No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
The attempt to identify a ‘general crisis of the seventeenth century’ has not perhaps involved sufficient attention to ecclesiastical history. Yet isolated remarks have already revealed historians' appreciation of religious phenomena common to England and to the continent, to Protestant as well as to Catholic Europe. The application to Laudian England of the concept of ‘Puritanism of the Right’ has not failed to suggest a comparable view of some aspects at least of the European Counter-Reformation. A common interest has been detected between Venetian erastianism and Dutch Counter-Remonstrant Calvinism.
1 Trevor-Roper, , H.R., ‘The general crisis of the seventeenth century’, Past and Present [P. & P.], xvi (1959), 31 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ‘Trevor-Roper's “general crisis”’ (symposium), ibid. xviii (i960), 8ff.
2 Trevor-Roper, , Archbishop Laud (London, 1940), esp. p. x.Google Scholar Cf. Bossy's, J. Postscript to Evennett, H. O., The Spirit of the Counter-Reformation (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 132, 138Google Scholar; cf. for contemporary use of the concept Bossy, , ‘The Character of Elizabethan Catholicism’, P. & P., xxi (1962), 52.Google Scholar
3 Trevor-Roper, , Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (London, 1967), p. 235Google Scholar; cf. Ulianich, B., ‘La lettera del Sarpi allo Heinsius’, Rivista storica italiana, LXVIII, I (1956), 425 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Yates, Frances, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment (London, 1972), ch. x: Italian Liberals and Rosicrucian Manifestos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4 Trevor-Roper, , ‘The European Witch-craze’, Religion, Reformation and Social Change, p. 90 ff.Google Scholar Cardinal Federico Borromeo, archbishop of Milan (1595–1631), a practical promoter of witch-hunting as well as a theoretical demonologist, however believed low-lying and accessible ground to be more often the scene of the coven than remote high ground: vide his Parallela Cosmographica de Sede et Apparitionibus Daemonum (Milan, 1624)Google Scholar: De Locis, Infestis à Daemone (p. 25 ff.), p. 29 f.Google Scholar; cf. his De Ecstaticis Mulieribus et Illusis (Milan, 1616): Caput xxii, p. 154.Google Scholar
5 Trevor-Roper, , Religion, Reformation and Social Change, pp. 170, 184.Google Scholar The cosmology of Federico Borromeo was however Copernican and Galilean: vide his De Christianae mentis iucunditate (Milan, 1632), Lib. 11, Cap. ivGoogle Scholar: Rerum, De Magnitudine, pp. 44–5Google Scholar; cf. Favaro, A., ‘Federigo Borromeo c Galileo Galilei’, Misc. Ceriani (Milan, 1910), p. 307 ff.Google Scholar
