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The Scottish aristocracy, anglicization and the Court, 1603–38

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Keith M. Brown
Keith M. Brown
Affiliation:
University of Stirling
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Abstract

This article seeks to analyse the extent to which the Scottish aristocracy was anglicized in the years between the union of the crowns and the national covenant. The question is one which has a bearing upon the origins of the Scottish revolution in 1637–8, and on the wider issues of elite integration in multi-state monarchies in the early modem period. Topics discussed are aristocratic education, exposure to a new court culture, office holding in England, the effects on income and expenditure of English patronage and lifestyles, changes in the honours system, and new patterns in births, marriages and deaths. The conclusions are firstly that the Scottish presence at court was such that it does not make sense to talk of an English court after 1603. Secondly, there was very little anglidzation of the Scottish aristocracy outside a handful of court families, and even these retained a strong sense of national consciousness.

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Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 36 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 543 - 576
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

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49 Nichols, , Progresses, I, 426–7Google Scholar, 288–9; Levack, , British state, p. 195Google Scholar. In 1603–4 the largest sum to an English client was £666 for Arabella Stuart, while the earls of Linlithgow and Moray, Sir George Hume and Sir Walter Aston each had in excess of £1,000. In 1610 d'Aubigny had £18,000, Haddington £7,200, Dunbar and Kinloss £2,000 each, Sir Patrick Murray £1,800, the earl of Home and Lord Gordon £1,000, the others lesser sums.

50 Cuddy, , ‘King's chambers’ pp. 84–90Google Scholar; Seddon, , ‘Patronage and officers’ pp. 175–222Google Scholar. Sir Robert Ker of Ancram had a pension for £300 p.a., which he sold in 1632 for £600 (courtiers like Carlisle turned pensions into cash immediately), SR.O Lothian muniments GD 40/5/20/4; for debts assigned to Dunbar in 1606, BL Add. MSS 12,497 fo. 153; and for concealed lands granted to d'Aubigny BL Add. MSS 36, 767 fos. 236, 240. In 1625 Ancram had a gift of a share in the import of starch into England, Mathew, D., Scotland under Charles I (London, 1955), pp. 232–3Google Scholar notes; d'Aubigny had an interest in the leather trade, BL Add. MS S 38, 170 fos. 87b, 142, 258.

51 Schreiber, Carlisle, chs. i, 2, 5, 6; ‘Aulicus Coquinarie’ in Secret history, II, 160–5.

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53 Hamilton controlled a very large budget as master of the horse and had a share in the wine trade, while Lennox had a farm of the aulnage duties on manufactured cloth and a number of pensions from the exchequer, Aylmer, , King's servants, p. 350Google Scholar.

54 DNB, XV, 345–6.

55 Aylmer, , King's servants, pp. 317–18Google Scholar. The extent to which a successful court career lay in the hands of the patron is demonstrated in the case of Sir David Murray, groom of the stool and gentleman of the robes to Prince Henry (‘the only man in whom he had put Choise Trust’), whose brilliant future was cut short by Henry's death in 1612. Strong, , Henry Prince of Wales, p. 28Google Scholar; DNB, XXXIX, 352–3.

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58 Roxburghe muniments NRA 1100/1207. Roxburghe's wife had a court career of her own, being governess to Charles's younger children, but wives were usually left at home, see for example Mar and Kellie, I, 57.

59 Mar and Kellie, I, 84. For the third marquis see Burnet, G., The memoirs of the lives and actions of James and William dukes of Hamilton and Castle Herald (London, 1677), p. 3Google Scholar; SRO Hamilton MS GD 406/1/150–1, 8228, 8230. I am grateful to Mr John Scally for these references.

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61 Mar and Kellie, II, 99. Mar found the London climate detrimental to his health, and even made out his will before going south in 1609, ibid. 1, 59—60.

62 Mar and Kellie, I, 109. For some comments on relative deprivation and the nobility see Stevenson, D., The Scottish revolution 1637–44. The triumph of the Covenanters (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 319–20Google Scholar.

