Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T06:35:41.750Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pulsars (Theoretical Considerations)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2016

V. L. Ginzburg
V. L. Ginzburg*
Affiliation:
Lebedev Physical Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Theorists, both physicists and astronomers, are usually greatly pleased with their choice, because to study theoretical questions is, in a sense, easier and more effective than to observe and to measure. Experimentalists and observers, on the other hand, often grumble at their fortune for their work is very labour-consuming and its success depends largely on quite non-scientific problems, such as getting money, equipment and so on. I should like to mention this because the study of pulsars can serve as an example (not, of course, the only one) when the theorists have every reason for envying the observers. At any rate as far as I am concerned, this is so. In the previous report made by A. Hewish the facts were presented and we have every reason for congratulating the observers on their success. In less than three years great work has been done. As for the theory of pulsars we have, for the time being, a shortage of exactly established facts and I would like to discuss mainly general considerations and working hypotheses. Fortunately, for the theorists the situation is not always like that. There are cases when theory goes far ahead and anticipates observations. In the case of pulsars some lag in the theory is caused by two circumstances. Firstly we deal here with exceptionally complicated tasks, for example, with the equation of state of a substance with a density ℓ ≿ 1011 g cm−3 and the electrodynamics of the magnetosphere of a rapidly rotating star with non-coinciding axes of rotation and of magnetic symmetry (say, with the direction of magnetic dipole). Secondly the observational data, in spite of their variety, give only indirect information about pulsars because their structure cannot be seen directly as, for example, in the case of the surface of the Sun or a number of nebulae.

Type
I. Invited Discourses
Information
Highlights of Astronomy , Volume 2: Highlights of Astronomy. As presented at the XIVth General Assembly of the IAU, 1970 , 1971 , pp. 20 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1971

References

References*

[1] Hewish, A., Bell, S. J., Pilkington, J.D.H., Scott, P. F., and Collins, R. A.: 1968, Nature 217, 709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[2] Ostriker, J. P.: 1968, Nature 217, 1227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[3] Thorne, K. S.: 1969, Comments Astrophys. Space. Phys. 1, 12.Google Scholar
[4] Ostriker, J. P. and Tassoul, J. L.: 1968, Nature 219, 577; 1969, Astrophys. J. 155, 987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[5] Wang, C. G., Rose, W. K., and Schlenker, S. L.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 160, L17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[6] Cameron, A.G.W. and Cohen, J. M.: 1969, Astrophys. Letters 3, 3; see also 1970, Astrophys. Space Sci. 6, 228.Google Scholar
Cameron, A.G.W.: ‘Neutron Stars’, 1970, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 8, 179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[7] Gold, T.: 1968, Nature 218, 731; 1969, 221, 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[8] Ginzburg, V. L.: 1964, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 156, 43 (English transi. Soviet Phys.-Doklady).Google Scholar
Ginzburg, V. L. and Ozeraoy, L. M.: 1964,Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 47, 1031 (English transi. Soviet Phys.-JETP). Ozernoy, L.M.: 1968, Highlights of Astronomy (ed. by L. Perek), Reidel, Dordrecht-Holland, p. 384.Google Scholar
Ozeraoy, L. M. and Chertoprud, V. E.: 1969, Astron. Zh. 46, 940.Google Scholar
[8a] Morrison, P. 1969, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 157, L73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[9] Layzer, D.: 1968, Nature 220,247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[10] Hoyle, F. and Narlikar, J.: 1968, Nature 218, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[11] Harrison, E. R.: 1970, Nature 225, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[12] Arnett, W. D.: 1969, Nature 222, 359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, A.G.W.: 1969, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 1, 172.Google Scholar
[13] Woltjer, L.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 140, 1309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[14] Pacini, F.: 1967, Nature 216, 567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[15] Ruderman, M.: 1968, Nature 218, 1128.; 1969, Report 6/69, New York University, Department of Physics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[16] Nemeth, J. and Sprung, D.W.L.: 1968, Phys. Rev. 176, 1496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[17] Ginzburg, V. L. and Kirzhnits, D. A.: 1964, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 47, 2006. (English transl. Soviet Phys.-JETP 20, 1346 (1965)).Google Scholar