6 Professor Trevor-Roper, in a Graduate Seminar, Oxford, Hilary Term 1969.Google Scholar
7 Thomas, K., Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, 1971), p. 498.Google Scholar
8 Maleficium: thus far common to England too on Thomas's plan.
9 Borromeo, Federico instigated a campaign against the use of charms to ward off the Milanese peste of 1630–1: vide his De Pestilentia - Edizione e note a cura di Agostino Saba (Sora, 1932), p. 28Google Scholar; and his Instruttioni, Ordini, et Avvisi - con I'occasione della pestilenza dell' anno 1630 (Milan) [1631], p. 39 f.Google Scholar; cf. Vita di Federico Borromeo - Compilata da Francesco Rivola (Milan, 1656), p. 583.Google Scholar
10 It will be obvious that more than the title of this article is owed to Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, P. & P., XLVII (1970), 51 ff.Google Scholar
11 Delumeau, J., Le Catholicisme entre Luther et Voltaire (Paris, 1971), esp. p. 256 ff.Google Scholar
12 Federico Borromeo and Baronius: a turning-point in the development of the Counter-Reformation Church (Reading, 1974; Centre for the Advanced Study of Italian Society, Occasional Papers No. 6)Google Scholar; ‘Why the Venetian Interdict?’, English Historical Review, LXXXIX (1974), 534 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13 Jedin, H., Crisis and Closure of the Council of Trent (London, 1967), esp. p. 41 ff.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti delta Controriforma a Firenze (Rome, 1972), esp. pp. 150, 336 ff., 340, 359 f.Google Scholar; Prodi, , Il cardinale Gabriele Paleotti (Rome, 2 vols., 1959, 1967)Google Scholar; Grosso, M. & Mellano, M. F., La controriforma nella arcidiocesi di Torino (1558–1610) (Vatican City, 3 vols., 1957).Google Scholar
14 A Collection of Articles, Injunctions, Canons, Orders, Ordinances, and Constitutions Ecclesiastical - of the Church of England - The Fourth Impression (London, 1684)Google Scholar; for Sparrow, vide Dictionary of National Biography (London, 1885 – ) s.v.Google Scholar
15 Preface, Sparrow's, p. [8], to A Collection of Articles.Google Scholar
16 Head, R. E., Royal Supremacy and the trials of bishops 1558–1725 (London, 1962), esp. p. 8 and n. 1.Google Scholar
17 Collinson, P., The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (London, 1967), esp. p. 243 ff.Google Scholar; Knappen, M. M., Tudor Puritanism (Chicago, 1965 edn), esp. pp. 294–7.Google Scholar
18 von Hefele, K. J., Histoire des Conciles, x, i (Paris, 1938), Décrets: Sess. xxiv Dé de ref. can. 3; 568Google Scholar; cf. Gli Atti della Visita Apostolica - a Bergamo - a cura di Roncalli, A. G. (Florence, 1936–).Google Scholar
19 Trevor-Roper, , Laud, pp. 171 ff., 190 ff.Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, pp. 193 f., 254, 285 f.Google Scholar; cf. Marchant, R. A., The Church under the Law: Justice, Administration and Discipline in the Diocese of York 1560–1640 (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 119 f. and nn.Google Scholar
20 Hefele, , Histoire des Conciles x, i, Sess. xxv Decret de ref. (Genl.) can. 3: 612.Google Scholar
21 A Collection of Articles, pp. 196, 230–1.Google Scholar
22 Trevor-Roper, , Laud, pp. 28 f., 149 ff.Google Scholar; Hill, J. E. C., Economic Problems of the Church (Oxford, 1956), p. 310 ff.Google Scholar; cf. A Collection of Ankles, pp. 30, 239 f., 309.Google Scholar
23 Storia di Milano (Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri), x (Milan 1957), 153Google Scholar; Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 65, n. 169; 328 and n. 16; 353 ft.Google Scholar; Itruzzione per li Predicatori destinati alle Ville, d Terre, composta da - Gabriele Paleotti per - la Diocese di Sabina (Rome, 1678)Google Scholar: Abusi, , e vizii de‘Contadini, p. 20 ff.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, III, 189 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Florentine, and Venetian reactions to the extension of mortmain: d'Addario Aspetti, pp. 169 ff., 534 ff. N.B. Paleotti's Itruzzione is derived from his Bolognese experiences as well as from his experience of the central papal states.Google Scholar
24 Hefele, , Histoire des Conciles, x, i (Décrets): Sess. XXV Deer, de ref. (genl.) can. xx: 625.Google Scholar
