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Prince Adam Czartoryski and Napoleonic France, 1801–1805: A Study in Political Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

W. H. Zawadzki
W. H. Zawadzki
Affiliation:
Wolfson College, Oxford
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Extract

The preservation and the consolidation of international peace was the general aim of Emperor Alexander I of Russia in the first year of his reign. The young autocrat, faced with the novelty of international politics and bent on domestic reform, hoped for good relations with all the powers and tried to avoid any serious entanglement in European affairs. Diplomatic relations with Great Britain, which had been severed by the unstable Emperor Paul, were restored in June 1801, and a treaty of friendship was signed with the French Republic in October of the same year. Alexander expressed his readiness to co-operate with Bonaparte, whom he at first much admired, in arranging a general continental pacification and in settling the indemnities for the German princes dispossessed by France's expansion to the Rhine. The only issue that could have marred Franco-Russian relations at die time was Alexander's concern that full inde- pendence be restored to Piedmont and Naples. Nevertheless, the appointment of V. P. Kochubey, an advocate of a passive foreign policy, as head of the College for Foreign Affairs in October 1801, confirmed Alexander's pacific intentions. Yet widun four years Russia was to find herself at war with France as a leading and zealous promoter of a wide European coalition and the champion of a new European order.

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Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , June 1975 , pp. 245 - 277
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

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References

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5 Some of Czartoryski's views on France in this period have been briefly mentioned, without the direct use of his papers in the Czartoryski Library in Cracow and before the appearance of the first volumes of Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, in Kukiel, M., Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955), pp. 24–60;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and in Morley, C., ‘Czartoryski's Attempts at a New Foreign Policy under Alexander I’, American Slavic and East European Review, XII (1953), 475–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar A more recent general study of Czartoryski as Russian foreign minister is in Grimsted, P. K., The Foreign Ministers of Alexander I. Political Attitudes and the Conduct of Russian Diplomacy, 1801–1825 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969).Google Scholar The most detailed survey of Czartoryski's diplomatic activities in this period is in Skowronek, J., Antynapoleońskie Koncepcje Czartoryskjego (Warsaw, 1969).Google Scholar The title is however misleading, for Skowronek's book deals predominantly with Czartoryski's contribution to the almost daily working of Russian diplomacy rather than specifically with his political ideas on Napoleonic France. Skowronek discussed some of Czartoryski's theoretical concepts in ‘Le Programme Europeen du Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski 1803–1805’, Acta Poloniae Historica, XVI (1968), 137–59.Google Scholar See also the relevant parts of Askenazy, S., Napoleon a Polska (Warsaw, 1918–1919), vol. III, esp. pp. 326–50.Google Scholar

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7 Mémoires du Prince Adam Czartoryski et Correspondance avec l'Empereur Alexandre Ier (henceforth Czart. Mémoires) (Paris, 1887), I, 101-14.Google Scholar Cf. Shilder, N. K., op. cit. I, 277: Alexander I to V. P. Kochubey, 10/21 May 1796.Google Scholar

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10 Ibid. I, 209. Cf. Manuscripts in the Czartoryski Library, Cracow (henceforth Czart. MSS), Ewidencja 1199: A. Czartoryski to Emperor Paul, 22 July/2 Aug. 1800.

11 Skowronek, J., ‘Udzial A. J. Czartoryskiego w Pracach nad Reformami Wewnetrznymi w Rosji, 1801–1807’, Przeglad Historyczny, LVIII, 3 (1967), 464–78.Google Scholar

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13 Ibid. II, 78–9.

14 Ibid. II, 99–100.

15 E.g. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 207–8: Alexander I to G. O. Stackelberg, 16/28 May 1802.

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23 In his memoirs Czartoryski claimed that he accepted the post only on Alexander's insistence and ‘sous la condition expresse de me demettre de ces fonctions des l'instant où elles se trouveraient incompatibles avec mes sentiments polonais qui ne pouvaient varier’: Czart, . Mémoires, I, 324.Google Scholar

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25 SborniK, LXXVIII 192–5:Google Scholar A. R. Vorontsov to A. Czartoryski, 29 May/10 June 1803. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 522–5:Google Scholar A. R. Vorontsov to I. O. Anstett, 6/18 Oct. 1803. Ibid. I, 550–55: A. R. Vorontsov to Alexander I, 12/24 Nov. 1803.

