Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:12:36.261Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Gunboat Diplomacy of the Government of George Grenville, 1764–1765: The Honduras, Turks Island and Gambian Incidents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Nicholas Tracy
Affiliation:
Canadian Department of National Defence

Extract

In the years following the conclusion of the Peace of Paris in 1763, George Grenville possessed a reputation for his consistent demands that Britain's war-proven naval superiority should be used to strengthen British diplomacy and prevent the Family Compact reacquiring die means of endangering Britain. In a typical statement to the Commons in 1768, referring to the Grafton Government's mishandling of the Corsican crisis, he said: ‘for fear of going to war, you will make war unavoidable’. It is interesting, therefore, to examine how and for what reasons the Grenville Government used its naval resources in conjunction with diplomacy to defend British interests when they were threatened consecutively in Honduras, Turks Island, and the Gambia in 1764–5.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 17 Nov. 1768, Debate on Seymour's motion, Egerton MS (British Museum) 215, fo. 185.

2 Cf. Pares, R., War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739–1763 (1963)Google Scholar; McLachlan, J., ‘The Seven Years' Peace and the West Indian Policy of Carvajal and Wall’, English Historical Review, LIII (1938), 472CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rashed, Z. E., The Peace of Paris, 1763 (Liverpool, 1951)Google Scholar; and Brown, V. L., ‘Anglo-Spanish Relations in America, 1763–74’, Hispanic-American Historical Review (08 1922).Google Scholar

3 SP (Public Record Office) 94/167, Lyttleton to Halifax, 3 Apr. 1764; and ADM (Public Record Office) 1/238, Burnaby to Stephens, 6 May 1764 (enclosing: Yucatan to Maud, 29 Dec. 1763).

4 SP 94/167, Halifax to Rochford, 15 June and 3 July, and Masserano, to Halifax, , 18 June; ADM 2/371, p. 487Google Scholar, Admiralty to Halifax, 28 June.

5 Smith, W. J. (ed.), The Grenville Papers (1852), II, 379 and 511.Google ScholarTomlinson, J. R. G., the editor of The Additional Grenville Papers, 1763–1765 (Manchester, 1961), considers that Mrs Grenville must have been the author (Introd., p. 4).Google Scholar

6 SP 94/167, Rochford to Halifax, 8 and 30 July; and Russell, Lord John (ed.), Correspondence of John, Fourth Duke of Bedford (1846), III, 263Google Scholar, Sandwich to Bedford, 20 July.

7 ADM 1/238.

8 SP 42/43, Stephens to Sedgwick (for Halifax).

9 CO (Public Record Office) 23/16, fo. 23 (enclosing letter to d'Etaigne [sic], 19 July).

10 Spencer, F. (ed.), The Fourth Earl of Sandwich, Diplomatic Correspondence, 1763–1765 (Manchester, 1961), p. 192.Google Scholar

11 The Grenville Papers, II, 418 and 422Google Scholar, Halifax to Grenville, 8 Aug., and Grenville, to Halifax, , 9 08; and Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, 1764–1775 (19361937), LXXI, 426–8, 13 and 15 08Google Scholar

12 Sandwich, , Diplomatic Correspondence, p. 197.Google Scholar There was a cabinet meeting on the 14th and Turks Island appears to have been discussed although it was not recorded in Grenville's minutes. (The Additional Grenville Papers, p. 324.)

13 Ibid. p. 197.

14 The Grenville Papers, II, 417, 8 08Google Scholar

15 Cf. ADM 1/238, Burnaby to Stephens, 6 May 1764.

16 The Additional Grenville Papers, p. 325Google Scholar; ADM 1/4126, no. 69, and SP 44/231, p. 229, Halifax, to Admiralty; and ADM 2/92, p. 122.Google Scholar

17 Sandwich, , Diplomatic Correspondence, p. 200, 18 Aug.Google Scholar

18 SP 78/263, to. 48.

19 SP 94/168, Rochford to Halifax, 6 and 13 Aug.

20 ADM 1/4126, no. 17, and SP 44/231, p. 231.

21 SP 94/168.

22 The Grenville Papers, 11, 435.

23 ADM 2/92, pp. 152 and 159.

24 SP 78/263, fo. 83, 28 Aug.

25 Sandwich, , Diplomatic Correspondence, p. 208Google Scholar, Cabinet Minute, 5 Sept.; ADM 1/4126, no. 75, SP 44/231, and SP 42/65; ADM 2/92, p. 160; and ADM 2/1332, p. 109, Admiralty to Burnaby.

26 Cunningham, P. (ed.), The Letters of Horace Walpole (1891), iv, 265.Google Scholar

27 1845 ed., II, 12.

28 PRO (Public Record Office) 30/79/1/16, no. 5, fo. 934 (Gower?) to Sandwich (Draft) 8 Sept.

29 PRO 30/29/1/14, no. 47, fo. 575, Bedford to Gower, 7 Sept.; no. 48, fo. 577, Sandwich to Bedford, II Sept.; PRO 30/29/1/16, no. 4, fo. 932, Gower to Bedford, 8 Sept.; and Sandwich, , Diplomatic Correspondence, pp. 210 and 217, Bedford to Sandwich, 7 and 9 Sept.Google Scholar

30 SP 78/263, fo. 89, 5 Sept.; The Grenville Papers, II, 436 and 438Google Scholar, Halifax to Grenville, 9 Sept., and Grenville to Bedford, 12 Sept., ADM 2/1332, p. 109; and ADM 3/72, fo. 94, Admiralty Minutes, 25 Sept.

31 The Additional Grenville Papers, p. 328Google Scholar, Cabinet Minutes; and ADM 1/238, Burnaby to Admiralty, 15 July (cf. ADM 3/72, fo. 92, Admiralty Minutes, 22 Sept.).

32 ADM 1/4126, no. 78, SP 44/231, p. 240, and SP 42/65, Halifax to Admiralty, 23 Sept.; CO 123/3, Halifax to Lyttleton, 23 Sept.; and SP 78/263, fo. 132, Halifax to Hertford, 25 Sept.

33 ADM 2/1332, p. 119, Secret orders to Burnaby, 25 Sept.; and ADM 2/92, pp. 168–9 (cf. ADM 51/3755, captain's log of Africa).

34 SP 94/168. Cf. SP 44/168, Orders to the Governor of Yucatan, 16 Sept.

35 SP 94/168.

36 ADM 1/4126, no. 79. Cf. SP 42/65, Stephens to Sedgwick, 28 Sept. Stephens forwarded intelligence from Cadiz of Spanish reinforcements sailing for New Spain. Grimaldi having pledged his country, however, it was apparently no longer thought necessary to maintain a superior force in the West Indies. On the 27th the Admiralty had ordered Thunderer to proceed to Jamaica, but the next day an express was sent to stop her (ADM 3/72, fos. 95–6).

31 ADM 2/1332, p. 124, Secret orders to Burnaby, 29 Sept.; and ADM 2/92, p. 173. Cf. Calendar of Home Office Papers 1760–1765, 18781899, no. 1474, Stephens to Sedgwick, 6 Oct.Google Scholar

38 ADM 1/238, Burnaby to Admiralty, 15 July and 4 Sept. (enclosing Burnaby to d'Estaing, 16 July); and CO 23/16, fos. 23 and 40, Shirley to Halifax, 20 July (enclosing Shirley to d'Etaigne [sic], 19 July) and 23 Sept.

39 Cf. ADM 51/1033, Captain's log of Venus; ADM 1/238, Burnaby to Stephens, 11 and 20 Sept.; and CO 23/16, fo. 63, Shirley to Halifax, 2 Oct.

40 ADM 1/238, Burnaby to Stephens, 5 Feb. and 21 Sept. 1765; SP 42/65, Admiralty to Halifax, 14 June 1765; ADM 50/1, Burnaby's log; and Sir Burdon, John, Archives of British Honduras (19311935).Google Scholar

41 ADM 2/371, p. 515, and SP 42/65, Admiralty to Halifax, 13 Mar. 1765; ADM 1/4126, and SP 42/65, Halifax to Admiralty, 23 Mar.; and ADM 1/4126 and SP 44/231, pp. 306, Halifax to Admiralty, 17 June.

