Article contents
Power and Authority in Seventeenth Century England
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
Extract
Many English political theorists of the mid-seventeenth century reveal in their writings an awareness that new political terminologies were needed to cope with the apparent breakdown of traditional ideologies. Such an insight is of course famously displayed by Thomas Hobbes and the early Hobbists such as Dudley Digges, in their treatment of orthodox Natural Law doctrines - ‘if we looke backe to the Law of Nature, we shall finde that the people would have had a clearer and more distinct notion of it, if common use of calling it Law had not helped to confound their understanding, when it ought to have been named the Right of nature’ wrote Digges in 1643.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974
References
1 [Digges, D.], The unlawfulnesse of subjects taking up armes, 1644Google Scholar, B4V. On the connexion between Digges, and Hobbes, , see Sirluck, E. (ed.), Complete Prose Works of John Milton, II (New Haven, 1959), 35. I shall quote signature rather than page numbers for seventeenth-century tracts, in the interests of accuracy.Google Scholar
2 [Robinson, W.], The peoples plea (1646), B4.Google Scholar
3 Gee, E., The divine right and original of civill government (1658), B3V.Google Scholar
4 B.M. Add. MS 27320, fos. 23, 24. The work, often attributed (wrongly) to Walter Ralegh, and printed (by Milton) as his Cabinet-Council, is discussed by Strathmann, E. A. in ‘A note on the Ralegh canon’, Times Literary Supplement, 13 Apr. 1956, p. 228.Google Scholar
5 (Mocket, R.), God and the king (1663 edn.), Div; I.E., , The right and jurisdiction of the prelate, and the prince (1621), C7.Google Scholar
6 Morelius, G., Hutton, R. (ed.), Verborum Latinorum cum Graecis Anglisque … commentarii (1583), s.v.Google Scholar; Thomasius, T., Dictionarium (1620 edn.), s.v. (first edn. 1587).Google Scholar
7 Baret, J., An alvearie or quadruple dictionarie (1608 edn.), s.v. (first edn. 1573).Google Scholar
8 One of the implications of Walzer's, MichaelThe Revolution of the Saints (London, 1966)Google Scholar is that there was a high degree of continuity between sixteenth-century radical Calvinists and seven teenth-century Puritans, and he comes close to saying that this conviction was not held by men like Knox and Goodman. The textual evidence for this is slight; Kearney's remark that Walzer has ‘ tended to lump together two different generations ‘ has a great deal of truth in it. (Kearney, H., Scholars and Gentlemen (London, 1970), p. 52.)Google Scholar
9 ‘Supremam potestatem in populo aut per vim ipse occupavit nullis mentis da tarn, sed divitiis ambitu & armis: aut volente populo acceptam violenter exercet …’ Mariana, J., De rege et regis insthutione (Mainz, 1605), C8v.Google Scholar
10 Jackson, T., A treatise of Christian obedience, Worlds (1672), III, 965–6.Google Scholar
11 Bucanus, G., Institutes of the Christian religion (1606), Kkk6/6v.Google Scholar
12 Willet, A., Hexapla: that is, a sixfold commentarie (1611), Ddd 4 v/5. Charles Herle uses the argument in his A fuller answer (1642).Google Scholar
13 Bellarmine, R., Disputationum … de controversiis Christianae fidei … opus (Ingolstadt, 1601), vol. II, col. 644 (‘De Laicis’ cap. 9).Google Scholar
14 Willet, , op. cit. Fff6.Google Scholar
15 Jackson, , op. cit. p. 936.Google Scholar
16 Gataker, T., Gods parley with princes (1620), Hiv.Google Scholar
17 Budacus, G. et al. , Lexicon sive dictionarium Graecolatinum (1562), s.v.Google Scholar
18 Jansenius, C., ‘Magis significat ius & authoritatem, quam virtutcm aut vires’, Commentariorum in suam concordiam: … partes IIII (Antwerp, 1613 edn.), VV5VGoogle Scholar; Stephanus, H., Concordantiae Graecolatinae Testamenti Novi (1600), s.v.Google Scholar
19 Leigh, E., Critica sacra (1639), PiGoogle Scholar; Gataker, T., Opera critica (1698), vol. 1, col. 153.Google Scholar
20 Scot, T., The high-waves of God and the king (1623), 12V/3.Google Scholar
21 Burroughes, J., The glorious name of God (1643), P. 3.Google Scholar
22 Parker, H., The true grounds of ecclesiastical regiment (1641), D4V/E.Google Scholar
23 Jordan, W. K., Men of Substance (Chicago, 1942).Google Scholar
24 On the Engagement controversy, cf. Wallace, J., ‘The Engagement Controversy, 1649–1652: An Annotated List of Pamphlets’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library, LXVIII (1964), 384–405Google Scholar, and Destiny his Choice: The Loyalism of Andrew Marvell (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 43–68.Google Scholar For Parker's, views, cf. especially The contra-replicant (1643), clv.Google Scholar
25 Williams, G., Vindiciae regum (Oxford, 1643), A3.Google Scholar
26 Jackson, , op. cit. p. 960.Google Scholar
27 Symmons, E., A loyall subjects belieje (Oxford, 1643), G3.Google Scholar
28 Robinson, , op. cit. A2.Google Scholar
29 ibid. B4/4V.