26 Ibid. I, 557–8: A. R. Vorontsov to S. R. Vorontsov, 20 N0V./2 Dec. 1803.

27 Ibid. I, 594–9: A. R. Vorontsov to J. P. Stadion, 20 Dec. 1803/1 Jan. 1804. See also Vorontsov's further suggestions along these lines, with an emphasis on anti-French propaganda, handed down to Czartoryski on his appointment as acting foreign minister. Czart. MSS, 5531, fos. 5–63: A. R. Vorontsov, ‘Notices sur difterents sujets’, 26 Jan./7 Feb. 1804.

28 Czart, . Mémoires, I, 355.Google Scholar Arkhiv Kn. Vor., XXXII, 359–60: A. B. Buturlin to S. R. Vorontsov, 3/15 July 1803.

29 Ibid. XVIII, 371: D. P. Tatishchev to A. R. Vorontsov, 11/23 Apr. 1804.

30 Czart. MSS, 5226, fos. 13–138. This document will henceforth be referred to as Systéme. The text is a rough draft, most probably written from dictation by a secretary, with corrections in Czartoryski's hand. The original spelling, which has numerous errors, will be preserved in all quotations. The document served with certain modifications as the chief point of reference for examining Czartoryski's political ideas of the period. The entire text has been published in ‘Czartoryski's System for Russian Foreign Policy, 1803: A Memorandum, Edited with Introduc- tion and Analysis by Grimsted, P. K.’, California Slavic Studies, V (1970), 19–91.Google Scholar Although good, the analysis is very short.

31 Système, fos. 62–3.

32 Ibid. fo. 125.

33 Ibid. fos. 121–2. Original spelling preserved.

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35 Sorel, A., L'Europe et la Revolution Francaise (Paris, 1885–1904), I, 325–6.Google Scholar

36 An English translation by Lewis Goldsmith entitled State of the French Republic at the End of year VIII appeared in London in 1801.

37 Ibid. p. 33.

38 Ibid. p. 47. Hauterive had expressed similar ideas already two years earlier: MSS in the archive of the Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Mémoires et Documents, France 652, fos. 237–43: ‘Fragments d'un rapport rèdigè par le C.er d'Hauterive’, Oct. 1798. For an interesting discussion of Hauterive's theoretical views on reconstructing Europe, see Hinsley, F. H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace. Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between Slates (Cambridge, 1963), pp. 186–90.Google Scholar

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40 Ibid. LXX, 585: A. I. Morkov to Alexander I, 1/13 Dec. 1802.

41 Gentz, F., On the State of Europe before and after the French Revolution; Being an Answer to the Work Entitled De I'Etat de la France à la Fin de l'An VIII, trans, by Hemes, J. C. (2nd ed., London, 1803).Google Scholar

42 Sbornik, LXXVII, 190:Google Scholar A. R. Vorontsov to A. I. Morkov, 29 May/10 June 1803. For a discussion of the pluralistic balance of power in Europe in the eighteenth century, see Hinsley, F. H., op. cit. pp. 153–85.Google Scholar

43 Czart. MSS, 5531, fo. 25: A. R. Vorontsov to A. Czartoryski, 26 Jan./7 Feb. 1804.

44 Système, fos. 64–8.Google Scholar

45 For Czartoryski's attachment to the traditions of the Great Diet of 1788–92, see Czartoryski, A. J., Zywot J. U. Niemcewicza (Berlin-Poznari, 1860), pp. 31–40, 67–9:Google Scholar Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 743, fos. 5–48: A. Czartoryski, ‘Questions sur l'histoire de Pologne et spécialement sur l'histoire de la civilisation et d'état social en Pologne’, 1829. For the Polish reform movement, see Leśnodorski, B., Dzielo Sejmu Czteroletniego 1788–1792. Studium Historyczno-Prawne (Wroclaw, 1951);Google ScholarSmoleński, W., Przewrót Umyslowy w Polsce Wieku XVIII (3rd ed., Warsaw, 1949);Google ScholarRostworowski, E., Ostatni Król Rzeczypospolitej. Geneza i Upadek Konstytucji 3 Maja (Warsaw, 1966).Google Scholar

46 Systéme, fos. 15–25, 96–9.Google Scholar

47 Ibid. fo. 23.

48 Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 694: A. Czartoryski, ‘Historia Grecka’, 1803, fo. 88, note (9).

