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The Post—1964 Brazilian Regime: Outward Redemocratization and Inner Institutionalization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Candido Mendes
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Extract

HAVING NOW BEEN IN POWER FOR FIFTEEN YEARS, THE PRESENT Brazilian political regime sees the coming year as the end of a successfully completed experiment. Its goal is the normalization of the ‘development state’ established in 1964 – a goal that encompassed a clear economic model and a willingness to accept the risks that the impact of the development state would have on other sub-systems of society.

Over a period of a decade and a half, the regime has sought to provide an increasingly coherent response to the impasses in social change that were characteristic of the period of so-called spontaneous development of the fifties. This response was based on the assumption of a natural convergence of increased productivity, social mobility and democracy.

Type
Research Article
Information
Government and Opposition , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , 01 January 1980 , pp. 48 - 74
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1980

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References

1 See the full discussion of this theme in Mendes, Candido (ed), Le Mythe du Développement, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1977 Google Scholar.

2 See Jaguaribe, Helio, Economic and Political Development, Brazil, a Case Study, Harvard University Press, 1968;Google Scholar and Political Development, New York, Harper & Row, 1969.

3 On the concept of ‘steady state’ see basically the treatment of development in Wilden, Anthony, ‘Beyond the Entropy Principle’ in System and Structure. Essays in Communication and Exchange, Tavistock, 1972 Google Scholar, cited by Candido Mendes, in op. cit., p. 175.

4 Cf. Cardoso, Fernando Henrique in O Model Politico Brasileiro, Assunçöes e Paradigmas, Säo Paulo, CEBRAP, 1974 Google Scholar.

5 See Apter, David, The Politics of Modernization, Chicago University Press, 1965 Google Scholar.

6 Cf. the concept of institutionalization in the work of Huntington, Samuel P. in Political Order in Changing Societies, Yale University Press, 1974;Google Scholar and Frederick Frey, Political Development: Power and Communications particularly Pye, Lucian W., Communications and Political Development, Princeton University Press, 1963 Google Scholar.

7 See Mendes, Candido, Beyond Populism, translation by Gray Cowan, L., Albany, SUNY Press, 1977 Google Scholar.

8 See Hirschmann, Albert, ‘The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov. 1973 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 See Mendes, Candido in Le Mythe du Développement, p. 170 Google Scholar.

10 On ‘objective logic’ and its adjustment to social unconscious see particularly, Neyraut, Michel, ‘Incidencias e Limites da Organizaçäo Social sobre a Lógica Inconsciente’, Les Logiques de l'Inconscient, Paris, Hachette, 1974, pp. 193 ffGoogle Scholar.

11 The paradigmatic work on this doctrine is contained in Silva, Golbery de Couto e, Geopolítica do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, José Olímpio Editora, 1974 Google Scholar.

12 See Candido Mendes, ‘Sistema Político e Elite de Poder’ and ‘O Governo Castelo Branco, Paradigma e Prognose’, in Dados 2/3, Rio de Janeiro, 1966 and 1967.

13 See Mendes, Candido, ‘Elite de Poder, Democracia e Desenvolvimento’, Dados 6, 1969, pp. 57–89 Google Scholar

14 See Mercadante, Paulo, Militares e Civís ‐ A Ética e o Compromisso, Rio de Janeiro, Zaar Ed., 1978 Google Scholar.

15 The theme of the composition of the military in the Brazilian political system as it emerged in 1964 is excellently covered by Alfred Stepan in The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brasil, Princeton University Press 1971.

16 On the transfer of personal charisma to programmatic charisma see Lucia, M., Klein, G., ‘A Nova Ordem Legal e suas Repercussões sobre a Esfera Política’, Dados 10, 1973, pp. 154–65Google Scholar

17 On the impact of this rationalization on the process of national decision‐making, exemplified in post‐1964 policy, see the work of Olavo Brasil de Lima Jr., Mudaça Política e Processo, Decisório: Analise da Política Orcamentãria Brasileira, Dados 14, 1977, pp. 141–63.

18 On the strategy of decompression, the pioneering work for Latin America is that of Wanderley Guiherme Santos, Dos, in Poder e Política, Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Forcnse, 1978 Google Scholar.

19 See particularly Marc‐Lipiansky, Edmond, ‘Groupe et Identité (l. L’identité nationale subjective)' in Michaud, Guy (ed.), Identités Collectives et Relations Inter‐Culturelles, Brussels, Editions Complexc, 1978, pp. 62 ffGoogle Scholar.

20 See Almond, Gabriel and Verba, Sidney, The Civil Culture, Boston, Little Brown, 1963 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 See Carlos, Sebastião Cruz, Velasco C., ‘Interesses de Classe e Organização Estatal o Caso do CONSPLAN’, Dados 18, 1978, pp. 101 ff Google Scholar

22 See Cesar Guimarães and Lucia Werneck Vianna, and particularly Carlos Velasco Cruz, Laura Pessoa Xavier, ‘Institucionalização do Planejamento, Colegiados Governamentais e Intermediação de Interesses ‐ os Casos do CONSPLAN e do Conselho Monetário Internacional’, mimeo, IUPERJ, December, 1977.

