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The Swiss and Swabian Agencies, 1795–1801*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2010

Elizabeth Sparrow
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Abstract

This article continues an examination of the British government's counter-revolutionary organization begun in ‘The Alien Office 1792-1806’, The Historical Journal, XXXIII (1990), which outlined the department's functions and secret service policy. The Swiss and Swabian agencies were one aspect of British foreign secret service; they linked the French princes' secret agents to the British government under the central European control of William Wickham, ambassador in Berne 1794–7, and military and diplomatic subsidiaries. Anti-republican secret committees were set up covering all France, Switzerland, northern Italy and southern Germany, which included members from every grade of society. French republican generals, even Ministers were swayed, allowing infiltration of the French secret police. British control was however limited to the finesse of finance – bribery was implicit. By never offering enough to the leaders and too much to assistants, initial constitutional intentions slid into subversion and assassination. The first complete andfully documented description is included of how, why, and by whom, the French deputies were assassinated at Rastadt.

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Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 35 , Issue 4 , December 1992 , pp. 861 - 884
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

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References

1 Harvey Mitchell recognized that the counter-revolution had ‘never been given serious consideration’ but, although making the connection with G.B. government, did not see the agency as formal policy; nor, due to working from limited sources, was Mitchell able to recognize the scope of the agencies' work, either with Pichegru prior to 1797 – with the Swiss – or in Paris 1798-9. He makes no reference at all to the assassinations at Rastadt, (The underground war against revolutionary France: William Wickham's missions 1794-1800, Oxford, 1965)Google Scholar. Mitchell, Neither nor Fryer, W. R. (Republic or rtstoratiom in Front? 1794-1797, Manchester, 1965)Google Scholar distinguished between the Swiss/Swabian agencies and other agents, leaving the whole issue without apparent order. John Ehrman touches on Wickham's continental missions, without direct reference to the agencies (The Younger Pitt, 2 vols., London, 1969 and 1983)Google Scholar.

2 Talbot MSS at the Bodleian Library (1987). I have also used continental sources frequently neglected by English historians.

3 See Ehrman's discussion of government relations with the princes, French in The younger Pitt: the reluctant transition (London, 1983), pp. 302-3, 309-13, 371-3, 581-3Google Scholar.

4 Mounier to Grenville 16 Oct. 1793 & Grenville to Mounier 3 Dec. 1793, British Library (B.L.), Add. MSS 59055, fos. 83 & 96. Public Record Office (P.R.O.), W.O. 1/177, fos. 285-96 & F.O. 95/3/3, fo. 315.

5 Wickham, to Grenville, ‘Crassier sur Suissc’ 10 12 1794Google Scholar, P.R.O., F.O. 74/4.

6 Letters and papas of the earl of Macartney appointed to proceed to Verona on a private mission It His Most Christian Majesty, P.R.O., F.O. 27/45.

7 Ibid. & Macartney to Grenville, 23 Aug. 1795 & Grcnville to Macartney 17 Nov. 1795: B.L. Add. MSS 59056, fos. 76-8. Ehrman, , Pitt: the reluctant transition, pp. 581–4Google Scholar.

8 Mémoirc: Imbert-Colomés to Frederick William of Prussia, 21 Jan. 1804: ‘Mr Wickham and the agents of Louis XVIII [were] English agents, however…an agent is one who has power to Act. But M. de Précy and others held their authority only from their King, and that the so called agents were ordered to present their plans to the English Minister is proof that they had no power from his government. I was authorized the 25 Feb. 1796 by Louis XVIII to borrow a sum of 400, 000 livres…jointly with the Cte de Précy. The English Minister offered… the sums pour It compte du roi. The British government became the lender and has continued to advance sums… according to need. Thus the Agency was really paid by the monarch with these funds’. Uncatalogued papers on arrest of 6 members of ‘Comitfé Bareuth’, Staats Archiv, Bamberg. 6, fo. 49, 15 fo. 4.