49 Syst`me, fos. 30–32.Google Scholar

50 Ibid. fo. 23.

51 Ibid. fo. 129. Cf. Reiss, H. (ed.), Kant's Political Writings (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 47, 99–100.Google Scholar

52 Système, fo. 98.Google Scholar

53 Ibid. fos. 100–101.

51 Ibid. fos. 105–12, 118. Cf. Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 695, fos. 31–2: Czartoryski, A., ‘Historia Generalna’, 1807. For Speransky on public opinion, see Valk, S. N. (ed.), M. M. Speransky; Proekty i Zapiski (Leningrad, 1961), pp. 77–83:Google Scholar ‘O Sile Obshchego Mneniya 1802’. I owe this reference to Mr David Christian of St Edmund's Hall, Oxford.

56 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 327–8: Alexander I to S. R. Vorontsov, 6/18 Nov. 1802. Cf. Sbornik, LXX, 553: Alexander I to Bonaparte, 2/14 Nov. 1802.

57 Systéme, fos. 97–8, 115–7.

57 Godechot, J., La Contre-Révolution. Doctrine et Action 1789–1804 (Paris, 1961), pp. 75–92.Google Scholar

58 Systéme, to. 112.

59 Ibid. fo. 69.

60 Ibid. fo. 70.

61 Ibid. fo. 69.

62 E.g. Czart. MSS, 5531, fos. 49–63: A. R. Vorontsov to A. Czartoryski, 26 Jan./7 Feb. 1804; Czart. MSS, 5529, fo. 804: A. R. Vorontsov to A. Czartoryski, 23 Sept./5 Oct. 1804.

63 Systéme, fo. no. Original spelling preserved.

64 Ibid. fos. 68 and 136.

65 Godechot, J., op. cit. pp. 190–215, 390–97. Czart. MSS, 5481: D'Antraigues’ reports to A. Czartoryski, 1803–7.Google Scholar

66 Loret, M., ‘Kościól Katolicki w Poczatku Panowania Aleksandra I (1801–1815)’, Biblioteka Warszawska (1913), pt. I, 495–513.Google ScholarSbornik, LXXXII, 29–36: Vernégues to A. Czartoryski, 16/28 Mar. 1805.Google Scholar

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68 Systéme, fo. 125. Original spelling preserved.

69 Ibid. fo. 24.

70 Ibid. fo. 124.

71 Ibid. fo. 24.

72 Ibid. fo. 124. Original spelling preserved.

73 Ibid. fos. 126–7.

74 Ibid. to. 124. In this respect Czartoryski's radical proposals for reconstructing Europe were different from Gentz's who disregarded the importance of the national principle, and who thought in terms of an equilibrium based on an agreement between the great powers or alliances of great powers. Godechot, J., op. cit. pp. 126–30;Google ScholarHinsley, F. H., op cit. pp. 190–97;Google Scholar Czart. MSS, 5534, fos. 66–7: F. Gentz to A. Czartoryski, 16 Nov. 1806.

75 Systéms, fo. 89. Czartoryski's interest in Italy had been fostered by two Florentines: by Scipione Piattoli, his tutor in 1788–9, a diplomatic freelance and secretary to the last king of Poland; and by Filippo Mazzei, a close friend of Franklin and Jefferson, and who visited Czartoryski in St Petersburg in 1802. Joseph de Maistre, who arrived in St Petersburg as Sardinian ambassador in mid-1803, also brought the Italian issue to Czartoryski's attention. Cf. Berti, G., Russia e Stati Italiani nel Risorgimento (Rome, 1957), pp. 218–80.Google Scholar

