncomfortable conversations, ed. Fineman, Martha Albertson, Jackson, Jack E., and Romero, Adam P.Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Press.Google Scholar
Currah, Paisley, and Spade, Dean. 2007. The state we're in: Locations of coercion and resistance in trans policy, part I. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 4 (4): 16.10.1525/srsp.2007.4.4.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denny, Dallas. 2006. Transgender communities of the United States in the late twentieth century. In Transgender rights, ed. Currah, Paisley, Juang, Richard M., and Minter, Shannon Price. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Duggan, Lisa. 2003. The twilight of equality? Neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Editorial Board of the Jewish Press. 2006. Transgender folly. The Jewish Press, November 15.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2003. “Society must be defended”: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–1976, Trans. Macey, David. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978, Trans. Macey, David. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice interruptus. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Harold. [1967] 2006. Passing and the managed achievement of sex status in an “intersexed” person, part 1. In Studies in ethnomethodology. Oxford: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, Barney, and Strauss, Anselm. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Hale, Jacob. 1996. Are lesbians women? Hypatia 11 (2): 94121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Angela P. 2008. From color line to color chart?: Racism and colorism in the new century. Berkeley Journal of African-American Law and Policy 10:5269.Google Scholar
Hausman, Bernice L. 1995. Changing sex: Transsexualism, technology, and the idea of gender. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Heyes, Cressida J. 2003. Feminist solidarity after queer theory: The case of transgender. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28 (4): 1093–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, Nan D., Joslin, Courtney G., and McGowan, Sharon. 2004. The rights of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender people. New York: American Civil Liberties Union.Google Scholar
International Bill of Gender Rights. [1990] 2006. In Transgender rights, ed. Currah, Paisley, Juang, Richard M., and Minter, Shannon Price. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Irving, Dan. 2008. Normalized transgressions: Legitimating the transsexual body as productive. Radial History Review 100:3859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, George. 1965. Letter from George James, Commissioner of Health, to Dr. Henry Kraus, Executive Secretary to the New York Academy of Medicine Committee of Public Health, April 2.Google Scholar
Kessler, Suzanne J., and McKenna, Wendy. 1978. Gender: An ethnomethodological approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Littleton v. Prange. 1999. 9 S.W.3d 231 (Tex. Civ. App. 1999).Google Scholar
Lopez, Ian F. Haney. 1996. White by law. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Meyerowitz, Joanne. 2002. How sex changed: A history of transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
National Center for Transgender Equality. 2004. Air travel tips for transgender people. Available at http://nctequality.org/Issues/Travel.asp (accessed September 12, 2007).Google Scholar
New York Academy of Medicine Committee on Public Health. 1966. Change of sex on birth certificates for transsexuals. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 42 (8): 721–4.Google Scholar
New York Academy of Medicine Subcommittee on Birth Certificates. 1965. Birth Certificates, Change of Sex. Committee on Public Health, Public Health Archives. New York: New York Academy of Medicine.Google Scholar
New York City Board of Health. 2006. Resolution Comments—NYC Birth Certificate for Transgender People.Google Scholar
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DHMH). 2005. Minutes of meetings of the Transgender Advisory Committee, February 7–April 18.Google Scholar
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DHMH). 2006a. Notice of Intention to Amend Article 207 of the New York City Health Code: Notice of Public Hearing, September 12.Google Scholar
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DHMH). 2006b. Response to public comments and additional recommendations regarding Proposal to Amend Section 207.05 of the New York City Health Code, December 5.Google Scholar
New York City Health Code. 1971. Correction of Records; filing of new birth certificates. Section 207.05 (a) (5).Google Scholar
Newfield, Emily, Hart, Stacey, Dibble, Suzanne, and Kohler, Lori. 2006. Female‐to‐male transgender quality of life. Quality of Life Research 15 (9): 1447–57.10.1007/s11136-006-0002-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngai, Mae M. 2004. Impossible subjects: Illegal aliens and the making of modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a state. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sears, Clare. 2008. Electric brilliancy: Cross‐dressing law and freak‐show displays in nineteenth‐century San Francisco. Women's Studies Quarterly 36 (3 and 4): 170–87.Google Scholar
Strauss, Anselm, and Corbin, Juliet. 1994. Grounded theory methodology: An overview. In Handbook in qualitative research, ed. Denzin, Norm and Lincoln, Yvonne. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Stryker, Susan. 2006. (De)subjugated knowledges: An introduction to transgender studies. In The transgender studies reader, ed. Stryker, Susan and Whittle, Stephen. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sylvia Rivera Law Project and Transgender Law and Policy Institute. 2003. Birth certificate sex designation: An overview of the issues.Google Scholar
Transgender Law and Policy Institute. 2008. Non‐discrimination laws that include gender identity and expression. Available at http://www.transgenderlaw.org/ndlaws/index.htm (accessed March 13, 2008).Google Scholar
Valentine, David. 2007. Imagining transgender: An ethnography of a category. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, Candace, and Zimmerman, Don H. 1987. Doing gender. Gender and Society 1:125–51.10.1177/0891243287001002002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshino, Kenji. 2006. Sex and the city: New York City bungles transgender equality. Available at http://www.slate.com (accessed December 11, 2006).Google Scholar