By Draconis and RS Canum Venaticorum Stars: The Discoveries of Classical Photometry and Spectroscopy

Extract

Physically quite dissimilar, the BY Dra and RS CVn stars have the common characteristic of extraordinarily high levels of stellar surface activity.

The RS CVn group, as defined by Hall, consists of detached binaries both components of types F, G, or K. The orbital periods are from a few days to a few weeks, and the mass ratios are generally near unity. Spectroscopically, the stars are remarkable in that they show very strong Ca II H and K emission outside eclipse. Masses and radii are known for many of these systems; physical parameters indicate these systems contain a moderately evolved subgiant, with mass slightly greater than 1 M_⊚. The ages (which may be verified by data on visual companions) are a few 10 years.

In contrast, the BY Dra variables are late-type dwarfs, with spectral types ranging from dK5e to dM4e. The e designation indicates the presence of Balmer emission, which is generally visible in moderate strength at Ha and only very weakly present in the blue. The BY Dra stars do exhibit strong emission at H and K, however, and also show UV Ceti-type flares. Approximately 75% of the BY Dra variables are known as double-line spectroscopic binaries.