76 Ibid. fos. 90, 125. Original spelling preserved.

77 Ibid. fos. 61, 90.

78 Czart. MSS, 5533, fos. 53–4: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov [1803].

79 Systéme, fo. 126.

80 Ibid. fo. 126. Czart. MSS, 5533, fos. 51–2: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov [1803].

81 Systèms, fo. 92.

82 Cf. ibid. fos. 70–73.

83 Czart. MSS. 5533, fo. 52: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov [1803].

84 Système, fos. 91–2.

85 Ibid. fo. 92. Czartoryski was encouraged in his ideas on Germany by one of his lesser-known Viennese correspondents, a certain Viscount de Wargemont whom he had known since 1799. Wargemont appealed for an active Russian policy and advocated the establishment of a strong German state on the Rhine and a large Belgo-Dutch state to check French land power. Czart. MSS, 5469, fos. 53–58, 73–76: Wargemont's memoranda, mid-1803 and Sept. 1803.

86 Czart. MSS, 5533, fos. 54–55: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov [1803].

87 Czart. MSS, 5533, fos. 55–57: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov [1803].

88 Système, fos. 82–4, 128. Another sign that Czartoryski still thought a far-reaching redrawing of the frontiers of Europe possible with Bonaparte's co-operation was his opinion in the Système that Russia, France and Britain, acting together, could bring about the restoration of Poland. Ibid. fo. 81.

89 Ibid. fos. 85–7, 127.

90 Czart, . Mémoires, I, 37. Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 693, 694: A. Czartoryski, ‘Historia Grecka’, 1803.Google Scholar

91 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 620, 623: A. Czartoryski to Alexander I, 17/29 Feb. 1804. For a report on Odessa and trade prospects in the Mediterranean, see Czart. MSS, 5512, fos. 17–19: Jan Potocki to A. Czartoryski, 2/14 Mar. 1804.Google Scholar

92 Stanislavskaya, A. M., Russko-Angliiskie Otnosheniya i Problemy Sredizemnomorya 1708–1807 (Moscow, 1962), pp. 403–7. Cf. Système, fo. 86.Google Scholar

93 Ibid. fo. 88. Cf. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 380–81: A. A. Gervais to A. R. Vorontsov, 23 Jan./4 Feb. 1803Google Scholar; ibid. I, 382–4: A. Ya. Italinsky to A. R. Vorontsov, 4/16 Feb. 1803.

94 Ibid. I, 621: A. Czartoryski to Alexander I, 17/29 Feb. 1804.

95 Cf. Botzaris, N., Visions Balkaniques dans la Préparation de la Révolution Grecque 1789–1821 (Geneva-Paris, 1962), pp. 25–33, 71–81.Google Scholar

96 Stanislavskaya, A. M., op. cit. p. 283.Google Scholar

97 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 629: A. Czartoryski to G. Mocenigo, 20 Feb./3 Mar. 1804.Google Scholar

98 Stanislavskaya, A. M., op. cit. pp. 283–4.Google Scholar Cf. similar thoughts in Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 513–5:Google Scholar A. R. Vorontsov to G. D. Mocenigo, 28 Aug./g Sept. 1803. In view of Czartoryski's Polish nationality, it may be of some interest to note (perhaps somewhat ironical) that the French had used this kind of propaganda in reverse; on numerous occasions in 1799 French neo-Jacobins had pointed out to their fellow citizens the fate suffered by Poland as an example of the counter-revolution's rapacity. Palmer, R. R., The Age of the Democratic Revolution. A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800 (Princeton, 1970), II, 563–4.Google Scholar

99 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, I, 653–4:Google Scholar A. Czartoryski to G. Mocenigo, 8/20 Mar. 1804. Cf. Arkhiv Kn. Vor., xv, 243: A. Czartoryski to S. R. Vorontsov, 18/30 Aug. 1804.

100 Stanislavskaya, A. M., op. cit. pp. 289–90.Google Scholar

101 Stanislavskaya, A. M., op. cit. pp. 313–15.Google Scholar Cf. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 77–8: A. Ya. Italinsky to A. Czartoryski, 3/15 June 1804.Google Scholar

102 Systéme, fo. 128.

103 Ibid. fo. 128.

101 Ibid. fo. 125.

105 Czart. MSS, 5226, fos. 171–2: A. Czartoryski, ‘Projet d'une instruction générate à; donner au Ministère des affaires étrangères’ [1803].