Ginzburg, V. L.: 1969, J. Stat. Phys. 1, 3; 1969, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 1, 81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[18] Migdal, A. B.: 1959, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 37, 249.Google Scholar
[19] Wolf, R. A.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 145, 834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[20] Baym, G., Pethick, C., and Pines, D.: 1969, Nature 224, 673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21] Itoh, N.: 1969, Progress Theor. Phys. 42, 1478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[22] Hoffberg, M., Glassgold, A. E., Richardson, R. W., and Ruderman, M.: 1970, Phys. Rev. Letters 24, 775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[23] Pearson, J. M. and Saunier, G.: 1970, Phys. Rev. Letters 24, 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[24] Canuto, V., Chiu, H. Y., Chiuderi, C., and Lee, H. J.: 1970, Nature 225, 47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[25] Solinger, A.: 1969, preprint.Google Scholar
[26] Baym, G., Pethick, C., and Pines, D.: 1969, Nature 224, 674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[27] Gunn, J. E. and Ostriker, J. P.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 979; 1969, Nature 223, 813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[27a] Setti, G. and Woltjer, L.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[28] Ruderman, M.: 1969, Nature 223, 597 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smoluchowski, R.: 1970, Phys. Rev. Letters 24, 923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[29] Dyson, F. J.: 1969, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 1, 198.Google Scholar
[30] Baym, G., Pethick, C., Pines, D., and Ruderman, M.: 1969, Nature 222, 872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[31] Sutherland, P., Baym, G., Pethick, C., and Pines, D.: 1970, Nature 225, 353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[32] Ruderman, M.: 1970, Nature 225, 619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[33] Michel, F. C.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[34] Ruderman, M.: 1970, Nature 225, 838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[34a] Schvarzman, V. F.: 1970, Astron. Circ. N 563.Google Scholar
[34b] Bisnovaty-Kogan, G. S.: 1970, Astron. Circ. U.S.S.R. N 529.Google Scholar
[35] Deutsch, A. J.: 1955, Ann. Astrophys. 18, 1.Google Scholar
[36] Ostriker, J. P. and Gunn, J. E.: 1969, Astrophys. J. 157, 1395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[37] Melosh, H. J.: 1969, Nature 224, 781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[38] Weber, J.: 1969, Phys. Rev. Letters 11, 1320; 1970, ibid. 24, 276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[39] Braginskii, V. B. and Rudenko, V. N.: 1970, Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 100, 395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[40] Fairbank, W. M.: 1969, private communication.Google Scholar
[41] Cavaliere, A. and Pacini, F.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[42] Goldreich, P. and Julian, W. H.: 1969, 157, 869. Astrophys. J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[43] Michel, F. C.: 1969, Phys. Rev. Letters 23, 247; 1969, Astrophys. J. 727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[44] Davis, L.: 1947, Phys. Rev. 72, 632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[45] Mestel, L.: 1968, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 140, 177; preprint, 1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[46] Occhionero, F. and Demianski, M.: 1969, Phys. Rev. Letters 23, 1128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[47] Schvarzman, V. F.: 1970, Radiofisica, in press.Google Scholar
[48] Ginzburg, V. L., Zheleznyakov, V. V., and Zaitsev, V. V.: 1969, Astrophys. Space Sci. 4, 464; 1968, Nature 220, 355; 1969, 222, 230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[49] Ginzburg, V. L.: 1964, The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas, Pergamon Press; revised edition, 1970.Google Scholar
[50] Dokuchaev, V. P.: 1970, Astrofisica 6, 471.Google Scholar
[51] Michel, F. C. and Goldwire, H. C.: 1970, Astrophys. Letters 5, 21.Google Scholar