25 A Collection of Articles, p. 13.Google Scholar
26 Ibid. p. 115 ff.; cf. Head, R. E., Royal Supremacy, p. 12 ff.Google Scholar
27 Roncalli, , Atti, I, i, 281 and passim, esp. 285; II, i–iii passimGoogle Scholar; Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 295 and n. 59Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 236Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, passim, esp. 1, 248 f.Google Scholar, III, 136. 228 A Collection of Articles, pp. 238, 240.Google Scholar
29 Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 75, 90 ff.Google Scholar
30 Federici Borromaei - de Concionante Episcopo (Milan, 1632), Lib. 11, Cap. xiGoogle Scholar; idem, Condones Synodales (Milan, 1633), vol. 1, Concioxxxvii.Google Scholar
31 A Collection of Articles, p. 225.Google Scholar
32 Martin, Gregory, Roma Sancta [Milan, and Bologna, , 1581]. First ed. from the MS by Parks, G. B. (Rome, 1969), pp. 202, 229, 247Google Scholar; Itruzzione per – la Diocese di Sabina, Abusi e vizii; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 218Google Scholar; cf. A Collection of Articles, p. 180 f.Google Scholar; homas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 503.Google Scholar
33 Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 385Google Scholar; Istruzzione, Abusi; Decadis Quartae Historiarum Mediol. Ecclesiae Sive de Pontificatu Gasparis Vicecomitis Libri Duo - ab auctorc Petro Paulo Bosca (Milan, 1682), p. 115Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, II, 273 f.Google Scholar; d'Addario, Aspetti, p. 508 ff.Google Scholar
34 Cf. Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, p. 61Google Scholar; cf. Storia di Milano ix, 524 and n. 3, 553.Google Scholar
35 Cf. Trevor-Roper, , Laud, p. 155 ff.Google Scholar and Hill, , Society and Puritanism (London, 1964), p. 146 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Marchant's, reservations as to the diocese of York: The Church under the Law, p. 218.Google Scholar
36 A Collection oj Articles, p. 9 f.; cf. p. 232 f.Google Scholar
37 Trevor-Roper, , Laud, p. 204 ff.Google Scholar; The Elizabethan Advertisements of 1564: A Collection of Articles, p. 126.Google Scholar
38 Supremely in Federico Borromeo's foundation of the Ambrosiana, Milan. Cf. also Bosca, , Decadis, p. 122Google Scholar and Acta Bcclesiae Mediolanensis ed. Ratri, A. (Milan, 1890 –), vol. iv, col. 228Google Scholar, for archbishop Gaspare Visconti of Milan (1584–95); cf. Histoire de I'Eglise, eds. Fliche, A. et Martin, V., xvii (Paris, 1948), 277Google Scholar, for the pre-Tridentine episcopal reformer, Giberti of Verona; cf. Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 146 ff., 217 ff., 222 ff., 227, 347.Google Scholar
39 Collinson, , Puritan Movement, p. 333 ff.Google Scholar; cf. the Jacobean Constitutions of 1603: A Collection oj Articles, p. 302.Google Scholar
40 Acta Eccles. Medial., vol. iv, col. 247Google Scholar; Hist, de I'Eglise, xvii, 245 ff.Google Scholar; Evennett, , Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, p. 26 ff.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 317 ff.Google Scholar; Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 145 ff.Google Scholar
41 A Collection of Articles, p. 233: Canons of 1571Google Scholar; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 131 and n. 4.Google Scholar
42 Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, p. 65Google Scholar; Evennett, , Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, p. 85Google Scholar; Pullan, B., Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice (Oxford, 1971), p. 401 ff.Google Scholar; Hist, de I'Eglise, xvii, 277Google Scholar; Storia di Milano, ix, 692Google Scholar; N.C.M.H., III, 65Google Scholar; Paleotti at Bologna: Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 187 ff.Google Scholar; at Sabina: lstruzzione, Abusi; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 46 f.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, I, 248; cf. 11, 18 ff. and passim esp. ch. III.Google Scholar
43 Acta Eccles. Mediol., vol. iv, cols. 69 and 109Google Scholar; Storia di Milano, x, 188Google Scholar; Roncalli, , Atti, I, i, 127 ff.Google Scholar, Prodi, , Paleotti, 50 ff., 286 ff.Google Scholar; Hist, de I'Eglise, xvii, 276 and nn. 3 and 4Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 249 ff.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, n, 19, n. 35.Google Scholar
