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NEGOTIATING FREE WILL: HYPNOSIS AND CRIME IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY GERMANY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2017

ANTHONY D. KAUDERS
ANTHONY D. KAUDERS*
Affiliation:
Keele University
*
History, Humanities Office, Keele University, Keele, st5 5bg[email protected]
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Abstract

The history of free will has yet to be written. With few exceptions, the literature on the subject is dominated by legal and philosophical works, most of which recount the ideas of prominent thinkers or discuss hypothetical questions far removed from specific historical contexts. The following article seeks to redress the balance by tracing the debate on hypnosis in Germany from 1894 to 1936. Examining responses to hypnosis is tantamount to recording common understandings of autonomy and heteronomy, self-control and mind control, free will and automaticity. More specifically, it is possible to identify distinct philosophical positions related to the question as to whether hypnosis could surmount free will or not. The article demonstrates that the discourse often centred on the perceived struggle, located within a particular ‘personality’, between an individual's ‘character’ or ‘soul’ and the infiltration by a foreign or hostile force. While one group (compatibilists) emphasized the resilience of the ‘moral inhibitions’, another group (determinists) doubted that these were sufficient to withstand hypnosis.

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The Historical Journal , Volume 60 , Issue 4 , December 2017 , pp. 1047 - 1069
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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References

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20 Ibid., p. 44.

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34 Ibid., p. 87.

35 Ibid., pp. 68–9.

36 Ibid.

37 John F. Kihlstrom, ‘The automaticity juggernaut – or, are we automatons after all?’, in Baer, Kaufmann, and Baumeister, eds., Are we free?, pp. 155–80.

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75 Ibid., p. 67.

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86 Ibid., p. 9.

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93 Mayer, Verbrechen, p. 10.

94 Ibid., pp. 10, 35.

95 Ibid., pp. 37, 208–9.

96 Ibid., pp. 67, 197.

97 Ibid, pp. 53, 67.

98 Ibid., p. 53; Hellwig, Albert, ‘Hypnose und Verbrechen: Lehren des Heidelberger Falles’,  Deutsche Justiz, 99 (1937), pp. 1986–9, here p. 1986Google Scholar.

99 Hellwig, ‘Hypnose’, p. 1988.

100 Bürger-Prinz, ‘Verbrechen’, pp. 194–5. Bürger-Prinz relied on Vorkastner, whom he cited approvingly.

101 Ibid., p. 197.

102 See n. 76.

103 Ibid., p. 196.

104 Knigge, ‘Aberglaube und Verbrechen’, p. 284. See also Haupt, Johannes, ‘Eine experimentelle Untersuchung zur Frage der kriminellen hypnotischen Beeinflussbarkeit’, Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 159 (1937), pp. 767–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here p. 768.

105 Kirchhoff, ‘Ein forensischer Beitrag’, p. 48.

106 Bieri, Das Handwerk der Freiheit, p. 22.

107 Kane, A contemporary introduction to free will, p. 18.

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112 Hettling and Hoffmann, ‘Der bürgerliche Wertehimmel’, pp. 358–9.