30 [Hammond, H.], A brief resolution, of that grand case of conscience (1650), A3.Google Scholar
31 [Sanderson, R.], A resolution of conscience (1650), A3.Google Scholar
32 Cf. particularly Hammond's, To the right honourable the Lord Fairfax … the humble addresse (1649).Google Scholar
33 D[oughty], J., Velitationes polemicae (1651), Xlv.Google Scholar
34 This is not, of course, to say that there was a political party in existence at this date which could be termed ‘Independent’ - cf. Foster, S., ‘The Presbyterian Independents Exorcised’, Past and Present, no. 44 (1969)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and the debate in ibid. no. 46 (1970).
35 J. Goodwin, υβριστοδικαι (1649), C2V.
36 Hughes, M. Y. (ed.), The Complete Prose Worlds of John Milton (New Haven, 1962), p. 197.Google Scholar
37 Cf. Rowe, V. A., Sir Henry Vane the Younger (1970), pp. 206–7, 217.Google Scholar
38 [Hunton, P.], A treatise of monarchy (1643), D2/2V.Google Scholar
39 [Rutherford, S.], Lex, rex (1644), B2v.Google Scholar
40 [Gee, E.], An exercitation concerning usurped powers (1650), C4.Google Scholar
41 Gee, E., The divine right, B3.Google Scholar
42 Ibid. B8/8v.
43 Lawson, G., Politico sacra et civilis (1660), E3V/4.Google Scholar
44 Cf. e.g. MacLean, A. H., ‘George Lawson and John Locke’, Cambridge Historical Journal, vol. 9 (1947).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45 Laslert, P. (ed.), John Locke: Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge, 1963), p. 308 and note.Google Scholar
46 Ibid. p. 448.
47 Ibid. pp. 449–52.
48 Ibid. p. 403.
49 Ibid. p. 402.
50 Jackson, , op. cit. pp. 951–2.Google Scholar
51 Scot, , op. cit. B2.Google Scholar
52 Ibid. C3V/4.
53 For Gataker, , cf. the D.N.B., and Jordan, W. K., The Development of Religious Toleration in England, II (Gloucester, Mass., 1965), pp. 143–5Google Scholar for tne ‘Ussherians’, for Burroughes, cf. Jordan, , vol. III, pp. 362–8Google Scholar; for Parker, cf. Jordan, , Men of Substance, pp. 67–86.Google Scholar
54 Powell, G., quoted in Jordan, The Development, vol. II, p. 512.Google Scholar
55 Widdrington, R., A cleare, sincere, and modest confutation of the … reply of T.F. (1616), R3/3V.Google Scholar There is considerable evidence that Roger Widdrington, a Northumberland gentleman, had intellectual interests independent of those of Thomas Preston, the Benedictine who (it is usually claimed) wrote under the name of ‘Widdrington’ - most notably the facts that he had an extensive library (Hedley, W. P., Northumbrian Families (Newcastle, 1970), p. 108) and that in 1634 he was used by the government as a debater with the Jesuit Edward Leedes.Google Scholar
56 For their friendship, cf. the D.N.B. article on Lawson.
57 Cf. Jordan, , The Development, vol. III, pp. 293–5.Google Scholar
58 Huntington, R., Sundry reasons inducing Major Robert Huntington to lay down his commission (1648), quoted in Hill, C., God's Englishman (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 195.Google Scholar
- 11
- Cited by