44 A Collection of Articles, pp. 227 f., 247 f., 289.Google Scholar
45 Acta Eccles. Mediol., vol. iv, col. 197Google Scholar; cf. Storia di Milano, x, 140 ff.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controrijorma, iii, 142Google Scholar; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 56 and nn.Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, p. 255.Google Scholar
46 Acta Eccles. Mediol., vol. iv, col. 174Google Scholar; cf. Storia di Milano, x, 314, 142Google Scholar; Provisiones Secundae Synodi - Sabinensis - 1593 (in Constitutiones Synodales Sabinae Dioecesis (Urbino, 1737), p. 73 ff.) Caput VHI, p. 76Google Scholar; Decreta - in Secunda Synodo Dioecesana - MDCV (in Decreta - in - Synodis Dioecesanis - Alexandriae [Alessandria] (1608); p. 39 ff.), p. 55 ff.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controrijorma, iii, 142Google Scholar; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, pp. 19, 49, 142–3Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, p. 253 ff.Google Scholar
47 Archivio Arcivescovile di Milano: Carteggio Ufficiale: vol. 28, Q.2 [Visconti]; vol. 41, Q.28 [fo. 4r] [Federico Borromeo]; cf. Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, p. 65Google Scholar; cf. Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 218 for English observance of Sundays and feast-days.Google Scholar
48 Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 115 and nn. 1 and 4; Archivio Arcivescovile di Milano: Archivio Spirituale Sezione X: Visite Pastorale: S. Nazaro: vol. 10: Q.9 [Visconti].Google Scholar
49 Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 130 and nn.Google Scholar; Archivio Arcivescovile di Milano, : loc. cit. Q.IIGoogle Scholar; cf. Bossy, ,’The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe', p. 63 ff.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 231 ff.Google Scholar
50 Archivio Arcivescovile di Milano loc. cit.: S. Stefano: vol. 1: Q.24 [Visconti]; cf. English regulations re this, starting with the Edwardian Injunctions of 1547: A Collection of Articles, p. 6; 1571: ibid., p. 232, and 1597, p. 256 f.; Archivio Arcivescovile di Milano loc. cit.: Carnago [Diocese] vol. 7: Q.14; vol. 10: Q.7; vol. 14: Q.29: Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, II, 18 ff.Google Scholar; Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, p. 53, n. 5Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 233.Google Scholar
51 Archivio Arcivescovile di Milano loc. cit.: S. Stefano: vol. I: Q.27 [fo. 2v]; Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 190Google Scholar; Istruzzione, Abusi; Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, p. 55–6 and n. 14Google Scholar; Thomas, K., Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 528, p. 620 and nn.Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, p. 179 f.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 234Google Scholar; cf. Schnucker, R. V., ‘La position puritaine à l'égard de I'adultère’, Annales E.S.C., xxvii, 6 (1972), 1379 ff.Google Scholar
52 Federici - Borromaei - Leges observandae in Academia quae de graphide erit (in his De Pictura Sacra [repr. Rome 1754], p. 97 ff.), p. 98Google Scholar; Roncalli, , Atti, I, ii, 495 f.Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, p. 81 f.; p. 181.Google Scholar
53 Borromeo, Federico, Meditamenta Litteraria ([Milan,] 1633), p. 36Google Scholar; Trevor-Roper, , Laud, pp. 276, 281.Google Scholar
54 Histoire de I'Eglise, xviii, 277Google Scholar; xviii, i, 89 and n. 3; Marcora, C., ‘Appunti per la storia della tipografia della biblioteca Ambrosiana’, Memorie storiche della diocesi di Milano, xiii (1966), 329 ff.Google Scholar; 345 and n. 49a; Trevor-Roper, , Laud, p. 276.Google Scholar
55 Synodus Dioecesana Mediolanensis Trigesimaprima (Milan, 1629): Cap. iv, p. 13 ff.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controrijorma, I, 248 f.Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, pp. 12, 179, 239; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 186.Google Scholar
