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The Garibaldi Riots Of 1862 1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Sheridan Gilley
Sheridan Gilley
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews
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Extract

Violence is the means of expression of men who lack any other, and is especially useful to the historian of an otherwise inarticulate working class, starving on die scraps which middle-class sources leave him. Everyman is anonymous, but becomes memorable in rebellion; and in die many memorable rebellions of nineteenth-century Europe, that self-proclaimed ‘age of revolution’, historians have rejoiced that trie poor had found voice in violence.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 16 , Issue 4 , December 1973 , pp. 697 - 732
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1973

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References

2 The two standard general histories of me Church for the period, by Alec Vidler and H. Daniel- Rops, both have the tide The Church in an Age of Revolution; see also Hobsbawm below.

3 Hobsbawm, E. J., The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 (London, 1969), pp. 159–60Google Scholar

4 Ibid. p. 138.

5 Rudé, George, The Crowd in History: a Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730–1848 (London, 1964), p. 147.Google Scholar

6 Even by historians who make much of the Irish, like Thompson, E. P. in The Maying of the English Wording Class (London, 1963)Google Scholar and Hobsbawm, E. J. in Labouring Men (London, 1964).Google Scholar

7 Brilliantly analyzed by Dr Lynn Lees of Amhersr College, Massachusetts, in an unpublished paper, ‘The Politics of Alienation: Irishmen in Nineteenth Century London’, pp. 10–12 read to the annual meeting of the New England Historical Association, Amherst, April 1971.

8 Wilfrid Ward, James Canavan, Denis Gwynn, Brian Fothergill. These last three writers are dependent on Ward, and cannot be expected to notice what he ignores.

9 The Dawn of the Catholic Revival; The Eve of Catholic Emancipation; The Sequel to Catholic Emancipation: 1781–1850 (London, 1909–1915).Google Scholar

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11 I have argued this in my 1970 Hulsean Prize essay, published as two articles: ‘Protestant London, No-Popery and the Irish Poor (1830–1860)’: pt. I (1830–1850), Recusant History, x (1970), 210–30; pt. 11 (1850–1860)Google Scholar, Recusant History, xi (1971), 21–46.Google Scholar

12 Clark, G. S. R. Kitson, The Making of Victorian England (London, 1962), p. 21Google Scholar; Best, G. F. A., ‘Popular Protestantism in Victorian England’, in Robson, R. (ed.), Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain (London, 1967), p. 142Google Scholar; Coleman, B. I., Anglican Church Extension and Related Movements c. 1800–1860: with special reference to London, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (1969), p. 362Google Scholar; Arnstein, W. L., ‘Victorian Prejudice Re-examined’, Victorian Studies (06 1969), XII, 455.Google Scholar

13 There were no fewer than sixteen major riot periods in Belfast in a century: in 1813, '24, '27, '32, '35, '43, '57, '64, '72, '86, '92, '93, 1901–2, 1907, 1910 and 1912 - major, that is, in terms of loss of life or destruction of property. Information from Mrs Sybil Baker: cf. her paper ‘Orange and Green: Belfast 1832–1912’, The Victorian City (London, 1973), II, 789–814.Google Scholar

14 See Rudeé, George ‘“Mother Gin” and the London Riots of 1736’, The Guildhall Miscellany, no. 10 (09 1959), pp. 53–62Google Scholar; The Crowd in History, pp. 52–5.Google Scholar

15 Coleman, Terry, The Railway Navvies (London, 1968), pp. 93–103.Google Scholar

16 The Times, 20 June 1867Google Scholar; Dent, R. K., Old and New Birmingham: a History of the Town and its People (Birmingham, 1880), sect. 11, pp. 569–71.Google Scholar

17 Boase, vi (Supplement vol. in), cols. 266–7.

18 L.C.M.M., ix (Nov. 1844), pp. 122–46.Google Scholar

19 The Times, 18 July 1853.Google Scholar

20 The Times, 12 July 1853.Google Scholar The paper's account is wildly inaccurate and sensational: it declared that a priest was stabbed who in fact was away at St Edmund's Seminary; and that his confrères were ‘covered with blood’. Cf. The Tablet, 16 July 1853.Google Scholar