42 The Additional Grenville Papers, p. 331.Google Scholar Cf. Gray, J. M., History of the Gambia (Cambridge, 1940), pp. 213–28 passimGoogle Scholar; Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, vol. 71, fos. 154, 247–8, 308, 399400Google Scholar (13 Apr., 31 May, 1 and 2 June, 18 and 20 July 1764); CO 267/6, Petition of the Committee of the Company of Merchants trading to Africa, to Pitt, 19 May 1761; and CO 267/13, Hillsborough to the king, 21 July 1764 (enclosing the Committee of the Company of Merchants' statement of British rights).

43 ADM 2/92, pp. 166 and 186.

44 SP 44/231, p. 246.

45 ADM 1/4126, no. 80, and SP 44/231, p. 249; and ADM 2/92, p. 194, Admiralty to Collier, 22 Oct. Cf. ADM 3/72, fo. no, Admiralty Minutes, 20 Oct.

46 SP 78/263, fo. 182, 30 Oct.

47 Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, vol. 71, fo. 442, 19 and 29 11Google Scholar; and The Additional Grenville Papers, pp. 331–2.Google Scholar

48 ADM 2/92, pp. 222 and 229; ADM 3/72, fo. 153, Admiralty Minutes, 1 Dec.; and ADM 1/1836, no. 2, Stephens to Graves, 15 Nov. Cf. ADM 3/72, 9 July, and ADM 3/74, 26 Apr. and 26 June 1766; Graves was favoured by Egmont.

49 ADM 2/92, pp. 238–9.

50 ADM 1/1836, no. 2, 1: Dec.

51 SP 42/65, Admiralty to Halifax, 15 Dec. (cf. ADM 3/72, fo. 169); ADM 2/1332, fo. 126, Secret orders to Graves; ADM 1/804, Pye t0 Stephens, 1, 4, 6 and 22 Jan. 1765; and ADM 1/1836, no. 2, Graves to Stephens, 1 and 6 Jan. 1765.

52 SP 78/265, fo. 76, 20 Jan. 1765.

53 The Additional Grenville Papers, pp. 333–4Google Scholar, 21 Jan.; cf. SP 78/265, fo. 76, Halifax to Guerchy, 23 Jan.

54 ADM 1/804, 23 Jan.

55 ADM 1/804; cf. ADM 3/72, fo. 207, Admiralty Minutes.

56 SP 78/265, fo. 57, 16 Jan.

57 SP 78/265, fo. 72, 31 Jan.

58 ADM 1/804, Pye to Stephens, 7 pm 1 Feb.; cf. ADM 3–72, io. 208, Admiralty Minutes, 31 Jan.

59 SP 78/265, fo. 72, 31 Jan.

60 ADM 1/4126, no. 93, and SP 44/231, p. 273, 11 Feb.

61 ADM 2/1332, fo. 131; cf. ADM 3/72, io. 220.

62 SP 78/265, fo. 142, 12 Feb.

63 SP 78/265, fo. 180, Hertford to Halifax, 13 Feb.

64 SP 78/265, fos. 202 and 206. Halifax had written the same thing to Guerchy on the nth.

65 ADM 1/4126, no. 98; ADM 2/1332, fo. 133; and ADM 2/371, p. 517, Admiralty to Halifax, 25 Mar.

66 ADM 2/372, p. 1, Admiralty to Conway, 25 July 1765.

67 ADM 1/1836, no. 2, 22 Mar. 1765.

68 Cf. ADM 2/371, p. 520, and SP 42/65, Admiralty to Halifax, II May 1765.

69 ADM 1/1836, no. 2, Graves to Stephens, 24 Apr., et seq.; CO 267/1; and ADM 2/372, p. 2, and SP 42/65, Admiralty to Conway, 29 July 1765.

70 Cf. ADM 2/93, p. 4, Admiralty to Edgcumbe, 7 Aug.; and ADM 1/804, Edgcumbe to Stephens, II Aug.