56 Minute of letter of Federico Borromeo to Cardinal Millino, 25 Nov. 1609: Ambrosiana MS G. 258 inf., fo. 468r.
57 Jedin, , Crisis and Closure, p. 141 ff.Google Scholar; Synodus Dioecesana Mediolanensis, Cap. xii, p. 53 ff.Google Scholar; Bossy, , ‘The People of Catholic Europe’, pp. 57–8 and nn.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La contrortforma, II, 145Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, pp. 6, 33, 178 ff., 256 f.Google Scholar
58 Thomas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 62 ff.Google Scholar; Roncalli, , Atti, I, i, 224Google Scholar; Borromeo, Federico, Plebanarum Visitationum Exordia Turn Tractatus ad Agrorum Incolas et ad Clerum Plebanum [Milan, 1616]: Tractatus xx, p. 92 ff.Google Scholar; Istruzzione, Abusi; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, II, 171, 209; III, 236.Google Scholar
59 Acta Eccles. Medial., vol. iv, col. 433Google Scholar; Istruzzione, Abusi; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, III, 188Google Scholar; Trevor-Roper, , Laud, p. 123Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, pp. 179, 234. (The English situation of course also represents anti-Recusant and anti-Puritan measures.)
60 Pullan, B., Rich and Poor, p. 336 f.Google Scholar; Synodus Dioecesana Mediolanensis, pp. 60, 62; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, I, 248 f.; n, 99 ff., 176; A Collection of Articles, p. 180.Google Scholar
61 A Collection of Articles, p. 178; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 201 and n. 2.Google Scholar The charitable activity and initiatives of the Counter-Reformation are marked. Pullan, B., Rich and Poor, p. 216 ff.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 92 ff.Google Scholar; Martin, Gregory, Roma Sancta, p. 201 f.Google Scholar; Constitutions et Decreta - in Prov. Synodo Mediolanensi Septima (Milan 1612), p. 112 ff.Google Scholar; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, II, 94.Google Scholar
62 A Collection of Articles, pp. 178, 247 f.Google Scholar
63 Ibid., pp. 32, 78, 180; Thomas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 369, n. 1, p. 484 ff., p. 500 and n. 1Google Scholar; Trevor-Roper, , ‘The European Witch-craze’, p. 107 ff.Google Scholar; Kamen, H., The Spanish Inquisition (London, 1965), p. 201 ff.Google Scholar; Delumeau, Le Catholicisme, p. 250, n. 2Google Scholar; Valier, , Episcopus (Verona, 1602), p. 44.Google Scholar
64 Pullan, B., Rich and Poor, p. 558, p. 593–4Google Scholar; Borromeo, Federico, Plebanarum Visitationum, Tract, XVIII, Tract, xxxiiiGoogle Scholar; Roncalli, , Atti, 1, i, 221, 225Google Scholar; Istruzzione, Abusi; d'Addario, , Aspetti, pp. 147, 219.Google Scholar
65 A Collection of Articles, p. 235Google Scholar; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 218 and n. 1.Google Scholar
66 Plebanarum Visitationum, Tract, xxv, Tract, xxxiv; Istruzzione, Abusi; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, 11, 273 f.Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, p. 181.Google Scholar
67 A Collection of Articles, p. 235Google Scholar; cf. Istruzzione, Abusi; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, passim.Google Scholar
