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Student Opposition in Latin America*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 July 2017
Extract
Latin America is a continent of underdeveloped countries, by any criteria. A terminological discussion as to whether they are underdeveloped or developing would be quite irrelevant. The fact is that Latin America has an explosive population expansion, a low educational level, low health standards, a low life expectancy, poor work conditions, a small middle class, problems of national integration, a low level of industrialization, low per capita income and GNP, low development of agricultural and fishing resources, low consumption of mechanical and industrial energy and excessive expansion of the commercial sector, not to mention the character of the political situation and its consequences. In these countries the majority of the people live in very poor conditions, under a traditional social structure of a few ‘haves’ and a large number of ‘have-nots’.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1967
Footnotes
*
I would like to acknowledge the valuable editorial assistance of Miss Edith E. Churchill.
References
1 The volume of material published on Latin America is so great that it would be impossible to include a general bibliography. However, statistical information can be found in Situacao Social da America Latina (Rio de Janeiro: Centro Latinoamericano de Pesquisas em Ciencias Socials, 1965); a reference work is Social Aspects of Economic Development in Latin America, 2 vols., published by UNESCO in 1963, both in English and in Spanish; brief and recent information can be found in An Atlas of Latin American Affairs, edited by Robert C. Kingsbury and Ronald M. Schneider, New York, 1965.
2 The literature on Latin American students is increasing. General references can be found in Spencer, David (ed.) Student Politics in Latin America, United States National Students Association, Washington, 1965 Google Scholar, and an excellent annotated bibliography edited by Dame, Hartley F., Hays, Margaret P. and Hoffman, Christy Ann, The Political Influence of University Students in Latin America: An Analytical Survey of Research Studies and Related Literature, Washington, 1965 Google Scholar; for theoretical aspects of the student movement see Seymour Martin Lipset ‘University Students and Politics in Underdeveloped Countries’, Minerva, Vol. Ill, No. 1, Autumn, 1964; this is reprinted in the Comparative Education Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 1966, an issue devoted entirely to student politics, where many articles of theoretical importance will be found, as well as articles on specific cases and situations concerning students and politics.
3 This study was initiated at the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, and is now being carried out at the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
4 For the situation in the United States see Lipset, Seymour Martin, ‘Student Opposition in the United States’, Government and Opposition, Vol. I, No. 3, May 1966 Google Scholar; and an expanded version of this article, by Seymour Martin Lipset and Philip Altbach in the June 1966 issue of the Comparative Education Review.
5 Clark, Burton R. and Trow, Martin, ‘Determinants of College Student Subcultures’, in Hughes, Everett and Rossi, Peter (eds.) On Students and College Peer Groups, Aldine, 1966 Google Scholar; see also Trow, Martin, ‘Student Cultures and Administrative Action,’ in Southerland, Robert L. (ed.), Personality Factors on the College Campus, The Hogg Foundation, University of Texas, 1962 Google Scholar.
6 Dillon Soares, Glaucio, ‘The Active Few: A Study of Student Political Ideology and Participation’, in the June issue of the Comparative Education Review, quoted above.
7 Tomasek, Robert D. (ed.) Latin American Politics, New York, 1966, p. 467 Google Scholar.
8 ‘O Terrorismo Cultural’, Revista Civilizacao Brasileña, Rio, Año I, March, 1965, pp. 239-97.
9 See my Libertad Académica y Educación Superior en América Latina, Caracas, 1966; a shortened version of this book is published in the June issue of the Comparative Education Review; for some details on the Venezuelan situation see also my Proceso a la Sociologia, Caracas, 1965.
10 Washington, S. Walter, ‘The Political Activity of Latin American Students’, in Tomasek, Robert D.’s Latin American Politics, pp. 115-27Google Scholar.
11 Touraine, Alain, Social Mobility, Class Relations, and Nationalism in Latin America, St. Louis, Social Science Institute, Washington University, 1965 Google Scholar.
12 For other issues pertaining to Latin American students and their reactions see the author’s: ‘Controversial Issues and Latin American Students’, paper presented at the 6th World Congress of Sociology, Evian, France, September, 1966.