9 ‘Le Roi donne pouvoir à MM Précy et Imbert Colomés de parler et d'agir en Son Nom en tout ce qui concement le Retablissement de la Monarchic….’, (copy) Comié de Bareuth, Staats Archiv, Bamberg, 15, fo. 1.

10 Archives Nationales (A.N.), F76288, Dos. 5883.

11 Dandré and Robin's negotiations are found in P.R.O., W.O. 1/177 fos. 281-a & 285-96, FO. 95/3/3, fo. 315, H.O. 1/2 5Jan. 1794.

11 Mallet du Pan to Wickham, 27 June 1795, (To Citoyen Keuler signed G.Nicolas), Hampshire Record Office (H.R.O.), 38M49/1/79/6. Francois d'lvcrnois 30 Nov. 1795 ‘M. Dandrt appears the most capable to direct the party’, Add. MSS 59035, fo. 52.

13 Dandrt to Louis, H.R.O. 38M49/1767/3.

14 B.L., Add. MSS 59279, fos. 63 & 65-7.

15 22 May 1795, Most Secret (unsigned). P.R.O., F.O. 29/5.

16 Craufurd to Wickham 30 June 1795 ‘The Prince of Condé…begs you will try to get permission for these Officers’ [listed] ‘to remain in Switzerland on the recruiting service. Cachés of course’. H.R.O. 38M49/1/59/6-7.

17 ‘Letters and papers from Mr Robert Craufurd appointed to act on the special mission with Colonel Craufurd…’ P.R.O., F.O. 29/16. George Hammond's memorandum on Lieut. Col. [Robert] Craufurd's request for expenses for 1799. [Craufurd] ‘was not to have any fixed salary but that his expenses would be paid as…on a former occasion with respect to his Brother and himself in Germany in the years 1795, 96 and ‘97’. P.R.O., F.O. 95/8/13, fos. 824 & 829.

18 H.R.O. 38M49/1/59/1.

19 The consul secret de Berne'a order making the commandant of the cordon responsible for passports at the French frontier, effectively gave Wickham control over their issue. Paul Cavin, Jean L' Emigration françaisedans le days de Vaud an début de la révolution (1789-1793) a˚ apriés les actes et manuaux du conseil secret de Berne. Unpublished thesis, Lausanne 1971Google Scholar; Archives de Ville, Lausanne (A. de V.L.) fos. 16-17.

20 ‘Liste des Messieurs les Etrangen qui demeurent à Lausanne’, D. 480, Apr. 1796, A. de V. L. Dandré to Le Clerc dc Noisy June 1796: ‘Capitaine de Cavalerie au Service de S.M. Brittanique, Berne’. H.R.O. 38M49/1 /6j/11. Sparrow, Elizabeth, ‘The Alien Office 1792-1806’, The Historical Journal, XXXIII, 2 (1990), 372–3Google Scholar.

21 ‘Diary orJames Talbot's Journey to Paris with Lord Malmesbury 15 Oct. 1796-13 Jan. 1797’, Bodleian Library (Bod.L), Talbot MSS e.2, fo. 1 & b.20, fos. 5-19, 18-25.

22 Benjamin and Alexis Dubrez and Abraham Duplex in ‘Livre pour inscrire les noms des personnes qui demandent des passcporu’, A. de V.L. D. 489. 'Mr Romain Babouin (sic) à Lausanne depuis Dec. 93. ‘D. 480, ‘tolere’ par LL.EE. 4 années 31 Aug, 1795. Recus habitant par le 60 le 14 Mara 1796. listes des Emigre's dans la Ville de Lausanne’, A. de V.L. list 2. 1 Jan. 1797, D. 481.

23 H.R.O. 38M49/1/10/1-35.

24 Canning to Wickham Aug. 26 1796, H.R.O. 38M49/1/4/1 & Charles Broughton, ‘Agent to the Foreign Ministers’, to Wickham 23 Nov. 1796, 38M49/1/2/5.