106 E.g. Système, fos. 133–6.

107 Czart. Mémoires, I, 378–9.Google Scholarde Maistre, J., Mémoires Politiques et Correspondance Diplomatiques de J. de Maistre avee Explications et Commentaires Historiques, ed. Blance, A. (Paris, 1858), pp. 110–11.Google Scholar

108 Cf. Czart. Mémoires, I, 384–5.Google Scholar Czartoryski was to be similarly outraged by the arrest of George Rumbold, a British diplomat, in Hamburg on 24–25 October 1804 on Fouché's orders. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 193–4:Google Scholar A. Czartoryski to M. M. Alopeus, 3/15 Nov. 1804.

109 Ibid. I, 687: Protocol of the State Council's meeting, 5/17 Apr. 1804.

110 Ibid. I, 690–91.

111 Ibid. I, 686.

112 Ibid. II, 14–15: A. Czartoryski to P. d'Oubril, 9/21 Apr. 1804. Sbornik, LXXVII, 593–5: P. d'Oubril to Talleyrand, 30 Apr./i2 May 1804.Google Scholar

113 Cf. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 9–10: Alexander I to Frederick William III, 9/21 Apr. 1804.Google Scholar

114 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 57: A. Czartoryski to Alexander I, c. 5/17 May 1804.Google Scholar

115 Ibid. II, 57.

116 Ibid. II, 58. Czart. Mémoires, II, 24: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov, 29 May/10 June 1804.

117 Czart. MSS, 1999, fo. 261: J. P. Stadion to J. Cobenzl, 22 July/3 Aug. 1804 (copy).

118 Beer, A. (ed.), Osterreich und Russland in den Jahren 1804 und 1805. Archiv für Osterreichische Geschichte, LIII (Vienna, 1875), 230:Google Scholar Dispatch to Stadion, 11 July 1804.

119 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 82: A. Czartoryski to A. K. Razumovsky, 7/19 June 1804.Google Scholar

120 Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 1039 (c), fo. 138: A. Czartoryski's untided memorandum to Alexander I [1804]. The memorandum (fos. 131–50) is in the neat handwriting of a secretary and is not signed. Contextual evidence conclusively indicates Czartoryski as its author. The French style is bad with frequent grammatical mistakes. The document was probably composed in the summer of 1804 in preparation for a talk with the Tsar. The Russian State Council discussed Napoleon's imperial tide in July.

121 Ibid. fo. 133.

122 Ibid. fo. 138–9, 142–3.

123 Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 702, fos. 1–200: A. Czartoryski, ‘O Czasach dawnego Rycerstwa w por6wnaniu do Wieku teraznieyszego’ [1808].

124 Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 1039 (c), fo. 141: Czartoryski's untitled memorandum [1804].

125 Ibid. fo. 142.

126 Ibid. fos. 135–6. Original spelling preserved.

127 Debicki, L., Pulawy (1762–1830). Monografia z Zycia Towarzyskiego, Politycznego i Lilerackiego na Podstatvie Archiwum ks. Czartoryskich w Krakowie (Lwów, 1887-1888), II, 48–9.Google Scholarde Maistre, J., Mémoires Politiques, pp. 86–7.Google Scholar

128 Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 1039 (c), fo. 150: Czartoryski's untitled memorandum to Alexander I [1804].

129 Cf. Driault, E., Napoleon et l'Europe. Austerlitz. La Fin du Saint-Empire 1804–1806 (Paris, 1912), pp. 64–72.Google Scholar

130 E.g. Czart. MSS, 5528, fos. 357–8; S. R. Vorontsov to A. Czartoryski, 14/26 Jan. 1805.

131 Czart. MSS, Ewidencja 1039 (c), fos. 136–8: A. Czartoryski, untitled memorandum to Alexander I [1804].

132 Ibid. fos. 144–50.

133 It took Russia a year to secure alliances with some of the other powers. The Russo-Austrian defensive alliance was signed on 6 Nov. 1804; the Russo-Swedish convention on 14 Jan. 1805; the Anglo-Russian convention on 11 Apr. 1805; the Russo-Neapolitan defensive alliance on 10 Sept. 1805; the Russo-Turkish defensive alliance on 23 Sept. 1805; and the much criticized Russo-Prussian convention only on 3 Nov. 1805.