21 The Times, 18 July 1853.Google Scholar

22 Jackson, T. A., Solo Trumpet: Some Memories of Socialist Agitation and Propaganda (London, 1953), p. 34.Google Scholar

23 S See Wiseman's, ‘Impressions’, in The Sermons, Lectures, and Speeches delivered by His Eminence Cardinal Wiseman during his Tour of Ireland in August and September, 1858 (Dublin, 1859). pp. 411–12.Google Scholar

24 Rome, , its Rulers and its InstitutionsGoogle Scholar; Norman, E. R., The Catholic Church and Ireland in the Age of Rebellion (London, 1965), p. 45.Google Scholar

25 Ibid. pp. 49–51. The phrase is A. M. Sullivan's: ‘Papal Ireland’, in New Ireland (London, 1878), pp. 205–17.Google Scholar

26 Cf. Major O'Reilly, James, The Irish Brigade Vindicated (Dublin, 1861)Google Scholar; Berkeley, G. F. H., The Irish Battalion in the Papal Army of 1860 (Dublin, 1929).Google Scholar

27 The Tablet, 13 Oct. 1860; Purcell, E. S., Life of Cardinal Manning Archbishop of Westminster (London, 1895), II, 164Google Scholar; Urban, M. B., British Opinion and Policy on the Unification of Italy 1856–1861 (New York, 1938), p. 556.Google Scholar

28 Which also drew up addresses of sympathy for presentation to the Pope, receiving equally flowery replies. Cf. SS Mary and Michael, in the East End: The Tablet, 6 Oct. 1860; and see Father J. Hearsnep, Missionary Rector of Poplar, 13 Nov. 1860, in The Tablet, 17 Nov. 1860. Characteristically Hearsnep publicized the mark of Papal condescension with an appeal for his unemployed parishioners.

29 The Tablet, 9 June 1860; also Wiseman's ‘Pastoral Letter … enjoining a collection through out the diocese for His Holiness the Pope’ (London, 1860).Google Scholar On this excitement in Liverpool, and the Liverpool collections, see Burke, Thomas, Catholic History of Liverpool (Liverpool, 1910), p. 143.Google Scholar

30 The Duty of Maintaining the Pope in his Temporal Sovereignty; an Appeal in behalf of the Collection for the Pope … in St John's Church, Islington … (London, 1860), pp. 20–1.Google Scholar

31 (London, 1860), pp. 16–17.

32 Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes (London, 1860)Google Scholar; The Last Glories of the Holy See Greater than the first (London, 1861)Google Scholar; The Present Crisis of the Holy See Tested by Prophecy (London, 1861).Google Scholar

33 Cf. Purcell, , op. cit. I, 156–60.Google Scholar

34 The Tablet, 20 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

35 The Times, 20–30 Sept. 1862. The riot occurred on a Friday night, and was only fully treated in the London press on the following Monday.Google Scholar

36 The Times, 19 Sept. 1862, 22–25 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

37 ‘Souper’: an Evangelical missionary alleged to make converts by dispensing free soup.

38 Kelly, , 17 Sept. 1862, to The Tablet, 27 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

39 Edward, Royle, George Jacob Holyoake and the Secularist Movement in Britain 1841–1861, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (1968), pp. 279–82.Google Scholar

40 Information from Dr Royle; cf. George Jacob Holyoake, p. 110.

41 There is an excellent account in rhe Daily News (29 Sept. 1862), cited here as ‘D’; most of the quotations below are taken from it: cf. The Morning Advertiser, 29 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; The Morning Star, 29 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; The Annual Register, 1862Google Scholar, Chronicle, , pp. 174–6Google Scholar; Forder, Robert in Bonner, H. B., Charles Bradlaugh (London, 1894), I, 215–16 (Forder's narrative cited below as ‘Forder’); John Mann, Park Superintendent, to George Russell, Assistant Secretary, Office of Works, 1 Oct. 1862, H.O. 45/6794/7, P.R.O.Google Scholar