68 A Collection of Articles, pp. 234 ff., 180, 308Google Scholar; Borromeo, Federico, Plebanarum Visitationum, De Structure Templi Neglecta, p. 217Google Scholar; De Templi Aedificatione, p. 130 f.; Provisiones - in Synodo Oioecesana - 1597 - Sabinensis Dioec. (in Constitutiones Synodales Sabinae Dioecesis, p. 80 ff.) Cap. 1, p. 80; Grosso, and Mellano, , La controriforma, passim.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, pp. 235, 513 ff.Google Scholar
69 A Collection of Articles, p. 180Google Scholar; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, pp. 77 f., 130 and n. 5, pp. 199, 201 and n. 2Google Scholar; Trevor-Roper, , Laud, p. 151 ff.Google Scholar; Constitutiones et Decreta - in Prov. Synodo Medial., p. 98; Synodus Dioecesana Mediol., p. 143; Rivola, , Vita, p. 281Google Scholar; Archivio di State di Milano: Fondo Religione, p.a.: S.M. della Scala: Visite Arcivescovili no. 364 ff.: Decreta - Federicus - Visitatione - MDCXXIII [fo. 7r ff.; a stampa]: [fo. 7v ff.]; Delumeau, , Naissance et Affirmation de la Réforme (Paris, 1965), p. 367 (cf. p. 366 ff. passim: Problèmes communs aux 2 réformes).Google Scholar
70 Plebanarum Visitationum, Tract, xi; cf. Trevor-Roper, , Laud, p. 106 ff.Google Scholar; and Elton, G. R., Policy and Police (Cambridge, 1972), p. 38Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, pp. 180, 302Google Scholar; Marchant, , The Church under the Law, p. 131 and nn.Google Scholar; Whitmore, P. J. S., The Order of Minims in seventeenth-century France (The Hague, 1967), p. 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe', p. 59 f.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 238 f., p. 515Google Scholar; Instruzione per quelli che desiderano di avere Oratorj, o Cappelle nelle loro Abitazioni, nella Diocesi di Sabina: in Constitutiones Synod. Sabinae, p. 95 ff.Google Scholar
71 Acta Eccles. Mediol., vol. iv, col. 483, col. 721Google Scholar; A Collection of Articles, pp. 193 ff., 239 ft., 284 ff.Google Scholar; d'Addario, , Aspetti, p. 507 f., p. 512Google Scholar; Archivio Segreto Vaticano: Scgreteria di Stato: Venezia: vol. 38, fo. 125 v ft.Google Scholar
72 Thomas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 369, n. 1.Google Scholar
73 Ibid., p. 484 ff.; cf. A Collection of Articles, p. 302.Google Scholar
74 Bossy, , ‘The Character of Elizabethan Catholicism ‘, p. 39 ff.Google Scholar
75 Ibid. p. 41.
76 Ibid. p. 44 ff.
77 Ibid. p. 50.
78 Ibid., p. 45; cf. Hughes, P., The Reformation in England, II (London, 1953), pt. 3Google Scholar; cf. Jagger, A. M., ‘Bonner's Episcopal Visitation of London, 1554’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XLV, 112 (1972), 306 ff.Google Scholar
79 Bossy, , ‘The Character of Elizabethan Catholicism’, p. 50 f.Google Scholar
80 Ibid., p. 52; cf. Hughes, P., Rome and the Counter-Reformation in England (London, 1942), Book III.Google Scholar
81 Cf. above n. 70.
82 Hughes, , Rome and the Counter-Reformation, pp. 324, 362.Google Scholar
83 Cf. above, n. 70; Hughes, , Rome and the Counter-Reformation, pp. 339, 349Google Scholar; cf. Pascal, Lettres Provinciates: Lettre 16.