134 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 92–5: A. Czartoryski to P. d'Oubril, 22 June/4 July 1804.Google Scholar

135 Sbornik, LXXVII, 681–4: Talleyrand to P. d'Oubril, 16/28 July 1804.Google Scholar

136 Ibid. p. 736; A. Czartoryski to F. Rayneval, 5/17 Sept. 1804.

137 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 44: A. Czartoryski to A. K. Razumovsky, 25 Apr./7 May 1804.Google Scholar

138 Rose, J. H. (ed.), Select Despatches from the British Foreign Office Archives Relating to the Formation of the Third Coalition Against France 1804–1805 (Camden Soc., 3rd ser., London, 1904), VII, 37–9: Warren to Harrowby, 23 Sept. 1804.Google Scholar

139 Czart. MSS, 1999, fos. 357–61: Stadion to Cobenzl, 30 July/11 Aug. 1804 (copy).

140 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 138–46 and 151–3:Google Scholar Alexander I's secret instructions for N. N. Novosiltsev, and additional notes, countersigned by Czartoryski, 11/23 Sept. 1804. Published also with some omissions in Czart. Mémoires, II, 27–45.Google Scholar The text is considerably mutilated in the English edition of the memoirs: Gielgud, A. (ed.), Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski and His Correspondence with Alexander I (London, 1888), II, 41–51. The rough drafts of the instructions in Czartoryski's hand are in Czart. MSS, 5227, fos. 63–104, and of the additional notes in Czart. MSS, 5226, fos. 253–62.Google Scholar

A source of confusion in discussing Czartoryski's ideas in 1804 has been his substantially different ‘Article pour un arrangement des affaires de l'Europe á la suite d'une guerre heureuse’ published in Czart. Mémoires, II, 62–6,Google Scholar and erroneously dated 1804 by the editor. Contextual evidence proves this document originates from late 1806 or early 1807. For instance in it Austria is promised the Tyrol and Venice which she was to lose only in December 1805. For a rigorous examination of the text, see Kukiel, M., ‘Ligue des Nations, Union Européenne, et la Troisième Coalition’, Teki Historyczne, IV (London, 1950), 130–31;Google Scholar and Evstigneev, I. V., ‘K Voprosu o Tselyakh Vneshnei Politiki Rossii v 1804–1805 godakh’, Voprosy Istorii 5 (05 1962), 208–10.Google Scholar For two examples of historians misled by the wrong dating, see Ward, A. W. and Gooch, G. P. (eds.), The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783–1919 (Cambridge, 1922), I, 335–6;Google Scholar and Florinsky, M., Russia, A History and An Interpretation (New York, 1953), II, 655–6.Google Scholar

141 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 139: secret instructions for Novosiltsev.Google Scholar

142 de Maistre, J.Mémoires Politiques, p. 177.Google Scholar

143 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 139: secret instructions for Novosiltsev.Google Scholar

144 Ibid. II, 141.

143 Ibid. II, 140.

144 Ibid.

145 Ibid. II, 141.

146 Ibid. II, 177: Russo-Austrian defensive treaty, 6 Nov. 1804.

147 Ibid. II, 152: secret instructions for Novosilrsev. Cf. Godechot, J., op. cit., pp. 327–55, for émigré activities in 1799–1802.Google Scholar

150 Cf. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 257:Google Scholar Novosiltsev to Alexander I, 24 Dec. 1804/5 Jan. 1805. Martens, F. (ed.), Recueil des Traités et Conventions Conclus par la Russie avec les Puissances Etrangères (St Petersburg, 1874–1909), XI, 92–3, 106–114.Google Scholar

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152 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 219–25;Google Scholar Novosiltsev's report of his talks with Pitt, 13/25 Dec. 1804. An identical copy of the full report (ibid. II, 219–46) exists in Czart. MSS, 5215, fos. 393–467. A mutilated version can be found in Czart. Mhnoires, II, 45–56.

153 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 229–30: Novosiltsev's report.Google Scholar

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160 Ibid. II, 232–3.