42 D.

43 Forder.

44 They arrived after fighting had broken out. Mrs Bonner, (op. cit. p. 215), relying on her father's memories, is wrong in assuming that they had been forewarned by earlier trouble with the Irish; there is none in evidence in the principal journals either in 1860 or for nine months before.Google Scholar

45 Forder.

46 D.

47 Forder.

48 D.

49 Forder.

50 D.

51 The same standard police-court report appears in all the dailies: cf. The Times, The Daily News, The Telegraph and The Morning Post, 30 09 1862.Google Scholar

52 The Times, 29 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

53 Mann to Russell, supra.

54 The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

55 See Forder, , or The Daily Telegraph, 7 Oct. 1862, for the following Sunday.Google Scholar

56 The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

57 Ibid.

58 The Morning Star, 30 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

59 The Daily News, 1 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; for this species of anti-Celtic humour, see The Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

60 The Daily News, 2 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

61 See The Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct. 1862, on attempts ‘to identify … GARIBALDI with a Mazzinian propaganda and a No Popery crusade’; and, for working-class opinion on the same point, The Beehive, 4 Oct. 1862.

62 The Daily News, 2 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

63 The Record, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

64 Supra.

65 Harrison, Brian, ‘The Sunday Trading Riots of 1855’, Historical Journal, VIII (1965), 224–5.Google Scholar

66 Ibid.

67 The Reverend Thomas Crybbace.

68 Crybbace to the First Commissioner of Works, 29 Aug. 1856; Russell, George, for the First Commissioner, to Crybbace, 29 Oct. 1856; 6794/9, supra.Google Scholar

69 Crybbace to the Earl of Derby, 13 May 1859; to Sir George Lewis, 1 May 1859; Alfred Austin, Secretary to the Office of Works, to Sir George Lewis, 21 May 1859; Ibid. 6794/3.

70 Alfred Austin to the Superintendent, Hyde Park, 16 May 1860, Ibid. 6794/9.

71 Police Order, 16 July 1860, Ibid. 6794/5.

72 Mayne to the First Commissioner of Works, 8 Sept. 1860; Ibid. 6794/9.

73 His evidence before 1855 Riots Commission of Enquiry; cited Mayne to Henry Waddington, 4 May 1864, Ibid. 6794/11.

74 Mann to Russell, supra.

75 Mayne to Austin, 4 Oct. 1862; Ibid. 6794/7.

76 Police Order, 4 Oct. 1862; Ibid. 6794/7.

77 See, for example, Petherbridge, W. on The Beehive, 4 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; Reynolds Newspaper, 5 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

78 Reports of Inspectors of A, C, D and Divisions, G, loc. cit. 6794/7.Google Scholar

79 Ibid.

80 Divisional Inspector, C Division, to Mayne, 2 Oct. 1862, Ibid.

81 ‘Anonymous’ and ‘One who watches’ to the Divisional Inspector, ‘A’ Division, Ibid.

82 Divisional Inspector, ‘A’ Division, to Mayne, 4 Oct. 1862, Ibid.

83 Reports of Inspectors of J, K, L, P, R, V Divisions (Ibid.); many Divisions did not bother to return reports.

84 On the political repressiveness of the French police, see Payne, H. C. and Grosshans, H., ‘The Exiled Revolutionaries and the French Political Police in the 1850s’, The American Historical Review, LXVIII, 4 (1963), 957, 972–3.Google Scholar

85 There are standard accounts in The Times and The Daily News, 6 Oct. 1862Google Scholar, cited as T and D; and a rather different version in the Catholic Universal News, 6 Oct. 1862. Other journals copied, or used, the same report: thus The Times summary occurs in The Tablet, the Daily News one in The Morning Star and Reynolds Newspaper, 12 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar Also Mann, to Russell, , 6 Oct. 1862, 6794/6, supra.Google Scholar

Estimates of the number of people in the Park vary from Mayne's 60,000 (Mayne, to Waddington, Henry, 6 Oct. 1862, 6795/7, supraGoogle Scholar) to the Annual Register's 80,000, The Times' 90,000 and the Daily News' 200,000 - this last a police assessment at 3.00 p.m.