[52] Davis, L. and Goldstein, M.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[52a] Goldreich, P.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 160, L11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[53] Ginzburg, V. L.: 1943, Phys. Rev. 63, 1; 1944, J. Phys. U.S.S.R. 8, 33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[54] Böhm-Vitense, E.: 1969, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 156, L131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[55] Wampler, E. J., Scargle, J. D., Miller, J. S.: 1969, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 157, L1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[56] Preston, G. W.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 150, 547;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landstreet, J. D.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 159, 1001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[57] Piddington, J. H.: 1969, Nature 222, 965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[58] Pacini, F.: 1970, ‘Neutron Stars, Pulsar Radiation and Supernova Remnants’, preprintGoogle Scholar
Bertotti, B., Cavaliere, A., and Pacini, F.: 1969, Nature 223, 1351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[59] Ginzburg, V. L.: 1969, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 1, 207.Google Scholar
[60] Scargle, J. D. and Harlan, E. A.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[61] Ginzburg, V. L. and Zheleznyakov, V. V.: 1969, Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 99, 514, 524 (English transi. Soviet Phys.-Uspekhi).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[62] Ginzburg, V. L. and Zheleznyakov, V. V.: 1970, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2, 167, 197.Google Scholar
[63] Ginzburg, V. L. and Syrovatskii, S. I.: 1969, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 7, 375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[64] Zheleznyakov, V. V.: 1970, Radio Emission from Sun and Planets, Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
[65] Kaplan, S. A. and Tsytovich, V. N.: 1969, Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 97,77 (English transi. Soviet Phys.-Uspekhi).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[66] Ginzburg, V. L.: 1959, Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 69, 537. (English transi. Soviet Phys.-Uspekhi 2 (1960), 874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[67] Ginzburg, V. L. and Syrovatskii, S. I.: 1965, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 3, 297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[68] Chiu, H. Y. and Canuto, V.: 1969, Phys. Rev. Letters 22, 415; 1969, Nature 221, 529; 1969, 223, 1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[69] Papagiannis, M. D.: 1969, Nature 222, 1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[70] Radhakrishnan, V. and Cooke, D. J.: 1969, Astrophys. Letters 3, 225.Google Scholar
[71] Shklovsky, I. S.: 1969, Uspekh. Fiz. Nauk 99, 526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[72] Apparao, K.M.V. and Hoffman, J.: 1970, Astrophys. Letters 5, 25.Google Scholar
[73] Kaplan, S. A. and Tsytovich, V. N.: 1969, Symposium report (Rome, Dec.) and preprint (1970).Google Scholar
[73a] Ichimaru, S.: 1970, Nature 226, 731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[74] Shklovsky, I. S.: 1970, Nature 225, 251; 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 1970, 159, L77; see also 161, L63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[75] Getmansev, G. G. and Ginzburg, V. L.: 1952, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 87, 187.Google Scholar
[76] Komesaroff, M. M.: 1970, Nature 225, 612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[77] Zheleznyakov, V. V.: 1970, Radiofisica 13, 1892.Google Scholar
[77a] Drake, F. D. and Craft, H. D.: 1968, Nature 220, 231;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, J. H., Jura, M., and Huguenin, G. R.: 1969, Nature 223, 797;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitkevich, V. V. and Shitov, Yu.P.: 1970, Nature 225, 248 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, J. M., Staelin, D. H., Price, R. M., Weimer, R.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[78] Holt, S. S. and Ramaty, R.: 1970, Astrophys. Letters. 5, 89.Google Scholar
[79] Lunds, R.: 1969, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 157, L11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[80] Greenstein, J. L.: 1970, private communication.Google Scholar
[81] Baade, W. and Zwicky, F.: 1934, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Amer. 20, 259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[82] Tucker, W. H.: 1969, Nature 223, 250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[83] Ostriker, J. P.: 1970, Proc. 11th Intern. Conf. on Cosmic Rays, Budapest, in press.Google Scholar
[84] Apparao, K.M.V. and Rengarajan, T. N.: 1969, ‘Pulsars and Cosmic Rays’, preprint.Google Scholar
[85] Pollack, J. B. and Shen, B.S.P.: 1969, Phys. Rev. Letters 23, 1358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[85a] Ginzburg, V. L. and Erukhimov, L. M.: 1971, Astrophys. Space Sci., in press.Google Scholar
