Article contents
A Crucible of Contradictions: Historical Roots of Violence against Children in the United States
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 February 2017
Extract
The wonderful thing about the history of education as a field of study is the permeability of its boundaries, its intellectual squishiness, the expansiveness of its definitions of education and history-doing, and its capacity to tie scholarly pursuit and social imperatives so closely together. As historians, we have, I believe, been uncommonly sensitive to issues of compelling political and ethical importance in education, a sensitivity which shows in the ways in which we have engaged our work. Consider the content of presidential addresses to the History of Education Society (HES) over the last decade, a wonderful thing to do by the way, since presidential addresses are an evocative and creative genre in our craft. Dazzlingly diverse in focus and content, those addresses have almost unvaryingly constructed ways to enlarge the reach of our field in ways that join it to the cause of social justice, civic reconstruction, school reform, a free press, and new modes of both conceiving and informing public policy. They constitute essays in social criticism as well as historical exploration.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2000 by the History of Education Society
References
1 Gordon, Linda Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston, 1880–1960 (New York: Viking Books, 1988); deMause, Lloyd “The Evolution of Childhood,” History of Childhood Quarterly I (1974):503–575; Garbarino, James J. “The Role of Economic Deprivation in the Social Context of Child Maltreatment, in Heifer, Mary Edna Kempe, Ruth S. and Krugman, Richard (eds.), The Battered Child, fifth ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 49–61; Petersen del Mar, David What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence Against Wives, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
2 Weis, Lois and Marusza, Julia “Living With Violence: White Working-Class Girls and Women Talk,“ in Books, Sue (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and in the School (Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1998), 23–47; Greven, Philip Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse (New York: Vintage Books, 1992); Schlossman, Steven L. Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of ‘Progressive’ Juvenile Justice, 1825–1920, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977).Google Scholar
3 Finkelstein, Barbara Governing the Young: Teacher Behavior in Popular Primary Schools in 19th Century United States, (London: Taylor and Francis, 1970–1989), 155–265; Greven, Spare the Child; Wollons, Roberta (ed.), Children at Risk in America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Books (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools. Google Scholar
4 Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Fine, Michelle and Weis, Lois The Unknown City: The Lives of Poor and Working Class Young Adults (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999).Google Scholar
5 Plotz, Judith “The Perpetual Messiah: Romanticism, Childhood, and the Paradoxes of Human Development,“ in Finkelstein, Barbara (ed.), Regulated Children/Liberated Children: Education in Psychohistorical Perspective (New York: The Psychohistory Press, 1979), 63–96; de Mause, “The Evolution of Childhood;” Ariés, Phillipe Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, Trans, Robert Baldick. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962).Google Scholar
6 Brace, Charles Loring The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them. (New York: Wynkoop and Hallenbeck, 1872); Finkelstein, Barbara “Casting Networks of Good Influence: The Reconstruction of Childhood in the United States, 1790–1870,” in Hawes, Joseph M. and Hiner, N. Ray (eds.), American Childhood: A Research Guide and Historical Handbook (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 111–153.Google Scholar
7 Schlossman, Love and the American Delinquent; Kett, Joseph J. Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790–1970 (New York: Basic Books, 1977); Finkelstein, Governing the Young; idem., “Casting Networks of Good Influence.”Google Scholar
8 de Mause, “The Evolution of Childhood;” Books (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools; Ascione, Frank R. and Arkov, Phil (eds.), Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse: Linking the Circles of Compassion for Prevention and Intervention (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1999); Jenkins, Philip Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
9 Weis, Lois and Marusza, Julia “Living with Violence: White Working-Class Girls and Women Talk,“ in Books (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools, 23–47; Korbin, Jill E. “Culture and Child Maltreatment,“ in Heifer, Kempe, and Krugman, (eds.), The Battered Child., 29–49.Google Scholar
10 Helfer, Kempe, and Krugman, (eds.), The Battered Child; Jenkins, Moral Panic; Petersen del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen. Google Scholar
11 Fine, and Weis, The Unknown City; Children's Defense Fund, The State of American Children (Washington, D.C.: The Children's Defense Fund, 1999); Huston, Aletha C. (ed.), Children In Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
12 Schlossman, Love and the American Delinquent, Kett, Rites of Passage; Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979); Crenson, Matthew A. Building the Invisible Orphanage: A Prehistory of the American Welfare System (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
13 Bellamy, Carol The State of the World's Children (New York: Published for UNICEF by Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
14 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence;“ Haubrich, Vernon F. and Apple, Michael W. Schooling and the Rights of Children (Berkeley: McCutchan Press, 1975); Ten Bensel, Robert W., Rheinberger, Marguerita M. and Radbill, Samuel X. “Children in a World of Violence: The Roots of Child Maltreatment,” in Heifer, Kempe, and Krugman, (eds.), The Battered Child, 3–29.Google Scholar
15 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence;“ Grubb, W. Norton and Lazerson, Marvin (eds.), Broken Promises: How Americans Have Betrayed Their Children (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).Google Scholar
16 Crenson, Building the Invisible Orphanage.Google Scholar
17 Schlossman, Love and the American Delinquent; Jenkins, Moral Panic. Google Scholar
18 Crenson, Moral Panic.Google Scholar
19 Raichle, Donald R. “The Abolition of Corporal Punishment in New Jersey Schools,“ in Hyman, James H. and Wise, Irwin A. (eds.), Corporal Punishment in American Education (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977), 3–22; Finkelstein, Governing the Young; Glenn, Myra C. “Corporal Punishment: The Need for a Historical Perspective,” History of Education Quarterly 23: I (Spring 1983): 91–97.Google Scholar
20 Hyman, and Wise, (eds.), Corporal Punishment in American Education; Hawes, Joseph M. (ed.), The Children's Rights Movement (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991); Vardin, P. A. and Brody, I. N. (eds.), Children's Rights: Contemporary Perspectives (New York: Teachers College Press, 1979). Finkelstein, Governing the Young, 155–265. idem., “Casting Networks of Good Influence.,” Books (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools; Jenkins, Moral Panic. Google Scholar
21 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence; idem., “Uncle Sam and the Children: History of Government Involvement in Childrearing,” in Hiner, N. Ray and Hawes, Joseph J. (eds.), Growing Up in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Haubrich and Apple, Schooling and the Rights of Children. Google Scholar
22 Greven, Spare the Child; deMause, “The Evolution of Childhood,” 503–575; Aries, Centuries of Childhood, Finkelstein, Barbara Mourad, Reem and Doner, Elysa E. “Where Have All the Children Gone? The Transformation of Children Into Dollars in Public Law 104–193,“ in Books, (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools,” 169–183.Google Scholar
23 Finkelstein, Barbara “Rescuing Civic Learning: Some Prescriptions for the 1990s,“ Theory Into Practice, XXVII (Autumn 1998): 250–256.Google Scholar
24 Wishy, Bernard The Child and the Republic: The Dawn of American Child Nurture, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968), 45–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Quoted in Greven, Spare the Child, 94.Google Scholar
26 Finkelstein, Governing the Young, 155–265; Hyman and Wise (eds.), Corporal Punishment in American Education. Google Scholar
27 Fontaine, Lamar My Life and Lectures (New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1908), 14–15.Google Scholar
28 Redfield, John Howard Recollections of John Howard Redfield (New York: Printed for the Author, 1900): 23.Google Scholar
29 Winn 1983, 96.Google Scholar
30 Trennert, Robert A. “Corporal Punishment and the Politics of Indian Reform,“ History of Education Quarterly, 29:4 (Winter 1989): 595–619.Google Scholar
31 Finkelstein, Governing the Young, 155–265; Raichle, “Abolition of Corporal Punishment in New Jersey Schools;” Glenn, “Corporal Punishment: The Need for A Historical Perspective;” idem., Campaigns Against Corporal Punishment: Prisoners, Sailors, Women, and Children in Ante-Bellum America (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1984).Google Scholar