86 D.

87 T.

88 Ibid.

89 D.

90 T.

91 D.

92 Ibid.

93 Mann to Lewis, supra.

94 The Times, 6 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

95 The Times says six o'clock; Mann to Lewis says seven, and Mayne (letter to Waddington, supra) is studiously vague, but implies an earlier time.

96 The Universal News, 1 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

97 The police reports are in all the dailies, for Tuesday, 7 Oct.

98 See, on the riots in the north, Gladstone, F. M., Notting Hill in Bygone Days (London, 1969), p. 200.Google Scholar

99 Reynolds Newspaper, 12 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

100 The Morning Advertiser, 29 Sept. 1862: the Woolwich magistrate's fear ‘that Woolwich would become a second Belfast’ was a litde pessimistic.Google Scholar

101 ‘Another Roman Catholic Pastoral’, The Daily News, 20 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

102 L.C.M.M., 1 May 1863.Google Scholar

103 The Times, 10 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

104 Ibid. 21 Oct. 1862.

105 Lees, Lynn, ‘Patterns of Lower Class Life: Irish Slum Communities in Nineteenth Century London’Google Scholar, in Thernstrom, S. and Sennett, R. (eds.), Nineteenth Century Cities (New Haven, 1969), pp. 369–70, 373.Google Scholar

106 The Morning Post, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

107 The Times, 23 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

108 Ibid. 8 Oct. 1862.

109 The Daily News, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

110 The Times, 8 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; and for the Catholic version of the story, The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862. As the magistrate passed sentence die court resounded with ‘The Pope forever I and three cheers for him!’

111 The Times, 9 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

112 The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

113 The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

114 Ibid. 14 Oct. 1862.

115 See the case of John Murphy, in Bishop's Road, Paddington, Ibid. 11 Oct. 1862; or the truly penitent first offender of Clerkenwell, The Daily News, 19 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

116 The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

117 e.g. The Times, 9 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; cf. other ‘non-political’ cases, given prominence by the riots: the ‘mayor of Limerick’ who tried to force his way into a music hall (The Daily News, 9 Oct. 1862), or the drunken Irish comedian (The Daily News, 4 Oct. 1862), accused of ‘letting off firearms in the Gray's Inn Road’, to the danger of passers-by.

118 The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

119 The Daily News, 11 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

120 The Morning Star, 23 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; cf. The Times, 7 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

121 Smith, Charles to The Morning Star, 29 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

122 The Universal News and The Universe, 4 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; cf. The Universal News and The Universe, 27 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar

123 The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

124 ‘An English Catholic’, 15 Oct. 1862, in The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

125 Punch, , 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

126 Ibid. 18 Oct. 1862; cf. 22 Nov. 1862.

127 Captain Busk, Hans, 18 Oct. 1862, to The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

128 Punch, , 1 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

129 Ibid.

130 The Daily Telegraph, 6 Oct. 1862; again, The Telegraph had the stock admiration for ‘their warm and generous hearts, their bright and ready wit, their gay and cheerful courage, their deep and honest piety …’

131 The Morning Star, 6 Oct. 1862; The Daily Telegraph, 1 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

132 The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

133 The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

134 See above and below.

135 ‘Dozens of howling fanatics, and some howlers who were not fanatics, grew up like toadstools in the Park. Some murdered the English language with a savage sincerity, and others were known to the police as having derived their theology from the good orthodox teaching of a gaol chaplain …’ (The Times, 8 Oct. 1862); cf. the broadsides in The Saturday Review, 18 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

136 Bradlaugh's National Reformer, 11 Oct. 1862; this position was shared by other ‘working-class’ opinion; cf. ‘Scourge’, in the Beehive, 4 Nov. 1862, 11 Nov. 1862.