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64 Nichols, , Progresses, III, 334Google Scholar, 336, 347. The full account of the 1617 trip is in Nichols, , Progresses, III, 300–90Google Scholar, and see Bergeron, , English civic pageantry, pp. 102–3Google Scholar. The earl of Pembroke made a return journey to Scotland in 1618, ibid, III, 555–6. On 1633 see Clarendon, , History, I, 107–8Google Scholar, and for a full account of the 1633 expedition see Balfour, , Works, II, 194–204Google Scholar. For a more critical description of Scotland by Englishmen see Weldon, , ‘Perfect description’ in Secret history, II, 75–89Google Scholar.

65 Weldon, , ‘Court and Character’ in Secret history, I, 371—2Google Scholar. Dunbar's daughters married Sir James Hume of Coldenknowes and the younger, Elizabeth, married the second earl of Suffolk.

66 Dunbar outflanked the hapless SirCarey, Robert over Norham Castle – ‘he begged the keeping of it over my head’ Carey confessed – Nichols, , Progresses, I, 247–8Google Scholar. A few Scots also were found in other northern offices, for example Sir Thomas Kirkpatrick was surveyor of the lands in the north parts of the duchy of Lancaster and Adam Newton was secretary to the council of the north, Seddon, , ‘Patronage and officers’ pp. 300Google Scholar, 303.

67 Complete peerage, XII, part 1, 67; Seddon, , ‘Patronage and officers’ pp. 92–5Google Scholar.

68 Schreiber, , Carlisle, p. 6Google Scholar. The second earl of Carlisle inherited the Denny estate, and was a justice of the peace for Buckinghamshire in 1636 and joint lieutenant of Essex in 1641.

69 Scots peerage, III, 474–8; Complete peerage, I, 58–9; II, 350–1; V, 41–2.

70 Scots peerage, V, 356—61; Complete peerage, VII, 604—7, 609–11; IX, 831—3; Doyle, , Barons of England, II, 473Google Scholar; III, 121–2, 124–5; DNB, LV, 85–6, 107–8. The London house was granted in 1612, BL Add. MSS 5750, fo. 138. It was 1628 before the fourth duke of Lennox was able to move into Cobham House where the forfeited Lord Cobham's widow was permitted to live.

71 Scots peerage, IV, 300–1; Complete peerage, VI, 231, 534; Doyle, , Barons of England, II, 202Google Scholar; DNB, XLVII, 257–8; NRA 832A/1/104–5, 109, i n, 113; BL Add. MSS 5755, fo. 60. At various times he also had lands in Lincoln, Surrey, Norfolk and at Kingston-upon-Thames.

72 Details in Brown, ‘Courtiers and cavaliers’.

73 Weldon, , ‘Cour t and character’ in Secret history, I, 372Google Scholar.

74 Gillespie, R., Colonial Ulster. The settlement of east Ulster 1600–1641 (Cork, 1985)Google Scholar; Perceval-Maxwell, M., The Scottish migration to Ulster in the reign of James I (New York, 1973)Google Scholar; Hill, G., An historical account of the plantation in Ulster at the commencement of the seventeenth century (Shannon, 1970)Google Scholar.

75 BL HI, 1583/25. One of the other partners was the earl of Arundel.

76 Macinnes, A. I., ‘The origin and organisation of the covenanting movement during the reign of Charles I, 1625–41 with a particular reference to the west of Scotland’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 1987), II, 35–6Google Scholar n. 34; Rubinstein, , Captain Luckless, p. 46Google Scholar.