23 On the emergence of the Brazilian bureaucratic model and the evolution of the new and complex model of our social organization see, for example, Boschi, Renato Raul and Cerqueira, Eli Diniz, ‘Burocracia, Clientela e Relações de Poder: Um Modelo Teórico’, Dados 17, 1978, pp. 97–116 Google Scholar

24 The concept of reification is borrowed here from George Lukacs, Histoire et‐Conscience de Classe, Paris, Ed. De Minuit, 1963.

25 See Coclho, Edmundo Campos ‘A “Descompressão” por Habituação’, Em Busca de Identidade: o Exército e a Política na Sociedade Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, Forense Universitária, 1976, pp. 179 ffGoogle Scholar.

26 See Mendes, Candido, ‘O Congresso Brasileiro Pós‐64: Um Legislativo para a Tecnocracia?’ in O Legislativo e a Tecnocracia, Rio de Janeiro, Imago/Conjunto Universitário Candido Mendes, 1975 pp. 120–56.Google Scholar See also in the same volume, Carlos A. Astiz, ‘O Papel Atual do Congresso Brasilciro’, pp. 5–30; Roberto de Oliveira Campos, ‘O Poder Legislativo e o Desenvolvimento’, pp. 31–41; and Michel L. Mezey, ‘O Poder Decisório do Legislativo nos Sistemas Politicos’, pp. 43–81.

27 The concept of ‘public space’ is here taken from Jurgen L'Espace Public, Paris, Ed. Payot, 1978.

28 For a detailed analysis of the composition of public space in a technocracy and its substitution, see, particularly Edson de Oliveira Nunes, Legislativo, Política a Recrutamento de Elites no Brasil, Dados 17, 1978, pp. 53–78.

29 The history of the entire evolution of the post‐1964 Brazilian regime is to be found in the work of Carlos Castelo Branco, Os Militares no Poder, Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Nova Fronteira, Vols. I and II, 1976–78.

30 See Rezende, Fernando, ‘A Produção Pública na Economia Brasileira’, in Dados 18, p. 83 ffGoogle Scholar.

31 See, concerning the present form of Brazilian ‘statism’, Martins, Carlos Estevam, Capitalismo de Estado e Modelo Politico no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Graal, 1977 Google Scholar.

32 See Oliveira, Maria Lucia de, ‘A Těndencia à Centralização e o Fenomeno do Autoritarismo no Brazil’, in Dados 15, 1977, pp. 83–99 Google Scholar

33 Cf. Coelho, Edmundo Campos, Em Busca de Identidade: O Exercito e a Política na Sociedade Barsileira, Rio de Janeiro, Forense Universitia, 1976 Google Scholar.

34 Among the various analyses of the revisionist history of the behaviour of the military in Brazilian political institutions, see the work of José Murilo de Carvalho on O Periodo Republicano na Historia da Civilização Brasilera, São Paulo, Ed. Difel, 1972.

35 For an analysis of the organizational context, see Coelho, Edmundo Campos, ‘Fixação e Elaboração de Papéis: Uma contribuição à Teoria’, in Dados 14, 1977 Google Scholar

36 On the concept of a market oriented space, see Anthony Downs's classic, An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York, Harper & Row, 1957 and also Buchanan, James M. and Tullock, Gordon, ‘The Calculus of Consent', Ann Arbot, the University of Michigan, 1962, cited by Simon Schwartzman, ‘Da Responsabilidade Pública dos Governantes: Paradoxos e Perspectivas’, Dados 12, 1976, pp. 5–21 Google Scholar

37 On the adscriptive criteria in the formation of national decision‐makers see de Alexandre, S., and Barros, C., ‘A Formação das Elites e a Continuação da Construção do Estado Nacional Brasileiro’, Dados 15, 1977 pp. 101–22Google Scholar

38 On the present crisis of representation in technocratic systems and a sketch of the history of the concept, see Wanderley Guilherme Dos Santos, Ordem Burguesa e Liberalismo Político, São Paulo, Livraria Duas Cidades, 1978.

39 See Schwartzman, Simon, ‘Representação e Cooptação Políticia no Brasil’, Dados 7, 1970 Google Scholar

40 For an evaluative analysis of the classic perspectives on political confrontation now and in the near future, from the Medici to the Geisel governments, see Isabel, R., and Gómez de Souza, O., ‘Delfos e Previsoes Políticas: Acaliação de um Experimento’, Dados 13, pp. 116–33Google Scholar

41 See for an early study of the Geisel presidency, Góes, Walder de, O Brasil do General Geisel, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Fronteira, 1978.Google Scholar

42 The expression derives from Luiz Alberto Bahia, Soberania, Guerra e Paz, Rio de Janeiro, Zahat, 1978.