137 Sparkall, Isaac, Secretary to the Garibaldian Committee, 15 Oct. 1862, to The Daily News, 17 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

138 ‘… the police arrangements were admirably managed. The men were ordered not to display themselves offensively - indeed they were most carefully concealed … everything which could … interfere with the popular sport was carefully and studiously neglected …’ (The Saturday Review, 11 Oct. 1862Google Scholar); cf. ‘C.S.’ 6 Oct. 1862, in The Daily News, 7 Oct. 1862; ‘… where were the police?’; The Daily Telegraph, 7 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

139 Mayne, to Waddington, , 6 Oct. 1862, 6974/7, loc. cit.Google Scholar

140 Police Order, The Times, 11 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

141 The Saturday Review, loc. cit.Google Scholar

142 The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

143 The Times, 6 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

144 Ibid. The Record, 6 Oct. 1862.

145 The Daily News, 29 Sept. 1862.Google Scholar The News assumed from their dress that they were English, but they could have been Irish: cf. The Nation, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

146 Reynolds Newspaper, 5 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

147 Cf. The Morning Star, 30 Sept. 1862Google Scholar; The Daily News, 1 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; ‘An English Roman Catholic’ in The Times, 17 Oct. 1862, who had been ‘informed by a most credible witness that he saw well-dressed persons (“gendemen” he called them) inciting the Irish to fresh attacks’.Google Scholar

148 The Times, 8 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

149 Ibid. 13 Oct. 1862.

150 Kelly, Farher William, in The Tablet, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

151 Both this letter and the Pastoral were published in The Times, 13 Oct. 1862.

152 The Times, 10 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

153 The Morning Post, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

154 The Times, loc. cit.Google Scholar

155 The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

156 The Morning Post, loc. cit.Google Scholar

157 The Times, loc. cit.Google Scholar

158 The Daily News, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

159 ‘Pastor Bonus’, The Saturday Review, 18 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; cf. Bevington, M. M., The Saturday Review 1855–1868 (New York, 1941), p. 95.Google Scholar

160 The Saturday Review, loc. cit.Google Scholar

161 The Daily Telegraph, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

162 The Daily News, 16 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

163 The Saturday Review, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

164 Punch, , 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

165 The Record, 24 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

166 ‘It is surely rather a serious thing to have a crowd of ragged Irishmen … not only turning part of Glasgow into a mass of filth and degradation, as if it were part of Cork or Tipperary, crowding the poor houses and filling the gaols, but to have the same colony, under the guidance of priests … rising to put down the famous old city motto, “let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word”’ (The Bulwark, 1 Sepr. 1862); cf. The Bulwark, 1 July 1862.

167 ‘Doctor Wiseman and the Hyde Park Riots’, The Bulwark, 1 Dec. 1862.Google Scholar

168 Cf. ‘A Cambridge Man‘ and ‘Anti-Romanist’ in The Morning Advertiser, 18 Oct. 1862, on the riots and the Inquisition, racks, thumbscrews, etc.Google Scholar

169 The Times, 6 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

170 The Daily News, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

171 Ibid.

172 The Times, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

173 The Times, 13 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

174 Punch, , 18 Oct. 1862; cf. The Morning Star, 30 Sept. 1862Google Scholar: ‘Knowing how well their countrymen fought in Italy … no one will be surprised to learn that they charged again with desperate ferocity, using sticks and stones …’ also The Daily News, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

175 The Morning Post, 20 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

176 ‘Another Roman Catholic Pastoral’, The Daily News, 20 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; The Times, 23 Oct. 1862Google Scholar; ‘An English Workman’ in The Daily News, 21 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

177 The Times, 14 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

178 The Morning Advertiser, 15 Oct. 1862, captioned his letter ‘SIR G. BOWYER'S APPROVAL OF IRISH RIOTERS’.

179 The Times, 10 Oct. 1862.

180 The Times, 17 Oct. 1862.

181 Brundrit, St Werburg's, Birkcnhead, to the Liverpool Mercury, 14 Oct. 1862; reprinted in The Morning Post, 16 Oct. 1862.