77 BL Add. Charter 6224.

78 Sainty, J. C., ‘Lieutenants of counties, 1585–1642’ in Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Special Supplement, VIII (1970), pp. 15Google Scholar, 19–20, 23–5, 33, 40. The full list of Scottish lord lieutenants was: Dunbar in Cumberland, Northumberland and Durha III 1607–11; Somerset in Durham 1615–17; d'Aubigny in Huntingdon, 1619–24; second duke of Lennox in Kent and the Liberty of the Cinque Ports, 1620–4; Holdernesse in Surrey, 1624–6; fourth duke of Lennox in Hampshire 1635–42, Cinque Ports, 1640–2; second earl of Carlisle, Essex, 1641–2. Both the fourth duke of Lennox and the second earl of Carlisle were English. In addition to the lieutenants, Sir James Campbell was a commissioner for London in 1639 and 1640. These offices did involve responsibilities, for example see Lennox in Kent in 1622, BL Eg. 2552, fo. 6.

79 BLEg. 2552, fo. 31.

80 Sommerville, R., Office holders in the duchy and county Palatine of Lancaster from 1603 (London and Chichester, 1972), p. 174Google Scholar; Scots peerage, III, 477—8; Complete peerage, V, 41—2.

81 Clarendon, , History, I, 447Google Scholar. In addition to those palaces and parks above, Ancram, had a reversionary grant of the keepership of Marlebone Park in c. 1630Google Scholar, BL Eg. 2553, fo. 82.

82 A visit to the ruins of Carlaverock ought to cure anyone of the idea that Scottish courtiers were uninterested absentees.

83 As early as January 1604 Mar sold the manors of Sandon and Walton on Thames in Surrey and Ryver in Sussex to Sir Baptist Hicks to whom he owed money, GD 124/1/1196 and 1200. Two days later he sold the hundred, lordship and manor of Odyham, Southampton to William Herrick, a London goldsmith, and his partner, James Hudson, a London merchant who had long been trading in Edinburgh, GD 124/1/1197. Shortly after this Mar mortgaged the lordship and manor of Charleton in Kent to William Palmer, a London haberdasher, to whom he eventually sold the property in 1607, GD 124/1/1202 and 1205. The manor of Fareham in Essex was disposed of to Peter Vanloor, another London merchant in November 1606, GD 124/1/1203. Mar also brought Hudson and Martin Lumley, a London draper, into partnership in exploiting the sale of trees from his manor of Hunden in Suffolk until they sold it to Lord Cavendish in 1611, GD 124/1/1198–9 and 1209. For debts to Englishmen in 1603–5 see GD 124/2/4–8. Other lands disposed of were the manors of Northstoke, Somerset, Kidbroke, Sandon Chappell, in Surrey, lands at Chedworth in Gloucester, Tillington in Sussex GD 124/1 /1195, 1201 and 1204. Mar and Lord Erskine were appointed bailiff and joint keeper of the house and park of Hatfield and Thome, Yorkshire for their lives, GD 124/1/1208. The property retained for William Erskine was at Sevenhampton, Somerset, GD 124/1/1212.

84 Mar and Kellie, II, 125.

85 SRO GD 112/39/385.

86 SRO GD 45/14/1–115. For Ancram, SRO GD 40/2; Annandale, Inventory of the Murrays of Murraythwaite SRO GD 219/281 for correspondence with his chamberlain 1636–42; Tullibardine's correspondence with Glenorchy, SRO Breadalbane Callendar of Letters GD 112/39/361.; for Mar, SRO GD 124/1.

87 ' SRO GD 29/C/60.

88 Nichols, , Progresses, III, 97Google Scholar.

89 Mar and Kellie, 11, 55.

90 Mar and Kellie, I, 68. Needless to say, James ignored his own resolution. For Charles's creations, Nichols, , Progresses, I, xxix–xxxviGoogle Scholar; Balfour, , Works, II, 202–3Google Scholar and BL Add. MSS 5758 fo. 244 for 1633.

91 On the sale of honours Stone, , Crisis of the aristocracy, pp. 65–128Google Scholar.

92 Nichols, , Progresses, I, 284Google Scholar. On occasion there was violence between the two factions as in 1612 when Sir John Ramsay struck the earl of Montgomery at a race at Croydon, ibid, II, 438–9.