25 Dcspommcllcs to Wickham 19 juin 1797, H.R.O. 38M49/1/73/1. Jacques Codcchot wrote that: ‘Despomelles, who managed to escape after 13 Vendémiaire disappeared leaving no trace‘, Counter-revolution doctrine and action (London, 1972), p. 187Google Scholar.

26 Dugon, Le marquis Henri, Au service du rot en exit. Episodes de la contre-révolution & aprés lejournal et la correspondence du president de Veiet (Paris, 1968)Google Scholar. Nowhere in contemporary royalist papers is Jésu given a final s.

27 General Pichegru to Colonel Rolland {sic) from Armée du Nord 27 Feb. 1794. This letter was not only sent to Wickham but preserved by him with Fauche-Borel's correspondence, H.R.O. 38M49/1/76/1.

28 Fauche-Borel to Condé 22 Aout 1795 is the first preserved, Condé Archives (C.A.) Chateau de Chantilly, Z/xxxin/i. Wickham kept no Fauche-Borel correspondence prior to 13 Oct. 1795, H.R.O. 38M49/1/76/3. F-B stated that Montgaillard was a traitor communicating with ‘secret agents of the Directory from the end of 1795’, Fauche-Borel, , Notices sur les généraux Pichegru et Moreau (London, 1807), pp. 24 & 144Google Scholar. Drake was convinced [correctly] that Pichegru's betrayal came from Verona, H.R.O. 38M49/1/10/37-8.

29 Schneider to Condé (undated):‘…Baptiste [Pichegru] has authorised me as his go-between with the Austrian generals’, C.A. Z/xxxiv/II. Baron [General] de Klinglin to Condé from Rastadt 22 Jan. 1796: ‘I will have an interview with Poincinet [Pichegru] after tomorrow, …’ C.A. Z/xxxiv/17.

30 Demongé [Furet] to Diogene [Baronne de Reich] 18 Mars 1796. ‘My interview with Poincinette [Pichegru] did not take place until yesterday evening, … Baptiste [Pichegrul's journey… tomorrow. He… will write to me from Paris’, C.A. Z/LXXin/69. De Monge [Furet] to Persé [Klinglin] 27 Mars 1796. ‘Lajolais has been dismissed, he has left for Paris. The cavalry of the Army of the Rhine retire to the rear…, concerted between Poincinet [Pichegru] and Desaix whom we call ‘Le Frere’, rumour says that we shall retire also… if Poincinette leaves the army Moreau will replace him, this man is a great friend of Pichegru, without whose counsel he will do nothing, as le frere also’, C.A. Z/LXxm/76.

31 Wickham to Drake 21 July 1796. ‘This extraordinary man’ [Pichegru], ‘is caressed and feasted and almost adored by the Inhabitants of Franche-Comté…He laughs at the Directory and says they are incapable of hurting him…they have not the courage’, H.R.O. 38M49/1/10/36, p. 2.

32 Louis to Wickham, undated but enclosed in Wickham's to Pichegru 13 June 1796: ‘The circumstances which have upset the grand plan that Baptiste had formed, far from diminishing my just confidence in him have only augmented it if that is possible’, H.R.O. 38M49/1/83/2. Published Fauche-Borel, , Mémoires, II, 37–8Google Scholar.

33 George Ellis to George Canning, 6 Aug. 1797, Canning MSS courtesy of Earl of Harewood, Leeds District Archive.

34 Tulard, Jean, Napoléon (Paris, 1977), pp. 85–6Google Scholar. D'Avaray to d'Antraigues a8 Sept. 1797, Archives de Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Paris (A. des A.E.). Me'moires et documents, France (M.D.F.), 592-3.

35 ‘Pièces trouvdes à Vcnise dans le portefeuille de d'Entraigues, (sic) portant en tete une conversation avec M. le comte de Montgaillard, le 4 Decembre 1796, à six heures aprés midi jusqu'à minuit’, Proés Verbal de la Seance permanent du Conseil dts Cinq Cents Des 18, ig, so, 21, 32, et 23 Fnutidor an Cinquieme de la République Française. I., Bibliothéqus Historique de la Révolution. B.L., F. 1265. D'Antraigues papers, H.R.O. 38M49/1/75. D'Antraigues’ explanation (printed) that ‘he did not know the Comte de Montgaillard’. A. des A.E., M.D.F. 592, fos. 83-5.

36 Vezet to La Marre [undated but Oct 1796] A. des A.E., M.D.F. 591, fo. 331. Fauche-Borel, Menwires, III, p. 23.

37 Bod. L. Talbot MSS, b.25, fo. 5. Abbé Brottier to d'Antraigues [undated Oct. 1797], A. des A.E., M.D.F. 592, fos. 118, 166.

38 B.L., Add. MSS, 59066.

39 A. dcs A.E., M.D.F. 592, lbs. 148-50.

40 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.14, fos. 19-22. Victor Roland ‘Capitaine au Service dc S.M.B.’ to Talbot, Romain-Motiers 6 Dec. 1797: Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.21, fos. 100-1.

41 Hall, , General Pichegru's treason, pp. 160–1Google Scholar. Talbot to Grenville 7 Nov. 1797, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.i 4, fos. 19-22.

42 Talbot to Grenville 13 Dec. 1797, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.14, fos. 60-1.

43 Wickham paid Vauvilliers 50 louis d'ors and 13 louis per month back dated to 1 Oct. 1797. Talbot to write to him as ‘Mr Francois de Vaud c/o Louis Fauche-Borel’, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.a 1, fo. 27.

44 Wickham's instructions for Talbot 27 Nov. 1797. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.21, fos. 71-5.

45 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.14, fo- 29.

46 Bod L. Talbot MSS, c.14, fos. 58-60.

47 Undated unsigned [but in Dandré's hand Nov.-Dec. 1797], Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.14, fo. 81.

48 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.14, fos. 60-1.

49 Talbot to Grenville 18 Nov. 1797 (de-cyphered copy), B.L. Add. MSS, 59011, fos. 129-37, Talbot's copy, Bod.L. c.14, fos- 39-41.

50 Talbot to Brooke Taylor 24 Nov. 1797. ‘The letter which I wrote to Lord G. by the last post contained a very violent project of mine… I can assure you I mangled it very much in returning t i to Cypher to make it as short as possible. It is however of great consequence and I console myself… that if I have been guilty of a folly in the warmth of my zeal that I am in the hands of a person who will not expose me’, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.ia, fos. 70-1.

51 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c. 14, fos. 93-6, 97-9, & agreement with General Georges, Talbot MSS, b.28, fos. 148-50.

52 Talbot to Dandrt 26 Jan. 1798 (Draft). Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.22, fo. 15. Wickham to d'Avaray 19 Jan. A. des A.E., M.D.F. 594, fo. 26.

53 La Marre to Vezet dated [?] 18 Jan., Dugon, , Au service du roi, pp. 168 & 172Google Scholar.

54 Ibid. p. 172.

55 Wickham to Grcnville 29 Jan. 1798, P.R.O., F.O. 74/22.

56 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 6-9.

57 P.R.O., F.O. 74/22, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 10-11.

58 PRO., F.O. 74/22, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 12-15.

59 Talbot to Canning 13 March 1798, P.R.O., F.O. 74/22. Talbot to William Mackintosh 22 April 1798:‘…there arc not above three persons in the Kingdom, not even at the Office, who are acquainted with my destination’, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.22, fo. 79.

60 PRO., H.O. 74/22.

61 Ibid. & Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fo. 18.

62 Ibid.

63 Dugon, , Au service du roi 171Google Scholar.

64 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.23, fo. 8.

65 Dugon, , Au service du roi 183Google Scholar.

66 P.R.O., F.O. 74/22.

67 Bod.L. TaJbot MSS, b.23, Cos. 19-20.

68 Dandré to d'Avaray 27 May 1798, A. dcs A.E., M.D.F. 594, fo. 252.

69 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.23, f°s. 69–70 & abbreviated copy in P.R.O., F.O. 74/22.

70 Ibid.

71 Talbot to Canning, 5 Aug. 1798: ‘These letters will be written in white ink composed of a solution of galls, and the proper names in the cipher sent to London by Mr Dandrl beginning with the number 415’, P.R.O. 74/22.

72 Ibid.

73 Ibid.

74 Ibid. Moncey was inspector general of the Paris gendarmerie.

76 Ibid.

77 Memoires de Ferdinand de Roverea. Ecrits par lui-memt et publeés par C. de Tavel ancien avoyer de Bernt (Berne, Zurich & Paris, 1848), II, 56Google Scholar.

77 ‘This term became generic in modern revolutionary vocabulary to describe an ensemble of clandestine operations, designed to observe and direct the public spirit, … and to be informed of the means and resources of a country to use them for a certain object’: Rovéréa, De, Mémoires, II, 422Google Scholar.

78 Ibid. 1, 346. ‘M. de Rovera's {sic) Plan of Operations for Switzerland’ (undated), Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.23, fos. 1-2. & Talbot to Grenville 7 Nov. 1797, Talbot MSS, c.14, fo. 22.

79 Roverea, De, Mémoires, 1, 346Google Scholar.

80 Ibid. pp. 377-80. Dandré to Talbot 17 May 1798. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.22, fo.120. Sir Morton Eden to Grenville 13 June, had ‘engaged Prince Frederic of Orange to represent to M. Thuget (sic) the importance and necessity of the occupation of the Grisons by Imperial Troops’. On 23 June Eden enclosed two notes ‘presented to this government by the Advoyer Steigeur and M. Roverea’, B.L., Add. MSS, 59011, fo. 63.

81 Rovéréa, De, Méoires, I, 381 & 399–400Google Scholar.

82 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.23, fos. 18, 21-2.

83 Talbot to Canning. 1 Aug. 1798, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 140-5. Hotze's Note of 1 Aug. in P.R.O., F.O. 74/22.

84 Dandré to Talbot 11 Aug. 1798, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.23, fos 107-8. Talbot to Canning 28 Sept. 1798: ‘My idea in suggesting a Committee…came from observing that some of the persons surrounding General Hotze were not very scrupulous in money matters’, Talbot MSS, c.i 5 fo. 177. Only Rovéréa names the members of ‘this scabreuse enterprise’, Ménoires, 1, 424.

85 ‘…this sum is to be issued to General Hotze himself as C. in C. of the Swiss Army; …to be accounted for from time to time by him to a British commissary appointed for that purpose. You will not fail to let him know that you consider his honour as pledged that the money shall not be applied to any operation or directed to any other purpose than an effort to free Switzerland from the Yoke of the French Directory…’, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos 159-60.

86 Eden to Grenville. 1 Sept. 1798, B.L., Add. MSS, 59110 fo. 71. Talbot to Canning 20 Oct. 1798: A body of Imperial troops… on the march… General Hotze, [intends] to place himself at the head of these troops, and collecting at the same time all the well disposed Grisons, to attack the French wherever he shall find them. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 187-8. Sir Morton Eden to Grenville 24 & 27 Oct. 1798, B.L., Add. MSS, 59110, fos. 74-5. Talbot to Canning 23 Oct. 1798, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 191 -2.

87 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 187-8, 191-2, B.L., Add. MSS, 59110, fo. 74.

88 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.22, fos. 128-9.

89 Rovéréa, De, M!emoires, II, 59Google Scholar.

90 De Rovérés Account for ‘Travail de Suissc…dés 16 Xbre 1798 au 28 fevrier 1799’ (signed Manuini). Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.28, fos. 75-6.

91 P. R. O., F.O.95/8/13, fo. 801., B.L., Add.MSS, 59110, fo. 71.

92 Rovéréa, De, Mémoires, II, 58Google Scholar. Talbot's cryptic despatch of 16 Dec.: ‘I have ventured to make some preparatory arrangements with regard to Switzerland’, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, c.15, fos. 213-23.

93 Talbot to Hotze 7 Jan. 1799, & Talbot to Rovéréa, undated ‘…assuming that the General has received official instructions from Vienna on the formation of a Swiss corps as he knows perfectly well that the British government will do nothing without the consent of S.M. Imperial’, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.28, fo. 20. & fo. 38.

94 Ratification of the treaty of Campo Formio was to include: granting the left bank of the Rhine to France; arranging compensation for dispossessed German princes, and deciding the future of the prince bishoprics.

95 Memorandum La Paix Impossible Paris 21 Dec. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.26, fos. 146-53. Copies in B.L., Add MSS, Dropmore & in P.R.O., F.O. 95/6/4, fos. 927-46, M. Ponsard (signed Mousseux), 22 Dec. 1798 (unaddressed), fos. 154-7 & unsigned report, Paris 21 Dec. b.26, fos.

96 Canning's Memo. H.R.O. 38M49/1/4/2 Published Wickham's Correspondence 2 p. 81. & Canning to Grenville 9 Dec. 1798. 38M49/1/4/4.

97 Tolstoy, Count Nikolai, The half-mad lord. Thomas Pitt 2nd baron Camelford (London, 1978), pp. 72–9Google Scholar. Camelford, Lord ‘…was…to repair to Paris, and in the midst of their capital to attack the rulers…’, Wilson, G. H.The eccentric mirror, 4 (London, 1807), No. 31, 2–30Google Scholar.

98 Grenville to Talbot 25 Jan. 1799, P.R.O., 74/23.

99 Canning to Talbot 25 Jan. 1799, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fos. 14-15.

100 Talbot to Canning 15 Feb. 1799, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fo. 33.

101 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fos. 54-7 (No. 3). & precis copy P.R.O., F.O. 74/23.

102 George Hammond to Grenville. 10 Mar. 1799, B.L., Add MSS, 69076. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fos. 58-61 (no. 4). When repaying some of this money on 22 Apr. Talbot noted: ‘Your Lordship will understand my reasons for endorsing these Bills to Mr Brooke Taylor’, Talbot MSS, b.27, fos 86-7.

103 Aubert 10 Dandnf 13/14 Feb. 1799, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.29, fos. 47-9.

104 Talbot also credited £16, 000 of the disapproved £34, 000 as having been ‘fully employed in Switzerland’ and a further ‘£12, 000 for the same purpose’. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fo. 82. Talbot to Grenville 28 May P.R.O. F.O. 74/23.

105 Talbot MSS, b.27, fo 83.

106 Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.28, fo. 59. De Rovéréa luted detachments of Swiss émigrés countersigned by Hotze. Talbot MSS, b.28, fos. 22-36.

107 Talbot to Craufurd. 15 June 1799, Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fo s 102-5.

108 Vezet to d'Avaray, 16 June 1799, A. des A.E., M.D.F. 595 fo. 265. Talbot to Grenville 2 1799, ibid. fo. 94.

109 Craufurd to Grenville Lindau, 4 May 1799, P.R.O., F.O. 74/26.

110 Grenville to and from Archduke Charles Junc-Aug. 1799, B.L., Add MSS, 59066. Wickham to Hotze 26 July 1799, H.R.O. 38M49/1/78/6. Wickham to Hotze 14 Sept. 1799: ‘It is with distress that I am forced to send you the enclosed letter’ [missing], 38M49/1/78/11. William Barrett [Private Sec.] to Lord Camelford 5 Oct. 1799: ‘General Hotze and Colonel Plunkett having walked out to the Avant Poste early in the morning of the attack before Zurich [25 Sept.]…they both fell. B.L. Add. MSS, 59498.

111 Piéces officielles corucrnant l'assassinat commis sur Us minislrts français au congrés de paix à Rastadt, le 9 Floreal an Vll, B.L., Bibliothéque historique de la révolution F.1266 (I)-(g).

112 Hotze to Talbot 12 April 1799: ‘I included de Wyss, Burkhardt and Gugger in the accounting of the military Branch’. Bod I. Talbot MSS, b.28, To.106. Basle oral tradition still [1990] credits a belief that Burkhardt was forbidden to live in the town after 1799.

113 Talbot to Grenville 23 Oct. 1799 ‘…my departure for Sweden being so long diferred (sic) it rests with your Lordship whether… to prolong my stay in England’. Bod.L. Talbot MSS, b.27, fos. 118-19.

114 Ibid. fos. 104-5.

115 Wickham to George Rose. 8 Oct. 1800, H.R.O. 38X149/8/11/20. Rose to Ramsay and Rose to E. H. Woodford 17 Oct., 1800, directing that while copies of the accounts could be sent t o the War Office, ‘Mr Booth, the Commissary must pass them first’, 38M49/8/11/23-4. Wm. Walter, Audit Office, to George Hammond 10 Oct. 1809. ‘As it appears in the Examination of the Account of Lieut. Colonel Robert Craufurd for his Disbursements… on Account of the Swiss Corps…[for] 1799, 1800 and 1801 that the sum of 101, 750 florins was paid into the General Treasury of the Swiss Corps on Account of Mr Talbot, …for… the months of March and April 1799, which… are transmitted to this office together with the Account of Lieut. Col. Craufurd…’. [Has] ‘Mr Talbot delivered any Account… whereby it may be ascertained whether the sum left…corresponds with the above mentioned Sum of 101, 750 florins’, P.R.O., F.O. 95/8/13 fo. 836.

116 H.R.O. 38M49/3/18/3, 44.

117 H.R.O. 38M49/1/126/23.

118 H.R.O. 39M49/1/126/1.

119 Ibid. & 39M49/3/i8/2.

120 H.R.O. 38M49/1/127/36, & 38M49/1/128/8.

121 In C. W. Flint's to John King: alien office 13 July 1799: ‘Je ne suis Patriote ni Républumn enragé. Je suis français et je desire contribuer en autant quil me soit possible, ax rétablissement et au bonhear de mon pays; et suivre la cause des honnîtes gens qui est celle de votre government aussi bien que celle des attiés’ H.R.O. 38M49/1/130/2 & 3.

122 Baboin's ‘Secret Account’ credited Willot (code name Menard) with 20, 788 Louis per month in April/May 1801 and Pichegru (Major Perroud), with an allowance of 200 Louis per month. H.R.O. 38M49/3/18/68, p. 4.

123 Staats Archiv, Bambcrg, 9 Perrin de Pricy, fo. 71.

124 Papiers sasis à Bareuth et à Mende, B.L., French revolutionary collections, F.1222. A.N., FT6288 & 6389. ‘Orders for the arrest of those persons at Bareuth (sic) plotting a revolt in France’, dated 30 June 1801. List of those arrested, dated 8 July 1801: ‘I. De la Chapellc fils, sous le nom de Grunbaum. II. Perrin de Precy, ci-devant commandant a Lyon. III. Imbert-Colome's appelll Durand et Joseph Petit. IV. Charles, Chevalier Perrin de Précy. V. Dc la Varennc ci-devant commandant a Metz. VI. St Felix appelle Thurot, Kauftmann, et Schoivans’. ‘Comité de Bareuth’ I 1-2. Staats Archiv. Bamberg.

125 Roider, Karl Jr, Baron Thought and Austria's response tothe French revolution (Princeton, 1987), PP. 197-9. 304Google Scholar.