182 The Daily News, 17 Oct. 1862.

183 A grievance aired by Punch, in 22 lines of excruciating doggerel: ‘ The Broken Heads and Blockheads of Birkenhead ’ (Punch, 25 Oct. 1862).

184 The Morning Post, 18 Oct. 1862.

185 See The Universal News, 1 Nov. 1862.

186 DrBlakeney, R. P., who in 1864 preached the Protestant Reformation Society's annual sermon, on Romish Efforts in England.Google Scholar

187 For his side of the story, see his letter in The Times, 29 Oct. 1862.

188 The Times, 25 Oct. 1862, 27 Oct. 1862.

189 The Times, 20 Oct. 1862.

190 The Times, 20 Oct. 1862.

191 Ibid. 23 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862.

192 In a denunciation of the popular Catholic press, and The Universe - on which, see below - ‘ Mr. Punch need not for the hundredth time assure the educated Catholic that nobody supposes him to regard such publications with other than Mr. Punch's own sentiments … ’ (Punch, 29 Nov. 1862).

193 Burke, op. cit. p. 155.

194 ‘ An English Roman Catholic ’, The Times, 17 Oct. 1862.

195 Peacock, 18 Oct. 1862, to The Times, 22 Oct. 1862.

196 The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.

197 Ibid. 18 Oct. 1862.

198 Ibid. II Oct. 1862.

199 Ibid. 25 Oct. 1862.

200 ‘ An English Catholic ’, 15 Oct. 1862, to The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.

201 ‘…the Irish, by the bold front which they presented to infidelity and disordered passions, have been great public benefactors…They have impressed the owners of property and the lovers of order for the sake of property, with the conviction that it is no longer safe to insult the religious feelings … of the QUEEN's stout-hearted and strong-handed subjects … For this … they are entitled to the thanks of every friend of religion and of order in the kingdom … ’ (The Weekly Register and Catholic Standard, 18 Oct. 1862).

202 See ‘ French View of the Riots in Hyde Park ’, The Nation, 25 Oct. 1862; The Daily News, 13 Oct. 1862, considered it sinister that ‘ that devoted organ of the eldest daughter of the Church, La France, knew all about the riots … before they took place ’: they were announced in Paris before they occurred in London. See also the Italian Papist Armonia's reply to the Gazetta del Popolo of Turin, The Universe, 25 Oct. 1862.

203 See the first issue, 29 Dec. 1860, for the meeting to announce the foundation of the paper, presided over by Canon Frederick Oakeley, who called upon the editor ‘ for a decided advocacy of Irish interests ….’

204 D.N.B.

205 See Sullivan, T. D., A. M. Sullivan: A Memoir (Dublin, 1885), pp. 45–6; cited in part in the Universal News, 4 10. 1862.Google Scholar

206 The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

207 Ibid. II Oct. 1862.

208 Ibid.; The Nation, 25 Oct. 1862.

209 Michael Considine in The Irishman, 18 Oct. 1862.

210 The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

211 The Nation, 4 Oct. 1862.

212 The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862 was rather hurt by the Cardinal's want of enthusiasm.

213 The Weekly Register and Catholic Standard, II Oct. 1862; cf. ‘ The Park Preachers ’, The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

214 The Tablet, II Oct. 1862; The Times, 8 Oct. 1862, 10 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

215 The Nation, 22 Nov. 1862.

216 An editorial privilege also exercised by the Universal News against a MrRyan, James. The Universal News, 8 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

217 The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; The Nation, II Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

218 The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; The Universe, 22 Nov. 1862; The Nation, 25 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

219 The Universal News, 6 Dec. 1862.Google Scholar

220 The Nation, 8 Nov. 1862; The Times, 3 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

221 There was journalistic rivalry in this: The Freemans Journal was raising money for the Dublin O'Connell Memorial, and The Morning News and The Nation appeal might deflect subscriptions away: see The Times, 3 Nov. 1862.

