Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:05:21.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Civil Science in the Renaissance: Jurisprudence Italian Style

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Donald R. Kelley
Affiliation:
University of Rochester

Extract

In the history of Renaissance thought and learning jurisprudence seems to be a missing term. Not that the scholarship of civil, canon and customary law is itself lacking, or lagging, but it has not been sufficiently integrated with that of other fields, and even in the modern history of the Renaissance ‘encyclopedia’ it does not hold high priority. In some modern views of the studium, in fact, law seems to stand not only below the trivium and quadrivium but even, since it lacks utility as well as liberality, below the mechanical arts. Petrarch and other humanists would no doubt be pleased at this turnabout; and others may find justice (in a historian's if not a lawyer's sense) at the fall of the profession of law from academic grace. For present purposes, however, we must try to lay aside the prejudice which many of us may feel toward lawyers, modern counterparts of the pedants derided by Petrarch and the ‘mean and mercenary’ pettifoggers denounced by Cicero. It is not the purpose here to plead the cause of Renaissance jurists; but it may be possible, by attending to some of their less celebrated (or lamented) achievements, to do some justice to their place in the history of learning.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 From different point of view there are discussions of ‘legal humanism’ (an unfortunate coinage since it suggests a counterpart ‘illegal humanism’) in Maffei, D., Gli inizi dell'umanesimo giuridico (Milan, 1956)Google Scholar; Kelley, D. R., Foundations of modern historical scholarship (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; and Troje, H., Graeca leguntur (Cologne, 1971)Google Scholar.

2 Senen, Claudii Ptolemaei., De corruptis verbis iuris civilis dialogus (Siena, 1517?), sig. Bi ff. Cf.Google ScholarRossi, P. in Studi Senesi, xxix (1912), 358–72Google Scholar.

3 Studies in Renaissance thought and letters (Rome, 1956), p. 576Google Scholar.

4 Kisch, G., Humanismus und Jurisprudenz, Der Kampf zwischen mos italicus und mos gallicus an der Universität Basel (Basel, 1955)Google Scholar, andAstuti, G., Mos italicus e mos gallicus nei dialoghi ‘de iuris interpretibus’ di Alberico Gentili (Bologna, 1937)Google Scholar, are fundamental studies.

5 See my ‘Vera philosophia: the philosophical significance of Renaissance jurisprudence’, Journal of the History of Philosophy, xiv (1976), 267–79Google Scholar; and for backgroundCortese, E., La norma giuridica (2 vols., Milan, 19621964)Google Scholar; Calasso, F., Medio evo del diritto, 1 (Milan, 1954)Google Scholar; Koschaker, P., Europa und das römische Recht (Berlin, 1958)Google Scholar; Wieacker, F., Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit (Göttingen, 1967)Google Scholar; La formazione storica del diritto moderno in Europa (Atti del terzo Congresso internaz, delta società italiana di storia del diritto) (3 vols., Florence, 1977); and for bibliography Ullmann, W., Law and politics in the middle ages (Ithaca, 1975)Google Scholar.

6 Justinian, constitution Omnem, and Alciato, Parerga, rx, 25, in Lucubrationum in tus civile, 11 (Basel, 1557), 86 ffGoogle Scholar. Cf. Pringelsheim, F., ‘Justinian's prohibition of commentaries to the Digest’, in his Gesammelte Schriften, II (Heidelberg, 1961), 438Google Scholar.

7 Classic survey by Engelmann, W., Die Wiedergeburt der Rechtskultur in Italien durch die wissenschaftliche Lehre (Leipzig, 1938)Google Scholar.

8 The dawn of humanism in Italy (London, 1947), p. 5Google Scholar.

9 Lectura in Codicem, ad tit. (Paris, 1528)Google Scholar. In general, see Monti, G., Cino da Pistoia giurista (Città di Castello, 1924)Google Scholar; Zaccagnini, G., Cino da Pistoia (Pistoia, 1918)Google Scholar; and the collaborative volume, Cino da Pistoia nei VI centenario della morte (Pistoia, 1937)Google Scholar.