32 Sullivan, William W. Reconstructing Public Philosophy. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981); Stanley, Manfred “The Mystery of the Commons: On the Indispensability of Civic Rhetoric,” Social Research, 50:4 (1980): 250–256; idem., “How to Think Anew About Civic Education,” Journal of Teacher Education XXXIV:6 (November-December 1983): 38–41; Finkelstein, Barbara “Rescuing Civic Learning: Some Prescriptions for the 1990s.” Nel Noddings, “Creating Rivals and Making Enemies,” Journal of Thought, 22:3 (Fall 1987): 23–32.Google Scholar
33 Brown, Richard Harvey Society as Text: Essays on Rhetoric, Reason and Reality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Stanley, “How To Think Anew About Civic Education;” Sullivan, Reconstructing Public Philosophy. Google Scholar
34 Grubb, and Lazerson, Broken Promises.Google Scholar
35 Quoted in Grubb, and Lazerson, Broken Promises, 38.Google Scholar
36 Ex parte Crouse, Volume 4, Pennsylvania, cited in Robert Bremner et. al. (eds.), Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938),Google Scholar
37 Grubb, and Lazerson, Broken Promises, 45.Google Scholar
38 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence;“ Grubb, and Lazerson, Broken Promises.Google Scholar
39 Finkelstein, Governing the Young, 155–265; idem., “Casting Networks of Good Influence;” Cuban, Larry How Teachers Taught: Constancy and Change in American Classrooms, 1890–1980 (New York: Teachers College Press, 1986).Google Scholar
40 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence.“Google Scholar
41 Lewis, Catherine Educating Hearts and Minds: Perspectives on Pre-schools and Elementary Education (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
42 Grubb, and Lazerson, Broken Promises; Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence;” idem., Governing the Young, 155–265; idem., “Uncle Sam and the Children;” Michel, Sonya Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights: The Shaping of America's Child Care Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Huston (ed.), Children in Poverty; Books (ed.), Invisible Children in the Society and Its Schools. Google Scholar
43 Michel, Children's Interests/Mother's Rights.Google Scholar
44 Ibid, 72.Google Scholar
45 Ibid, 73.Google Scholar
46 This vision originated, as historians Linda Kerber and Mary Beth Norton have suggested, in the wake of the Revolutionary War with the invention of an ideal of Republican Motherhood. See Kerber, Linda K. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Norton, Mary Beth Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1980).Google Scholar
47 Crenson, Rebuilding the Invisible Orphanage.Google Scholar
48 Kett, Rites of Passage; Schlossman, Love and the American Delinquent. Google Scholar
49 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence;“ Michel, Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights, 67.Google Scholar
50 Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Michel, Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights; Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence;” Finklestein, Mourad, and Doner, “Where Have All the Children Gone?;“ Grubb and Lazerson, Broken Promises. Google Scholar
51 Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives.Google Scholar
52 Ibid; Finklestein, Mourad, and Doner, “Where Have All the Children Gone?,” 169–183; Huston (ed.), Children in Poverty; Michel, Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights. Google Scholar
53 Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Michel, Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights; Grubb and Lazerson, Broken Promises. Google Scholar
54 Children's Defense Fund, The State of American Children (Washington, D.C.: The Children's Defense Fund, 1993–1999); Hyman, and Wise, (eds.), Corporal Punishment in American Education; Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives; Giroux, Henry Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life: Critical Pedagogy in the Modern Age (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Jenkins, Moral Panic; Michel, Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights. Google Scholar
55 Finkelstein, “Casting Networks of Good Influence“.Google Scholar
56 Michel, Children's Interest/Mothers’ Rights; Grubb and Lazerson, Broken Promises. Google Scholar
57 William Jefferson Clinton Remarks at the Signing of the Welfare Reform Bill, (Washington D.C., August 22, 1996).Google Scholar
58 ibid. Google Scholar
59 Mikulski, Barbara B. Congressional Record, 25 July 1996.Google Scholar
60 Finkelstein, Mourad, and Doner, “Where Have All the Children Gone?“Google Scholar
61 Chomsky, Noam “A Dialogue with Noam Chomsky,“ Harvard Educational Review, 65:2 (1995): 127–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62 Hewlitt, Sylvia Ann and West, Cornel The War Against Parents: What We Can Do For America's Beleaguered Moms and Dads (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), xiii.Google Scholar
- 6
- Cited by