222 See the extracts published in The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862.

223 See, for example, the Dublin Daily News, 7 Oct. 1862 at the discomfiture of The Times; cf. The Morning Post, 8 Oct. 1862, on the Irish Protestant press, and for a similar Catholic attack on The Times' double standard in treating Orangemen in England and Ireland, see The Tablet, 25 Oct. 1862.

224 See The Universal News, 29 Nov. 1862, 6 Dec. 1862; pride of place goes to the opinions of The New York Metropolitan Record, ‘ the official organ of His Grace Archbishop Hughes. ’

225 e.g. The Universal News, 13 Dec. 1862.

226 See The Times on Gavazzi, 30 Sept. 1862: ‘ True, he made some offensive remarks on the Irish Brigade, but has not The Times done the same? ’

227 A typical catalogue: ‘ Marshall Nugent in Austria, O'Donnell in Spain, M'Mahon and Neil and the Old Brigade in France, Wellington at Waterloo, Gough and Napier in India … Fontenoy … Magenta and Solferino … Bull Run … Richmond … the Boyne (not a victory I), Aughrim and Athlone … ’ (‘ The Fighting Irish ’, from the Dundalk Democrat, The Nation, II Oct. 1862).

228 This catalogue was rehearsed again and again: cf. Fr William Kelly in The Universal News, 13 Oct. 1862, and The Tablet, 18 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862; the orators at the Edgeware Road meeting, I Nov. 1862; The Weekly Register and Catholic Standard, II Oct.Google Scholar

229 The Universal News, 4 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

230 Begun by John Murphy in The Universal News, II Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

231 Sullivan, A. M. to O'Donnell, J. F., The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; cf. Sullivan in The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

232 On the Golden Square meeting, The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862; Deptford, ibid.; the Edgewarc Road, I Nov. 1862; Holborn, 25 Nov. 1862; cf. Punch, I Nov. 1862.

233 The O'Donoghue to J. F. O'Donnell, The Universe, 18 Oct. 1862; the letter was circulated through the English press: cf. The Daily News, 17 Oct. 1862, The Saturday Review, 25 Oct. 1862. On O'Donoghue, see Boase, II, col. 1214.

234 Maguire to A. M. Sullivan, 3 Nov. 1862, reproduced in The Universal News, 8 Nov. 1862.

235 Circular, Wiseman Papers, A.A.W.

236 The Universal News, 22 Nov. 1862.

237 e.g. The Nation, 1 Nov. 1862.

238 Especially ‘ THE ENGLISH and IRISH ELEMENTS OF THE BRITISH ARMY ’, and the letter from the Irish soldiers of Chatham Barracks, 22 Oct. 1862, in The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862.

239 Any issue of The Universal News or The Nation from 18 Oct. to the end of Nov. ‘ DEATH BEFORE DISHONOUR ’ wrote one Irish priest; in another large parish all six curates subscribed (The Nation, 18 Oct. 1862, 25 Oct. 1862).

240 Norman, op. cit. pp. 99–105.

241 The Nation, I Nov. 1862.

242 The Times, 3 Nov. 1862.

243 Newman to Charles Russell, 5 Nov. 1862; Dessain, Charles Stephen (ed.), The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, xx (London, 1970), 343. Apart from Miss Gladstone's note on the Irish outbreak in Notting Hill, first published in 1929 (loc. cit.), this is the only reference to the riots in a modern printed book; as Father Dessain adds, ‘ McHale [sic], who was tender towards Fenians, can have had little scruple about supporting “ anti-Garibaldians ” ’.Google Scholar

244 The Universe, 8 Nov. 1862.

245 See for example ‘Unjust Treatment of Irishmen in England’, The Universe, II Oct. 1862; ‘“ The Times ” and the Irish ’, 25 Oct. 1862; ‘ The Prejudices against Irishmen in England ’, 13 Dec. 1862.