10 Zaccagnini, Cino da Pistoia, p. 200; cf. Davis, C., Dante and the Empire (Oxford, 1957), p. 141Google Scholar.

11 Calasso, Medio evo del diritto, 1, 571.

12 L'Opera di Baldo, per cura dell' Università di Perugia nel V centenario dela morte del grande giureconsulto (Perugia, 1901)Google Scholar. There is a comparable Bartolo da Sassoferrato: Studie e documenti per VI centenario (2 vols., Perugia, 19621963)Google Scholar.

13 Beza, Th., Correspondance, ed. Aubert, H. et al. , 1 (Geneva, 1960), 35Google Scholar.

14 Calasso, Medio evo del diritto, 1, 571.

15 Commentariorum turn utriusque interprets doctissimi Baldi de Ubaldis Perissimi Prima pars in Digestum vetus (s.l., 1535), fo. 5Google Scholar.

16 Schulz, F., A history of Roman legal science (Oxford, 1953), pp. 62 ffGoogle Scholar.

17 Commentarii, fo. 3 ff; cf. C. de Seyssel, Speculum feudorum (Basle, 1566), p. 14Google Scholar.

18 Commentarii, fo. 4.

19 Ibid. fo. 6; see also Tarducci in L'opera di Baldo, pp. 415 ff., and Kantorowicz, E., The king's two bodies (Princeton, 1957), pp. 298 ffGoogle Scholar.

20 Pursued further in my ‘Gaius Noster: substructures of Western social thought’, American Historical Review, LXXXIV, (1979), 619–48Google Scholar.

21 Cf. my ‘De origine feudorum: the beginnings of an historical problem’, Speculum, xxxix (1964), 2768Google Scholar, and ‘The rise of legal history in the Renaissance’, History and Theory, ix (1970), 174–94Google Scholar

22 Cited by Mortari, V. Piano, Ricerche sulla teoria dell'interpretazione del diritto nel secolo XVI (Milan, 1956), p. 27Google Scholar.

23 ‘Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik’, Gesammelte Schriften, v (Munich, 1927), 334Google Scholar. A qualified exception to this is the work of Emilio Betti, who wrote on law as well as legal hermeneutics.

24 ‘De verboru m significatione’ (on Digest, 50), in Opera Omnia, I (Frankfurt, 1617)Google Scholar.

25 Rebuffi, P., Explicatio ad quatuor primes Pandectarum libros (Lyon, 1589), p. 1Google Scholar.

26 Commentarii, fo. 1.

27 Maffei, D., La Donazione di Costantino nei giuristi medievali (Milan, 1964)Google Scholar.

28 Invective against Bartolus in Valla's letter to Pier Candido Decembrio in Opera omnia (Turin, 1962), I, 633Google Scholar.

29 De iuris interpretibus dialogi sex (London, 1582), p. 58Google Scholar. See the discussion of Valla's Elegantiae and Dialecticae disputationes in my Foundations, ch. 11.

30 Dispunctiones, III, 1, in Lucubrationes, II, 78. Cf. Alexandro, Alexander ab, Genialium dierum libri sex (Leiden, 1673), 1, 19; 11, 28; III 19, etcGoogle Scholar.

31 ‘De verborum significatione’, Opera, 1, 461.

32 Dispunctiones, 1, and Parerga, 1, 31, in Lucubrationes, 11, 1, 199.

33 Piano Mortari, Ricerche, p. 68.

34 See Engelmann, Die Wiedergeburt, pp. 152 ff.

35 See especially Mortari, Piano, ‘Il problema dell'interpretatio iuris nei commentatori’, Annali di storia del diritto, 11 (1958), 29109Google Scholar, and Cortese, La norma giuridica, 1, chs. VI–VII.