84 Cf. Bossy, , ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe’, p. 68.Google Scholar
85 Cf. above, n. 63.
86 Hughes, , Rome and the Counter-Reformation, p. 393.Google Scholar
87 Pater, Walter, The Renaissance (London and New York, 1888): Winckelmann (p. 186 ff.), p. 211 f.Google Scholar
88 Ibid., p. 212.
89 Ibid., p. 213.
90 Pater, , The Renaissance, Pico della Mirandola (p. 31 ff.), p. 32.Google Scholar
91 Ibid., p. 31 f.; cf. Mâle, E., The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century [Engl. tran. 1913] (1961 ed., London), p. 339 f.Google Scholar
92 Yates, Frances, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (London, 1964), p. 115 f.Google Scholar; cf. Wind, , Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance (London, 1958), p. 186 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Seznec, , La survivance des dieux antiques (London, 1940), p. 70 ff.Google Scholar
93 Dejob, C., De 1'influence du concile de Trente sur la littirature et les beaux-arts chez les peuples catholiques (Paris, 1884)Google Scholar; Male, E., L'Art Religieux après le Concile de Trente (Paris, 1932), esp. p. 3.Google Scholar
94 Federici Card. Borromaei … De Pictura Sacra … p. 91; cf. p. 95 ff.Google Scholar cf. Federici Card. Borromaei Musaeum (Milan, 1909, ed.), p. xii.Google Scholar
95 De Pictura Sacra, Cap. I, p. 4Google Scholar; Meditamenta Litteraria, p. 68.Google Scholar
96 Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 530 f. and nn. 12 and 15.Google Scholar
97 Paleotti, , Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e projane (ed. Barocchi, ; Bari, 1961)Google Scholar; Blunt, , Artistic Theory in Italy 1450–1600 (Oxford, 1956 ed.), p. 110 and n. 4, p. 126Google Scholar; Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 41, 528, 533 ff.Google Scholar Cf. Borromeo, Charles, Arte Sacra, De fabrica ecclesiae (eds. Castiglioni, and Marcora, ; Milan, 1952)Google Scholar; Notes (esp. for common matter in Paleotti and Charles on this subject) in ed. (as lnstructiones Fabricae et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae) by Barocchi, (Bari, 1962)Google Scholar; Roncalli, , Atti, vols. 1–11 passim: Church fabric reports and recommendationsGoogle Scholar; Wittkower, , Art and Architecture in Italy 1600–1750 (London, 1965), p. 74.Google Scholar
98 Prodi, , Paleotti, II, 548 and n. 70.Google Scholar
99 Ibid., p. 556 citing introduction (1595–6) to proposed 2nd ed. of Latin version of the Discorso.
100 De pictura Sacra, p. 9 f.; cf. p. 61 ff.Google Scholar
101 E.g. ibid. p. 11, 16; cf. Southern, R. W., The Maying of the Middle Ages (London, 1953), p. 238Google Scholar; cf. Sparrow, J., ‘Latin Evidence in Renaissance Painting’, Burlington Magazine (10, 1969), p. 612 ff.Google Scholar for Antonino, : Summa Theologica vol. III, tit. 8, sec. 4, ch. 11 vis-à-vis Federico's views.Google Scholar
102 De pictura Sacra, pp. 11, 16, 18, 21, 60Google Scholar; cf. Mâle, , L'Art Religieux – XIUe Siècle (Paris, 1924), p. 125 ff.Google Scholar
103 De Pictura Sacra, p. 13.Google Scholar
104 Ibid. p. 81; cf. Discorso, p. 376, n. 2; p. 671 f.Google Scholar
105 Cf. Yates, Frances, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, p. 114 S.Google Scholar
106 Roberts, J. M., The Mythology of the Secret Societies (London, 1972)Google Scholar; cf. Yates, , Giordano Bruno, chs. xix, xx: p. 338 ff.Google Scholar
107 Meditamenta titteraria, p. 29Google Scholar; idem, Salomon sive Opus Regium [Milan, 1617].Google Scholar
108 Letter of Federico Borromeo to Card. Arrigone - Di Milano il xxvj Ottobre 16xi: Ambrosiana MS. G. 258 inf., fo. 127r [Orig.; autogr. sigtr.].
109 (Milan 1627).
110 Meditamenta Litteraria, p. 109Google Scholar; cf. idem, Parallela Cosmographica de Sede et Apparitionibus Daemonum.
111 Meditamenta litteraria, p. 115.Google Scholar
112 Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanensis, vol. iv, col. 157Google Scholar; cf. Storia di Milano ix, 701 f. for the continuity of witch-belief from pre-Borromean Milan.Google Scholar
113 Cf. Trevor-Roper, , ‘The European Witch-craze’, p. 162.Google Scholar
114 Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanensis, col. 312 ff.