93 Levack, , British state, pp. 187–8Google Scholar.

94 Lennox's earldom came only after frantic lobbying to keep up with Rochester, Nichols, , Progresses, II, 641Google Scholar. For a description of Rochester's creation BL Add. MSS 14,417 fo. 44. The full list is Sir George Hume, created Lord Home of Berwick in 1604; Sir Robert Ker, created Viscount Rochester in 1611 and earl of Somerset in 1613; the second duke of Lennox, created earl of Richmond in 1613, and duke of Richmond in 1623; Sir James Hay, created Lord Hay of Sawley in 1615, Viscount Doncaster in 1618, and earl of Carlisle in 1622; the second marquis of Hamilton, created earl of Cambridge in 1619; Esme, Lord d'Aubigny, created earl of March in 1619; Viscount Ramsay, created earl of Holdernesse in 1620.

95 Nichols, , Progresses, III, 94Google Scholar.

96 Levack, , British state, p. 188Google Scholar. The first Scots to sit in the commons were Sir Robert Ker of Ancram and William Murray in 1625. William Hamilton, first earl of Lanark sat for Portsmouth in 1640, Return of the names of every member to serve in each parliament (2 vols., London, 1878), I, 462–84Google Scholar.

97 At this time Charles also revived the dorman t Richmond title for the fourth duke of Lennox. There ha d been speculation in 1631 that Ancram would get an English peerage, Ancrton and Lothian, I, 56.

98 Complete baronetage, I, 135.

99 Complete peerage, I, 2. The full list is earl of Desmond in 1614; Lord Strabane in 1616; Lord Castlestuart in 1619; Lord Balfour in 1619; Viscount Montgomery in 1622; Viscount Clandeboyne in 1622. The Balfour title was extinct by 1634.

100 Rait, R. S., The parliaments of Scotland (Glasgow, 1924), pp. 185–7Google Scholar; Osborne, , ‘Memoirs’ in Secret history, I, 259Google Scholar; Balfour, , Works, II, 81Google Scholar; Macinnes, A. I., Charles I and the making of the covenanting movement 1625–1641 (Edinburgh, 1991), p. 134Google Scholar.

101 Cockayne, G. E. ed., The complete baronetage (5 vols., Exeter, 1900–1906), II, 277–454Google Scholar. Four of the Englishmen were from Yorkshire, a county with strong Scottish connections.

102 Nicolas, N. H., History of the orders of knighthood in the British Empire (4 vols., London, 1842), I, 210–37Google Scholar, lxv–lxvi; Nichols, , Progresses, I, 193–4Google Scholar; II, 196; III, 79, 177; Beltz, G. F., Memorials of the order of the garter (London, 1841), pp. clxxxiv–clxxxixGoogle Scholar; Sharpe, , ‘The image of virtue’ pp. 241–2Google Scholar. The full list of Scots was the second duke of Lennox and Mar in 1603, Dunbar in 1608, Rochester in 1611, Kellie in 1615, the second marquis of Hamilton in 1623, the third duke of Lennox and Carlisle in 1624, the third marquis of Hamilton in 1630, the fourth duke of Lennox and the sixth earl of Morton in 1633.

103 Nicolas, , Orders of knighthood, III, xiv–xviiGoogle Scholar; Nichols, , Progresses, I, 221–6Google Scholar.

104 Levack, , British state, pp. 183–4Google Scholar; Galloway, , Jacobean union, pp. 103–19Google Scholar, 148–57; for Mar's patent of naturalization see SRO GD 124/10/83, dated 3 September 1603.

105 For an example see Mcllwain, C. H. ed., The political works of James I (Cambridge, Mass., 1918), pp. 271–3Google Scholar, ‘I am the Husband, and the whole Isle is my lawful Wife’.

106 Orgel, ed., Complete masques, pp. 75–106Google Scholar; Gordon, D. J., ‘Hymenaei; Ben Johnson's masque of union’ in Orgel, ed., Renaissance imagination, pp. 157–84Google Scholar. Strangely the Haddington Masque which did celebrate an Anglo–Scottish marriage had little to say on this subject, D. J. Gordon, ‘Ben Johnson's Haddington Masque’ ibid. pp. 185–93.

107 Nichols, , Progresses, I, 193–5Google Scholar. It was rumoured that James paid John Elverton £500–£600 to act as go-between in this match, that he made up Christina Brace's portion, and that Kinloss used his office of master of the rolls to squeeze Cavendish whose wife had a case before him. By October Kinloss's health was failing and Salisbury wrote to Shrewsbury that ‘I now beginne to think that my Lord Cavendish shold repent his marriadge, the Lo. Kinloss being like to die’ ibid. II, 194–5.

108 The full list of Scots serving in the bedchamber of privy chamber who married English women is 1604, Sir James Hay, gentleman of the bedchamber married Honora Denny, daughter of Edward, first Lord Denny; 1604, Sir Thomas Erskine, gentleman of the bedchamber married Elizabeth Pierrepont, widow of Sir Edward Norris and daughter of Sir Henry Pierrepont of Holme Pierrepont (her brother became first earl of Kingston); 1608, Sir John Ramsay, first Viscount Haddington, gentleman of the bedchamber married Elizabeth Radcliffe, daughter of Robert, fifth earl of Sussex; before 1613 Sir Patrick Murray, gentleman of the privy chamber married secondly Elizabeth Dent, widow of Sir Francis Vere and daughter of John Dent of London; 1613, Robert Ker, first earl of Somerset, gentleman of the bedchamber married Francis Howard, former wife of Robert, third earl of Essex and daughter of Thomas, first earl of Suffolk; 1614, Richard Preston, first Lord Dingwall, gentleman of the bedchamber married Elizabeth Butler, widow of Theobald Viscount Butler of Tulleophelim; 1617, James, first Lord Hay, gentleman of the bedchamber married secondly Lucy Percy, daughter of Henry, ninth earl of Northumberland; 1619, Sir John Livingston of Kinnaird, groom of the bedchamber married Jane Sproxtoune, widow of William Marwood and daughter of Richard Sproxtoune of Wakefield; 1621, Sir Robert Ker of Ancram, gentleman of Prince Charles's bedchamber married secondly Anne Stanely, widow of Sir Henry Portman of Orchard Portman and daughter of William, sixth earl of Derby; after 1621, Sir Thoma s Erskine, first earl of Kellie, gentleman of the bedchamber married thirdly Dorothy Smith, widow of Robert, first Viscount Kilmorey and daughter of Humphre y Smith of Cheapside; 1624, Sir John Ramsay, first Viscount Haddington, gentleman of the bedchamber married secondly Martha Cockayne, daughter of Sir William Cockayne of Rushton; after 1628, Jame s Erskine, first earl of Buchan married secondly Dorothy Kynvett, daughter of Sir Philip Kynvett of Buchenham. This list only contains those who began their careers as household servants, not aristocrats like Lennox or Hamilton.

109 Schreiber, , Carlisle, pp. 9–10Google Scholar, 20–1; Nichols, , Progresses, II, 189Google Scholar for an account of the elaborate marriage festivities; ‘Aulus coquinarie’ in Secret history, II, 161.

110 Scots peerage, III, 121–2; Complete peerage, IV, 367.

111 Ancrum and Lothian, I, 27–8.

112 Goodman, S., Thecourtof King James the first (2 vols., London, 1839), I, 392Google Scholar where he explains that ‘Truly Kelly was a very honest natured man, but his own wants and necessity did enforce him to do what he did’. For more of Kellie's English marital problems BL La. 157 fo. 114.

113 Scots peerage, III, 231–6; Complete peerage, I, 68–9; IV, 499–500. In 1611 Sir John Kennedy's marriage to the aunt of the fifth Lord Chandos was the subject of an investigation and it turned out that he was married already, Complete peerage, III, 127. In a quite different type of scandal the earl of Stirling's younger son, Henry (subsequently the third earl) eloped with a daughter of Sir Peter Vanlore on the night before her wedding to an English gentleman in 1637, Scots peerage, VIII, 181.

114 Another of Nottingham's daughters married Alexander Stewart, Lord Garleis in 1627. In 1609 Sir James Stewart, eldest son of Walter Stewart, Prior of Blantyre, married a daughter of George Hastings, fourth earl of Huntingdon. The earl of Galloway's younger son, James Stewart who succeeded his brother as Lord Garleis, married a daughter of Sir Richard Houghton. For all of these marriages see Scots peerage and Complete peerage.

115 Scots peerage, V, 356–61; Complete peerage, VII, 604–7, 609–11; rx, 831–3; Doyle, , Barons of England, II, 473Google Scholar; III, 121–2, 124–5; DJfB, XLVH, 85–6, 107–8. Esme Stewart's marriage involved him in protracted contractual difficulties with Lord Clifton, BL Add. MSS 12,497 fo. 409, BL Add. MSS 38,170 fos. 300–16. In 1626 Elizabeth Stewart married Henry Howard, eldest son and heir of the earl of Arundel, Frances Stewart married Jerome Weston, eldest son and heir of the first earl of Pordand in 1632, Lennox married Buckingham's widowed daughter in 1637, and a year later his brother, George, married a daughter of the earl of Suffolk. The Scottish connections of the family were not entirely forgotten and another of the fourth duke's sisters married Archibald, Lord Douglas, eldest son of the earl of Angus in 1630, while his mother, Catherine Clifton, remarried James Hamilton, second earl of Abercorn in 1632.

116 Scots peerage, III, 474–8; Complete peerage, I, 58–9; II, 350–1; V, 41–2.

117 Scots peerage, IV, 463–7; Complete peerage, VI, 555–6. For the Sutton marriage BL St. 574 fo. 66b. The second earl married c. 1622 Catherine Carey, daughter of Henry, first Viscount Falkland, and then secondly a daughter of Frances Fane, first earl of Westmoreland.

118 Mar and Kellie, II, 123. Nithsdale's marriage had brought him into contact with the enormously rich earl of Cork who wrote of his willingness (but pessimism as to the outcome) to help Nithsdale acquire land in Ireland ‘being the more obliged thereunto by the affinitie that is between your noble Countess and my poor children, whose deaceased mother was allied to her ladyship’ Fraser, W. ed., The book of Carlaverock (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1873), II, 124–5Google Scholar.

119 Scots peerage, III, 231–6; Complete peerage, IV, 499–500.

120 Scots peerage, IV, 286–7; Complete peerage, VI, 101–2.

121 Mar and Kellie, II, 57.

122 Scots peerage, V, 21–5; Complete peerage, VII, 71. Argyll married the daughter of Sir William Cornwallis of Brome in 1610. She was a devoted catholic and minor authoress who converted her husband and was instrumental in causing the breach with his clan. Other Scottish peers with English mothers who were born during this period were the fourth duke of Lennox, fourth earl of Stirling, tenth Lord Boyd, second earl of Elgin, third earl of Abercorn, second earl of Home, second earl of Ancram, first earl of Newburgh, second earl of Nithsdale, second earl of Panmure, fourth earl of Tullibardine and Anne, duchess of Hamilton.

123 Nichols, , Progresses, I, 109Google Scholar; Bl Add. MSS 14,417 fo. 19.

124 Unless otherwise indicated see Scots peerage and Complete peerage. For verses on Lennox's death, BL St, 542, fo. 48; for Spott, Abercairny muniments SRO GD 24/5/144. There was little difference in the death rituals attending aristocrats in the two countries, for England see tings, C. Git, Death, burial and the individual in early modem England (London and Sydney, 1984)Google Scholar.

125 Scots peerage, IV, 465; Complete peerage, VI, 556.

126 Balfour, , Works, II, 102Google Scholar; Mar and Kellie, II, 223; SRO GD 40/2/XV/14.

127 For Buccleuch, , Scots peerage, II, 234Google Scholar; Stirling, ibid, VIII, 176; Kellie, ibid, V, 85–6.

128 Brown, ‘Courtiers and cavaliers’.