246 Murphy in The Universal News, II Oct. 1862.

247 See footnote 205.

248 Author of Protestantism in Ireland Defended and Whig-Popish Logic Refuted (Edinburgh, 1856)Google Scholar, Popery and Liberalism, deadly foes to the religion and liberties of England (Preston, 1857), Protestantism on Trial: being a Series of Letters to the Bishop of London (London, 1860).Google Scholar

249 Rome, Antichrist, and the Papacy; being a series of Letters addressed to the Reverend Dr Manning (London, 1862).Google Scholar

250 The Daily News, 22 Oct. 1862.

251 See Denvir, John, The Irish in Britain (London, 1892), pp. 178–9Google Scholar; cf. Burke, M., John O'Leary: a Study in Irish Separation (Tralee, 1967), p. 44Google Scholar; Norman, E. R., A History of Modern Ireland (London, 1971), p. 156.Google Scholar

252 See, for example, Jeremiah Murphy, 13 Oct. 1862, in The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.

253 A speaker at the Holborn meeting for the riot fund ‘ concluded by calling on the meeting to join the Brotherhood of St Patrick …’ (The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862).

254 On Considine, see The Universe, 25 Oct. 1862.

255 See The Irishman, 18 Oct. 1862.

256 Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, loc. cit.

257 The Universal News, 6 Dec. 1862.

258 The Irishman, II Oct. 1862. This may have been pique: the paper was at war with A. M. Sullivan.

259 See the speech of a ‘ Mr. Cahill, who wore the papal medal, and was present at Castelfidardo…’ at the Holborn meeting for the riot fund, The Universal News, 25 Oct. 1862.

260 Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland, p. 89.

261 D.N.B. The Irish People was founded in Nov. 1863.

262 Cf. The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1862, The Morning Star, 14 Oct. 1862.

263 ‘The Popish Riots ’, The Bulwark, I Nov. 1862.

264 Manning to Wiseman, 23 Oct. 1862, R79/5, Wiseman Papers, A.A.W.

265 The Times, 2 Dec. 1862; the Pastoral appeared in the paper on the Ist.Google Scholar

266 The Universal News, 18 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

267 The Irish Liberator. Copies survive at Colindale for the weeks 14 N0V.-4 Dec. 1863. There were also peaceful Irish Nationalist demonstrations in Hyde Park in the 1870s. Davies, C. M., Heterodox London: or, Phases of Free Thought in the Metropolis (London, 1874), II, 319–29.Google Scholar

268 The Universe and The Universal News, 22 Nov. 1862, 29 Nov. 1862.Google Scholar

269 Clive, George to Grey, Sir George, 14 Oct. 1862, 6794/8, loc. cit. It is difficult to see why Manning was still so worried, after the fiasco of the preceding Sunday. The second stage of the Birkenhead affair was still to come.Google Scholar

270 The Daily Telegraph, 20 Oct. 1862.Google Scholar

271 Mayne, to Baring, J. G., M.P., 3 May 1864Google Scholar; to Waddington, Henry, 4 May 1864Google Scholar; 6794/7, loc. cit.

272 The Annual Register, 1866, Chronicle, pp. 99–102.Google Scholar

273 Denvir, , op. cit. pp. 183–6.Google Scholar

274 The Times, 18 Dec. 1867, on ‘the Roman Catholic clergy, who have all along, and never more vehemently than during the last few days, counselled them to abstain from treasonable doings. The Roman Catholic Bishops especially have done both their flocks and the nation an eminent service …’

275 The Church and Ireland, pp. 107–8Google Scholar, on ‘the arguments used in Parliament by the Protestant rump’ depicting Fenianism ‘as a plot inspired by the Irish hierarchy’.

276 Beales, D. E. D., England and Italy 1859 (London, 1961), pp. 11–14Google Scholar; ‘there is no parallel to the overriding public concern with foreign questions which distinguished the Age of Palmerston …’ (1846–65).

277 The annual conference of the Evangelical Alliance took place just after the riots, but ignored them in a preoccupation with Spanish Protestantism: The Morning Post, 16 Oct. 1862.

278 Robertson, Alexander, The Papal Conquest (London, 1909), pp. 37–8Google Scholar, cf. Swinburne's, ‘Peter's Pence from Perugia’.Google Scholar

279 The Church and Ireland, pp. 41–3.Google Scholar

280 See The Times, 20 June 1867.