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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 September 2019
This article argues that parliamentary debates over the access to and control of the crown jewels from 1641 to 1644 were intrinsic to the emergence and proliferation of revolutionary ideas about political sovereignty in the earliest stages of the English Civil Wars. In combining the methodologies of parliamentary history with theoretical scholarship on the material foundations of power, it demonstrates that shifting attitudes toward the royal regalia were indicative of more general developments in parliamentary thinking on the origins and limits of monarchical authority. In so doing, it contributes to recent scholarship on the problem of ‘ideological escalation’ at Westminster, demonstrating how quickly an initially radical proposal for access to the crown jewels became sufficiently popular in the House of Commons to authorize the melting down of the royal regalia only a year later. By emphasizing the centrality of the crown jewels to ongoing debates over the ‘ancient constitution’, it suggests that their destruction was understood as a step towards the abolition of monarchy per se.
I am especially indebted to Richard Bell, Ed Legon, and Jason Peacey for their comments on previous iterations of this article, and for their unsparing advice, assistance, and friendship throughout. I am grateful to Misha Ewen, Eilish Gregory, and Sean Kelsey for their expertise and encouragement, and the journal's anonymous readers for their comments on an earlier draft.
1 Journal of the House of Commons (CJ), iii, p. 112. The motion had also named Sir Henry Mildmay, MP and Master of the Jewel Office, alongside Marten as a potential recipient of the keys. The motion was defeated by 21 votes: 58 to 37.
2 British Library (BL), Harleian MS 165, fo. 97r. The room most likely the target of Marten's scheme is the Chapel of the Pyx, which had been previously used as a royal treasury, and where, around the mid-fourteenth century, the royal crowns were indeed stored. See Scott, George Gilbert, Gleanings from Westminster Abbey (Oxford, 1863), pp. 9–10Google Scholar; Joel Francis Burden, ‘Rituals of royalty: prescription, politics and practice in English coronation and royal funeral rituals c. 1327 to c. 1485’ (Ph.D. thesis, York, 1999), pp. 46–7.
3 BL, Harleian MS 165, fo. 97r.
4 CJ, iii, p. 114; BL, Harleian MS 165, fo. 97v. The motion was passed by 42 to 41 according to the Commons journal, which suggests there were 12 fewer votes cast than the day prior. D'Ewes's own estimate is that the motion passed by 41 to 40, suggesting 14 fewer votes.
5 CJ, iii, p. 114.
6 For two previous conceptualizations of ‘ideological escalation’, defined in different ways, see Braddick, Michael J., ‘History, liberty, reformation and the cause: parliamentary, military and ideological escalation in 1643’, in Braddick, Michael J. and Smith, David L., eds., The experience of revolution in Stuart Britain and Ireland: essays for John Morrill (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 117–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Como, David R., ‘Print, censorship, and ideological escalation in the English Civil War’, Journal of British Studies, 51 (2012), pp. 820–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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22 CSPV, 1642–1643, p. 80.
23 Strange and terrible newes from the queene in Holland (n.p., 1642), sigs. A2r, A3r.
24 The queens majesties message and letter from The Hague in Holland (1642), p. 3.
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68 This was conveyed perhaps most forcefully in the army's charges against eleven members presented to the Commons in June 1647. See Cobbett, ed., Cobbett's parliamentary history of England, iii, pp. 625–7. I am grateful to Jason Peacey for this information.
69 Scott, Politics and war in the three Stuart kingdoms, pp. 41–2. For Saye's ties with Strode, see Adamson, J. S. A., ‘Parliamentary management, men-of-business and the House of Lords, 1640–1649’, in Jones, Clyve, ed., Pillar of the constitution: the House of Lords in British politics, 1640–1784 (London, 1989), pp. 33–4Google Scholar.
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115 BL, Add. MS 31116, fo. 165v.
116 Ibid.
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122 CJ, iii, pp. 698, 702.
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129 Brotton, The sale of the late king's goods, p. 332.