115 Ibid., col. 613 f.
116 Synodus Dioecesana, Cap. in, p. 11 ff.; Cap. xxvi, p. 126 ff.Google Scholar
117 Cf. Whiunore, P. J. S., The Order of Minims in seventeenth-century France, pt. III, ch. IIIGoogle Scholar; cf. idem, A Seventeenth-Century Exposure of Superstition: Select Texts of Claude Pithoys (The Hague, 1972), p. xv ff.Google Scholar; cf. Thomas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 523.Google Scholar
118 (Milan, 1624); cf. Medilamenta Litteraria, p. 52.Google Scholar
119 (Milan, 1616); cf. Meditamenta Litteraria, p. 51.Google Scholar
120 [Milan, , 1617]; cf. Parallela Cosmographica, Cap. xx, p. 87 ff.Google Scholar
121 Ibid. p. 29 f.; cf. Thomas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 515 f., 525.Google Scholar
122 Parallela Cosmographica, p. 87 ff.Google Scholar; De Ecstaticis Mulieribus, Cap. xxi, p. 150.Google Scholar
123 De Providentia Dei, et illius permissione cum malignis spiritibus (Milan, 1624), p. 23 f.Google Scholar; De Pestilentia, p. 7.Google Scholar
124 Parallela Cosmographica, p. 64 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Zorattini, P. C. I.,’Per lo studio della stregoneria in Italia nell‘eta moderna’, Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, xxv, 1 (1971), 231 ff.Google Scholar
125 Borromeo, Federico, Il libro intitolato la Gratia de'Principi (Milan, 1632), p. 66Google Scholar; cf. Thomas, , Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 233 f., 523.Google Scholar
126 Storia di Milano, x, 298Google Scholar; Castiglioni, C., Il Card. Federico Borromeo (Turin, 1931), p. 116.Google Scholar
127 Shrewsbury, J. F. D., A History of the Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970), p. 293, appears to imply that this was bubonic.Google Scholar
128 La Gratia de' Principi, p. 67Google Scholar; Parallela Cosmographica, p. 75 ff.Google Scholar
129 Storia di Milano, x, 349Google Scholar; cf. ibid. 235 ff. for Borromeo's, Charles reaction to the epidemic of his archiepiscopate, and also his Memoriale ai Milanesi – Pref. Testori, di G. (Milan, 1965).Google Scholar
130 Castiglioni, , ‘Assisrenza religiosa agli appestati del 1630’, Mem. stor. della diocesi di Milano, VIII (1961), 7 ff.: 9.Google ScholarIbid. for figures of priests and religious dead while working in the peste; Rivola, , Vita, p. 589 ff.Google Scholar; De Pestilentia, p. 19, p. 128 ff.Google Scholar
131 Instruttioni, passim; Rivola, , Vita, p. 581Google Scholar; Castiglioni, , ‘Assistenza religiosa’, p. 17 ff.Google Scholar
132 Instruttioni, pp. 17–8, 25, 27, 88, 134–5Google Scholar; Rivola, , Vita, p. 579 f.Google Scholar; Marcora, , ‘La biografia del Card. Fed. Borromeo scritta dal suo medico personale -’, Mem. stor. della dioc. di Mil., xv (1968), 125 ff., 224Google Scholar; Castiglioni, , ‘Assistenza religiosa ‘, p. 17 ff.Google Scholar
133 St. di Mil. x, 348Google Scholar; cf. I Sacri Ragionamenti - di Federico Borromeo - Vol. Decimo (Milan, 1646): Rag. in, p. 503.Google Scholar
134 De Pestilentia, pp. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13–14Google Scholar; Instruttioni, p. 6–7Google Scholar; Parallela Cosmographica, p. 55Google Scholar; Rivola, , Vita, p. 584Google Scholar; Marcora, , ‘La biografia’, p. 220.Google Scholar
135 De Pestilentia, pp. 6–7, 10, 12.Google Scholar
136 Instruttioni, pp. 38, 40–1, 47 S., 52 ff.Google Scholar; but cf. however pp. 4, 16; Rivola, , Vita, p. 576Google Scholar; but cf. however, p. 594; Storia di Milano, x, 348Google Scholar; Castiglioni, , Il Card. Federico Borromeo, p. 229 f.;Google ScholarMarcora, , ‘La biografia’, p. 221.Google Scholar
137 Instruttioni, p. 118 ff.Google Scholar; Minute of letter of Federico on this report: Ambrosiana MS G. 256 inf., fo. 120r ff.