[86] Prentice, A.J.R. and ter Haar, D.: 1969, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 146, 423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[87] Ginzburg, V. L.: 1956, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 109, 61;Google Scholar
Pisareva, V. V.: 1958, Astron. Zh. 35, 112.Google Scholar
[88] Erukhimov, L. M. and Pisareva, V. V.: 1968, Astron. Cire. S.S.S.R. N 489; 1969, Radiofisica 12, 900;Google Scholar
Erukhimov, L. M.: 1969, Astron. Circ. S.S.S.R. N 513.Google Scholar
[89] Scheuer, P.A.G.: 1968, Nature 218, 970;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salpeter, E. E.: 1969, Nature 221, 31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickett, B. J.: 1969, Nature 221, 158 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, K. R.: 1969, Science 166, 1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[89a] Code, A. D.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 159, L29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[90] Holweg, J. V.: 1968, Nature 220, 771;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, S. J. and Meisel, D. D.: 1969, Nature 224, 349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[91] Smith, F. G.: 1968, Nature 218, 325; 1968, 220, 891;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekers, R. D., Lequeux, J., Moffet, A. T., and Seielstad, G. A.: 1969, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 156. L21;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staelin, D. H. and Reifenstein, D. H.: 1969, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 156, L121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[92] Lotova, N. A.: 1969, Astron. Zh. 46, 1165.Google Scholar
[93] Ginzburg, V. L. and Pisareva, V. V.: 1963, Radiofisica 6, 877;Google Scholar
Ginzburg, V. L.: 1960, Radiofisica 3, 341.Google Scholar
[94] Counselman, C. C. and Shapiro, I. I.: 1968, Science 162, 352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[95] Martynov, D.Ya.: 1969, Astron. Circ. S.S.S.R. N 512, 513;Google Scholar
Maran, S. P. and Ogelman, H.: 1969, Nature 224, 349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfleiderer, J.: 1970, Nature 225, 437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[96] Richard, J. P.: 1968, Phys. Rev. Letters 21, 1483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[97] Warner, B. and Nather, R. E.: 1969, Nature 222, 157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[98] Feinberg, G.: 1964, Science 166, 879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[99] Landau, L. D.: 1938, Nature 141, 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[100] Zeldovich, Ya.B.: 1970, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2, 12.Google Scholar
[101] Stothers, R. B.: 1970, Phys. Rev. Letters 24, 538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[102] Einstein, A.: 1918, Sitzungsber preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1, 154.Google Scholar
[103] Dicke, R. H.: 1962, Phys. Rev. 125, 2163; 1970, Astrophys. J. 159, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[104] Hoyle, F.: 1948, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 108, 372; 1949, 109, 365; 1969, J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 10, 10;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyle, F. and Narlikar, J. V.: 1963, Proc. Roy. Soc. 273, 4; 1966, 294, 138.Google Scholar
[105] Jeans, J.: 1928, Astronomy and Cosmogony, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 352.Google Scholar
[106] Ambartsumian, V.: 1965, The Structure and Evolution of Galaxies (Proc. 13 Solvay Conference on Physics), Interscience Publishers, New York, p. 1.Google Scholar
[107] Burbidge, G. R.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[108] Low, F. J.: 1970, Astrophys. J. (Letters) 159, L173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[109] Manchester, R. N.: 1970, Nature 228, 264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[110] Cocke, W. J., Disney, M. J., Muncaster, G. W., and Gehrels, T.: 1970, Nature 227, 1327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[111] Smith, F. G.: 1970, Nature 228, 913; 1970, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 149, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[112] Zheleznyakov, V. V.: 1971, Astrophys. Space Sci., in press.Google Scholar
[113] Endean, V. G. and Allen, J. E.: 1970, Nature 228, 348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[114] Michel, F. C.: 1970, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2, 227.Google Scholar
[115] Burns, J. A.: 1970, Nature 228, 986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[116 Pines, D.: 1970, Preprint, Nordita.Google Scholar
[117] Kadomtsev, B. B.: 1971, Uspekhi Fiz. NaukGoogle Scholar
see also Cohen, R., Lodenquai, J., and Ruderman, M.: 1970, Phys. Rev. Letters 25, 467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar