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John Locke's circle and James II*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2010

Mark Goldie
Mark Goldie
Affiliation:
Churchill College, Cambridge
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Abstract

James II's grant of religious toleration and his invitation to the whigs to return to office dramatically changed the English political scene and created profound dilemmasfor the crown's former enemies. Although there is ambiguity in their responses, and although Locke himself remained an immovable exile, his circle offriends took advantage of these changes. This included nomination to James's proposed tolerationist parliament, an accommodation which damaged them in the actual elections to the Convention of 1689. Some took office, and in at least two cases Locke's associates published pamphlets in support of the king. By exploring the politics of the Lockean whigs a contradiction in earlier views is resolved. For whilst Richard Ashcraft has argued that Locke's circle remained unremittingly hostile to James and engaged in clandestine plotting, other sources identify the same people as among the king's ‘whig collaborators’. The chief actors in Locke's circle are Edward Clarke, Sir Walter Yonge, Richard Duke and Richard Burthogge.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 35 , Issue 3 , September 1992 , pp. 557 - 586
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

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References

1 Ashcraft, pp. 467, 521, and chs. 10–11 generally. For similar claims see Tully, J., A discourse of property: John Locke and his adversaries (Cambridge, 1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 The words arc those of Jones, J. R., ‘James II's whig collaborators’, Historical Journal, (1960), 65–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Jones did, however, open up the question of whig support for James, the extent of which remains underestimated. See Lacey, D. R., Dissent and parliamentary politics in England, 1661–1689 (New Brunswick, 1969), ch. 9Google Scholar; Jones, J. R., The revolution of 1688 in England (London, 1972), chs. 5–6Google Scholar; idem, ‘James ITs revolution: royal policies, 1686–1692’, in The Anglo-Dutch momtnt, ed. Israel, J. (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 47–72Google Scholar.

3 Ivan Roots pointed out to me a parallel with royalists in the:1650s: those at home were much more politically flexible than those in exile.

4 Ashcraft, p. 532; Henning, III, 789.

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7 None of them appears in the Dictionary of National Biography, though this is to be rectified for Clarke and Yonge in the forthcoming Supplement. Their are entries for Yonge and Duke in Henning. See also , Locke, Con., n, 479–80Google Scholar; III, 5, 7, 26; Cranston, passim; Ashcraft, passim (though he does not mention Duke); Lacey, Dissent, passim. There is a massive body of Clarke papers in the Sanford collection in the Somerset Record Office.

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12 They are listed as presbyterians in Lacey, Dissmt, pp. 389, 459. Clarke was more firmly within anglicanism, but his enemies accused him of dissent.

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17 Butler's lines are: ‘This is some pettifogging fiend,/Some under door-keeper's friend's friend,/ That undertakes to understand,/ And juggles at the second hand,/ And now would pass for Spirit Po,/ And all men's dark concerns foreknow’ (Hudibras, part 3, canto t). The OED defines ‘Po’ with a riddle, by referring only to Seymour's jibe against Duke.

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34 William Sprcat, transported to Jamaica. I owe this point to Priscilla Flower-Smith.

35 I merely glance here at the large question of Locke's ‘aristocratic whig’ context and its implications for Ashcraft's thesis. See McNally, D., ‘Locke, Levellers and liberty: property and democracy in the thought of the first whigs’. History of Political Thought, X (1989), 17–40Google Scholar; Idem, Political tconomy and the rise of capitalism (Berkeley, 1988). esp. pp. 58, 62Google Scholar; Marshall, J., ‘John Locke in context: religion, ethics and politics’ Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins, 1990), esp. ch. 8Google Scholar; Wood, Locke and agrarian capitalism; Scott, J., Algernon Sidney and the restoration crisis, 1677–1683 (Cambridge, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Krey, G. S. De, ‘London radicals and revolutionary politics, 1675–1683’, in Politics of religion, eds. Seaward, Harris and Goldie, , pp. 133–62Google Scholar; , Schochet, ‘Radical polities’, pp. 501–6Google Scholar.

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62 Duckett, I, 373–7; II, 263, 265, 298.

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65 Ashcraft discusses James's campaign for a ‘packed’ parliament at pp. 540–7; he says nothing at all about the involvement of Locke's friends in support of James's schemes.

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72 Henning, I, 19a, 202; n, 241. Sir Walter Yonge's son, Sir William, a henchman of Sir Robert Walpolc, repeated the device of 1689 when in 1734 he was elected to Ashburton as a precaution against losing Honiton: , Hanham, ‘Lordship’, pp. 453–4Google Scholar.

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79 Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Rawlinson D372. See M. Goldie, ‘James II and the dissenters' revenge: the Commission of Enquiry of 1688’, Historical Research (forthcoming). Clarke, Duke and Yonge were also appointed commissioners, but there is no evidence that they sat.

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81 Henning, I, a 10; III, 419. Lacey mistakenly refers to Burthogge as an anglican candidate in 1688 (Dissent, p. 351).

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84 The tract is dedicated to ‘SW. Y.B. T. R. E N M E.’ I assume the first two are Sir Walter Yonge, Baronet, and Thomas Reynell.

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87 Ibid. ep. ded., and pp. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10.

88 For the claim that it was drafted in 1683–3 sec Marshall, ‘Locke in context’, ch. 8. David Wootton argues for 1681: Introduction to his Penguin edition of Locke (forthcoming). They share Ashcraft's view that the Second Treatise was inappropriate until after Charles II had ceased to call parliaments.

89 Quoted in , Green, March of William, p. 93Google Scholar.

90 , Long, Letter for toleration, p. 1Google Scholar. Jonas Proast was the other critic: see , Locke, Works (London, 1801), VI, 199Google Scholar. See Goldie, M., ‘John Locke, Jonas Proast and religious toleration, 1688–1692’, in From toleration to tractarimism, eds. Walsh, J., Haydon, C. and Taylor, S. (Oxford, 1993)Google Scholar.

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92 For recent attempts to relate the publication of the Two treatises to the circumstances of 1689 see Tarlton, C., “‘The rulers now on earth”: Locke's Two treatises and the revolution of 1688’, Historical Journal, XXVIII (1985), 279–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schwoerer, L. G., ‘Locke, Lockean ideas, and the gloiious revolution’, Journal of the History of Ideas, LI (1990), 531–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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