38 Horn, N., Aequitas in den Lehre des Baldus (Cologne, 1968)Google Scholar, and Kisch, G., Erasmus und die Jurisprudenz seiner Zeit (Basel, 1960)Google Scholar.

37 Gaius, Institutes, 1, 8, and Justinian, Institutes, 1, 1, 12. See Pugliese, G., ‘“Res corporeales”, “res incorporeales” e il problema del diritto soggetivo’, Studi in onore de Vicenzo Arangio-Ruiz, III (Naples, 1953), 223–60Google Scholar.

38 Relevant discussions include Zatti, P., Persona giuridica e soggetività (Padua, 1975)Google Scholar, and Maiorca, C., La cosa in senso giuridico (Turin, 1937)Google Scholar.

39 Chasseneux, B., Catalogue gloriae mundi (Paris, 1529), x, 18 ffGoogle Scholar.

40 See the classic survey of Geny, F., Méthode d'interprétation et sources en droit privé positif (Paris, 1899)Google Scholar.

41 Besta, E., Introduzione al diritto commune (Milan, 1938), p. 43Google Scholar.

42 The medieval idea of law as represented by Lucas de Penna (London, 1946), p. 107Google Scholar.

43 Horn, Aequitas, p. 74. Cf. Wahl, J. A., ‘Baldus de Ubaldis and the foundations of the nation state’, Manuscripta, xxi (1977), 8096Google Scholar.

44 See my ‘Vico's road’, in Giambattista Vico's Science of Humanity, ed. Tagliacozzo, G. and Verene, D. (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 1529Google Scholar.

45 Further discussion in my Clio and the lawyers: forms of historical consciousness in medieval jurisprudence’, Medievalia et Humanistica, n.s., v (1974), 2549Google Scholar.

46 De formula Romani imperii libellus (Basel, 1559)Google Scholar, and see note 21.

47 L'opera di Baldo, p. 78.

48 Alciato, Dispunctiones, 11, 21, in Lucubrationes, II, 30; cf. Digest, L, 1, 33; XLVIII, 22, 7, 15; I, ia, 1, 13.

49 Medieval foundations of Renaissance humanism (London, 1977), pp. 156–7Google Scholar.

50 Good discussion in Skinner, Q., The foundations of modern political thought (2 vols., Cambridge, 1978), 1, 28 ffGoogle Scholar. Cf. Stein, P., ‘The relations between grammar and law in the early Principate: the beginning of analogy’, La critica del testo, 11 (Florence, 1971), 757–69Google Scholar; Lanfranchi, F., Il diritto nei retori romani (Milan, 1938)Google Scholar; Giuliani, A., ‘The influence of rhetoric on the law of evidence and pleading’, The Juridical Review (1962), pp. 216–51Google Scholar; and C. Vasoli, ‘La dialettica umanistica e la metodologia giuridica nel secolo XVI’, La formazione storica del diritto moderno in Europa, 1, 237–79.

51 Beginning with the fundamental work of Post, G., Studies in medieval legal and political thought (Princeton, 1962)Google Scholar; and see Kirshner, J., ‘Civitas sibi facit civem: Bartolus de Sassoferrato's doctrine on the making of a citizen’, Speculum, XLVIII (1973), 694CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Ars imitatur naturam: a consilium of Baldus on Naturalization in Florence’, Viator, v (1974), 289Google Scholar.

52 Pocock, J., The Machiavellian moment (Princeton, 1975)Google Scholar, building, as so many others, on the work of Hans Baron and Eugenio Garin.

53 See Ercole, F., Da Bartolo all'Althusio (Florence, 1932)Google Scholar and the classic work of Woolf, C., Bartolus of Sassoferrato (Cambridge, 1913)Google Scholar.

54 Commentarii, fo. 1.

55 European literature and the Latin middle Ages, trans. Trask, W. (New York, 1953), p. 19Google Scholar.