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SWEDISH COUNTERINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS AGAINST BRITISH ECONOMIC WARFARE IN SCANDINAVIA, 1939–1940
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 August 2020
Abstract
This article examines the Swedish security establishment's counterintelligence measures directed against British preparations for economic warfare in Scandinavia in 1939–40. Although Stockholm was an intense spying location, there exists a gap in the historiography concerning the topic. At the beginning of the war, the British government regarded economic warfare as an efficient tool for shaking the foundations of the German war economy. Economic warfare included blockades, sabotage, psychological warfare, and diplomatic threats. The present study explores Swedish operations against George Binney, who worked for the British government in war-trade-related issues. The article shows that the Swedish security service had difficulties in obtaining intelligence on Binney because of the reliance on casual informants, whose information was imprecise and sometimes misleading. The British succeeded in uncovering some of the Swedish counterintelligence tactics and this led to problems in capturing significant information, for example, via communication monitoring. The Swedish archival sources have added considerable new empirical details regarding British preparations for blockade running in July 1940. The study also shows that British officials operated on very dangerous ground, as some of the individuals they worked with were enemy agents or in a position to forward information in several different directions.
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Footnotes
I would like to thank the anonymous referees, Tapio Enberg for discussions on HUMINT, and Bernard Porter for reading and commenting on an earlier version of the article.
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51 Extract from Ä.D. II–180/39; P. M., Stockholm, 20 Apr. 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, P 543.
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53 ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av britt. medb. mrs Margaretha Hook’, Stockholm, 10 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. ang. skuggning av mrs Margaretha Hook’, Stockholm, 11 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. angående Margareta Hook’, Stockholm, 13 Jan. 1940, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.
54 ‘P. M. ang Binney’ (‘Memorandum regarding Binney’), Stockholm, 27 Apr. 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.
55 ‘P. M. ang. George Binney’ (‘Memorandum regarding Binney’), Stockholm, 23 Jan. 1940; ‘P.M. angående övervakningen av Binney’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Binney’), Stockholm, 3 June 1940; ‘P. M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of English citizen Binney, Strand Hotel’), Stockholm, 5 June 1940; ‘P. M. angående övervakningen av Binney onsadagen den 5 juni 1940’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Binney on Wednesday 5 June 1940’), Stockholm, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.
56 ‘P. M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’, Stockholm, 5 June 1940; ‘P. M. angående övervakningen av Binney onsadagen den 5 juni 1940’, Stockholm, both in RA, SÄPO, P 543. The security service file refers to ‘Rolf Nordling’. This is a mistake: Rolf Nordling was Raoul Nordling's brother who worked as a banker in Paris, but did not (as far as I am aware) act as the Swedish consul general in Paris. See Marshall, J., ‘Jean Laurent and the Bank of Indochina circle: business networks, intelligence operations and political intrigues in wartime France’, Journal of Intelligence History, 8 (2008), pp. 43–74, at pp. 68–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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60 See ‘Note for Mr. Charles Hambro’, Stockholm, 14 Oct. 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/3; Lindahl & Collin AB to Ministry of Supply, London, through George Binney, Gothenburg, 28 Dec. 1940, CAC, BINN, 1/4.
61 For details of the network, see Marshall, ‘Jean Laurent’, pp. 59–65.
62 Marshall, ‘Jean Laurent’, pp. 59–61 and n. 75.
63 ‘P. M. ang. George Binney’, Stockholm, 23 Jan. 1940; ‘P. M. angående övervakningen av Binney’, Stockholm, 3 June 1940, ‘P.M. ang. övervakningen av eng. medb. Binney, Strand hotell’, Stockholm, 5 June 1940; ‘P.M. angående övervakningen av Binney onsadagen den 5 juni 1940’, Stockholm, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.
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66 ‘P. M. ang. Axel Folke Westerberg, Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’ (‘Memorandum regarding Axel Folke Westerberg’), 7 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543.
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68 Binney to H. Sten, Stockholm, 24 Jan. 1940; Binney to O. Nylander, Stockholm, 4 Apr. 1940, both in CAC, BINN, 1/1.
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71 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, pp. 28–38, citations on pp. 27, 34, and 35.
72 ‘P. M. ang. Axel Folke Westerberg, Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’, 7 May 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 543. According to Jonasson and Olsson, Rickmanligan, p. 16, the visit took place in May 1938.