161 Ibid. II, 231.

162 Webster, , op. cit. pp. 391–3: Mulgrave to S. R. Vorontsov, 19 Jan. 1805.Google Scholar

163 Cf. Czart. MSS, 5533, fo. 288: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov, 2/14 Feb. 1805.

164 Rose, J. H., Napoleonic Studies, pp. 54–5.Google ScholarVnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 673:Google Scholar Pitt's project for an Anglo-Russian treaty, 20 Jan. 1805. Webster, , op. cit. pp. 391–9: Mulgrave to S. R. Vorontsov, 19 Jan. 1805.Google Scholar

165 See also Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 600–601:Google Scholar A. Czartoryski to D. P. Tatishchev, 28 Sept./10 Oct. 1805. Russia's consent in the Russo-Austrian treaty of 6 Nov. 1804 to Austrian annexations in northern Italy was given therefore in bad faith, ibid. II, 177, art. 12.

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167 Martens, , op. cit. XI, 90–91.Google ScholarRose, (ed.), Select Despatches, pp. 47–8:Google Scholar Harrowby to Gower, 10 Oct. 1804. Mackesy, P., The War in the Mediterranean 1803–1810 (London, 1957), pp. 45–51.Google Scholar

168 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 234: Novosiltsev's report.Google Scholar

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170 Ibid. pp. 304–5: Castlereagh to Liverpool, 13 Feb. 1815. Ward, A. W. and Gooch, S. P. (eds.), op. cit. I, 490–92.Google ScholarWebster, C., The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh 1812–1815 (London, 1931), pp. 53–63.Google ScholarPhillips, W. A., The Confederation of Europe. A Study of the European Alliance 1813–1823 as an Experiment in the International Organisation of Peace (2nd ed., London, 1920), pp. 33–42.Google Scholar

171 Full text in Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 355–68. The convention was ratified by Britain on 24 June 1805 with the exception of the clause relating to Malta.Google Scholar

172 Ibid. II, 360, art. 7.

173 Ibid. II, 366–7.

174 Czart. MSS, 5227, fos. 173–86: A. Czartoryski, ‘Dangers des innovations à introduire', 1805.

175 Ibid. fo. 179.

176 Ibid. fo. 176.

177 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 366–7: Anglo-Russian convention, secret article I.Google Scholar

178 For the conspiracies of Cadoudal, Pichegru and Moreau, see Godechot, J., op. cit. pp. 397–403.Google Scholar Cf. Sbornik, LXXXII, 20–26: Vernègues’ memorandum, 19/22 Mar. 1805.Google Scholar

179 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 356–8: Anglo-Russian convention, art. 2, and separate art. 3.Google Scholar

180 Ibid. II, 360: separate art. 6.

181 Cf. [Czartoryski, A.], Essai sur la Diplomatic. Manuscrit d'un Philhellène, publi` par M. Toulouzan (Marseille-Paris, 1830);Google ScholarKukiel, M., Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, pp. 151–8, 229–305;Google ScholarHandelsman, M., Adam Czartoryski (Warsaw, 1949), vols. II and III. Czartoryski died in Paris in 1861.Google Scholar

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184 Czart. MSS, 5227, fos. 241–94: [A. Czartoryski], ‘Projet de Manifeste contre la France’, Sept. 1805.

185 Ibid. fos. 244–57. Original spelling preserved.

186 Ibid. fos. 260–61.

187 Ibid. fo. 281. Original spelling preserved.

188 Ibid. fo. 284–5.

189 Ibid. fos. 289–92.

190 Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, II, 192–3: G. O. Stackelberg to Betling, Oct. 1804.Google Scholar

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197 Czart. MSS, 5533, fo. 153: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov, 6/18 June [1805].

198 ibid. fo. 137: A. Czartoryski to A. R. Vorontsov, 20 June/2 July 1805. Cf. Vnesh. Pol. Rossii, III, 13:Google Scholar Czartoryski's memorandum [early Jan. 1806]. For his later candid and sweeping criticism of Alexander's timorous attitude towards foreign policy, see Czart, . Mémoires, II, 104–31: A. Czartoryski to Alexander I, Apr. 1806.Google Scholar

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