73 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 38.
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77 Ibid.
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81 See, for example, Barker, Blockade busters, pp. 11, 19, 35, 75, 80, 145–6, 150–1; and Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, pp. 33, 72, 79–81, 86, 89.
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87 Barker, Blockade busters, pp. 30–1.
88 Cruickshank, SOE in Scandinavia, p. 72.
89 I have not been able to find a reference to ‘Captain Fuchs’ or to the Lahti in ‘Notebooks. Barker's notes on the Blockade Busters’, CAC, BINN, 5/8.
90 ‘P. M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’ (‘Memorandum regarding Finnish steamship Lahti from Helsinki’), 17 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg. This memorandum does not give any indication that Johan Aholainen was operating under a pseudonym, such as ‘Captain Fuchs’.
91 ‘P. M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’, 17 July 1940; ‘P. M. angående omständigheterna före och vid tyska uppbringandet av ångaren Lahti, rederi Laiva Oy, Lahti, Helsingfors’ (‘Memorandum regarding the circumstances before and during the German capture of the steamer Lahti, shipping company Laiva Oy, Lahti, Helskini’), 11 Oct. 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.
92 ‘Avlyssning av Ulla Bergström’ (‘Eavesdropping by Ulla Bergström’), 4 July 1940; ‘P. M. av krim. ök. Persson’ (‘Memorandum by Criminal Chief Constable Persson’), Göteborg, 4 July 1940, both in RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.
93 ‘P. M. av krim. ök. Persson’, Göteborg, 4 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg; ‘P.M. ang. avlyssnat telefonsamtal mellan en okänd man och Tyska leg. rörande en finsk båt i Göteborg’ (‘Memorandum regarding intercepted telephone conversation between an unknown man and a German legation concerning a Finnish boat in Gothenburg’), 5 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg, emphasis in original; ‘P.M. angående finska ångfartyget Lahti från Helsingfors’, Gothenburg, 17 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.
94 Promemoria (Memorandum), 17 July 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.
95 ‘P. M. ang. övervakning av kapten Torsten Fock den 3 Juli 1940’ (‘Memorandum regarding surveillance of Captain Torsten Fock on 3 July 1940’), RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.
96 ‘Protokoll, hållet vid förhör å kriminalavdelnings station den 5 juli 1940 med finske medborgaren, sjökaptenen Torsten Fock’ (‘Minutes, kept at an interrogation at the Criminal Department's station on 5 July 1940 with the Finnish citizen, sea captain Torsten Fock’); ‘Fortsättning å förhöret (med Fock) den 9 juli 1940’ (‘Continuation of the interrogation (with Fock) on 9 July 1940’), both RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.
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99 Nils Trägårdh to B. G. V. Sandell, Gothenburg, 7 Oct. 1940, RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.
100 ‘Final report on Ahlrichs’.
101 Trägårdh to Sandell, Gothenburg, 7 Oct. 1940, RA, SÄPO, P 1223/1.
102 See Churchill to Hastings Ismay, London, 14 May 1940, Churchill Archive, 20/17/16, http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F17%2F16#image=0.
103 ‘Final report on Ahlrichs’.
104 Olsson, ‘Beyond diplomacy’, pp. 339–40, 343–4. See also Flyghed, Rättsstat i kris, pp. 322–39.
105 ‘P. M. ang. Torsten Fock betr. telfonsamtal till tyska leg. d. 4/7 kl. 11.18’ (‘Memorandum regarding Torsten Fock concerning a telephone call made to the German legation on 4 July at 11.18’), RA, SÄPO, XXVIII Finska fartyg.
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108 ‘P. M. till Ö.k. Fahlander’ (‘Memorandum to Chief Constable Fahlander’), Stockholm, 16 Dec. 1940; E. Scheel to C. Isaksson, Malmö, 5 Feb. 1941; ‘P. M. till ö.k. Fahlander ang. Binney’ (‘Memorandum to Chief Constable Fahlander regarding Binney’), Stockholm, 1 Feb. 1941, all in RA, SÄPO, P 543.
109 Agrell, ‘Sweden’, p. 637.
110 N. A. M. Rodger, ‘Skilled in the tactics of 1870’, London Review of Books, 42 (Feb. 2020).
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