Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:10:46.302Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The normative challenge of interaction: Justice conflicts in democracy promotion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2013

ANNIKA E. POPPE  and
JONAS WOLFF
ANNIKA E. POPPE*
Affiliation:
Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Baseler Str. 27–31, 60329 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
JONAS WOLFF*
Affiliation:
Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Baseler Str. 27–31, 60329 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
*
*Email: [email protected]
†Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the global ‘North-West’, liberal democracy is regarded as the universally valid model of political rule that is to be promoted globally via foreign and development policies. Democracy promotion, however, is frequently challenged by justice-related claims. Whereas external democracy promoters claim to help enforce universal individual rights, those resisting democracy promotion point to the collective entitlement to a self-determined political evolution. ‘North-Western’ governments see liberal democracy as the only embodiment of a just political order, but in those countries that are the targets of democracy promotion different understandings of appropriate norms and institutions may exist. Contestation of democracy promotion has, therefore, a crucial normative dimension that can be conceptualized as a series of conflicts over justice. If we conceive of external democracy promotion as a process of interaction instead of unidirectional export or socialization, such justice conflicts constitute a major normative challenge to democracy promoters. The paper argues for an alternative perspective on ‘democracy promotion as interaction’ and presents a typology of justice conflicts that will, in future research, enable us to empirically analyse the normative challenges brought about by the interactive nature of democracy promotion.

Keywords

democracy promotiondemocratizationinternational relationsjustice conflictsself-determination
Type
Research Article
Information
Global Constitutionalism , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , November 2013 , pp. 373 - 406
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Kenneth W., Keohane, Robert O., Moravcsik, Andrew, Slaughter, Anne-Marie, and Snidal, Duncan. 2000. “The Concept of Legalization.” International Organization 54(3):401–19.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2004. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.” International Organization 58(2):239–75.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 2002. “Constructivism and International Relations.” In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas and Simmons, Beth A., 95–118. London: SAGE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altman, Andrew and Wellman, Christopher Heath. 2009. A Liberal Theory of International Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, Alison J. 2009. “Imperial Liberties: Democratisation and Governance in the ‘New’ Imperial Order.” Political Studies 57(1):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azpuru, Dinorah, Finkel, Steven E., Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal, and Seligson, Mitchell A.. 2008. “Trends in Democracy Assistance: What Has The United States Been Doing?” Journal of Democracy 19(2):150–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barany, Zoltan and Moser, Robert G. (eds). 2009. Is Democracy Exportable? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beitz, Charles R. 2009. “The Moral Standing of States Revisited.” Ethics & International Affairs 23(4):325–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beitz, Charles R. 1999. Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla. 2009. “On the Alleged Conflict between Democracy and International Law.” In Ethics & International Affairs: A Reader. Third Edition, edited by Rosenthal, Joel H. and Barry, Christian, 185–203. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2009. “Conclusion: Is Democracy Exportable?” In Is Democracy Exportable?, edited by Barany, Zoltan and Moser, Robert G., 242–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BMZ (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit). 2005. Förderung von Demokratie in der deutschen Entwicklungspolitik. Unterstützung politischer Reformprozesse und Beteiligung der Bevölkerung. Ein Positionspapier des BMZ. Bonn: BMZ.Google Scholar
Brock, Lothar. 2009. “Protecting People: Responsibility of Threat?” In Overcoming Violence in a Complex World. Essays in Honor of Herbert Wulf, edited by Brzoska, Michael and Krohn, Axel, 223–41. Opladen: Budrich UniPress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta and Toope, Stephen J.. 2011. “Interactional International Law: An Introduction.” International Theory 3(2):307–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundegaard, Christian. 2010. “The Normative Divide in International Society: Sovereignty versus Responsibility.” DIIS Working Paper 2010:27, available at <http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/WP2010/WP2010-27-bundegaard-normative-divide-web.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter. 2011a. Promoting Democracy Abroad: Policy and Performance. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter. 2011b. “Lessons of Experience in International Democracy Support: Implications for Supporting Democratic Change in North Africa.” UNU-WIDER Working Paper 2011/84, available at <http://www.wider.unu.edu>..>Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter. 2010. “New Challenges to Democratization.” In New Challenges to Democratization, edited by Burnell, Peter and Youngs, Richard, 1–22. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter, ed. 2000. Democracy Assistance. International Co-operation for Democratization. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter. 2000a. “Democracy Assistance: The State of the Discourse.” In Burnell (ed), 3–33.Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter. 2000b. “Democracy Assistance: Origins and Organizations.” In Burnell (ed), 34–64.Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter and Youngs, Richard (eds). 2010. New Challenges to Democratization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. 2005. “President Sworn-In to Second Term.” Inaugural Address (20 January 2005) available at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/01/20050120-1.html>..>Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2010. “The Continuing Backlash against Democracy Promotion.” In New Challenges to Democratization, edited by Burnell, Peter and Youngs, Richard, 59–72.Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2009a. “Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?” Journal of Democracy 20(1):5–19.Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2009b. “Revitalizing U.S. Democracy Assistance. The Challenge of USAID.” Paper available at <http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/revitalizing_democracy_assistance.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2007. “The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy.” Journal of Democracy 18(1):12–27.Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2000. “Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance.” In American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, edited by Cox, Michael G.et al., 181–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad. The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Chandler, David. 2010. “The Uncritical Critique of ‘Liberal Peace’.” Review of International Studies 36(S1):137–55.Google Scholar
Charlesworth, Hilary. 2012. “The Conceptual Politics of Democracy in International Law.” In The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, edited byHobson, andKurki, , eds. 2012, 189–200.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1997. “Market Democracy in a Neoliberal Order: Doctrines and Reality.” Lecture (University of Cape Town, May 1997) available at <http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/chomksydavie.htm>..>Google Scholar
Collingwood, Vivien. 2003. “Assistance with Fewer Strings Attached.” Ethics & International Affairs 17(1):55–67.Google Scholar
Cowles, Maria Green, Caporaso, James, and Risse, Thomas, eds. 2001. Transforming Europe. Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, Michael, John Ikenberry, G., and Inoguchi, Takashi (eds). 2000. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daase, Christopher and Humrich, Christoph. 2011. “Just Peace Governance. Research Program of the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt.” PRIF Working Paper 1, available at <http://hsfk.de/fileadmin/downloads/PRIF_WP_01.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Deitelhoff, Nicole and Müller, Harald. 2005. “Theoretical Paradise: Empirically Lost? Arguing with Habermas.” Review of International Studies 31(1):167–79.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2008. The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World. New York, NY: Times Books.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael W. 2009. “A Few Words on Mill, Walzer, and Nonintervention.” Ethics & International Affairs 23(4):349–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, Michael W. 1986. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80(4):1151–69.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael W. 1983. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part 2”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 12(4):323–53.Google Scholar
Fabry, Mikulas. 2009. “The Right to Democracy in International Law: A Classical Liberal Re-assessment.” Millennium 37(3):721–41.Google Scholar
Farer, Tom J. 2004. “The Promotion of Democracy: International Law and Norm.” In The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, edited by Newman, Edward and Rich, Roland, 32–61. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Finkel, Steven E., Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal, and Seligson, Mitchell A.. 2007. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990–2003.” World Politics 59(3):404–39.Google Scholar
Finlay, Christopher J. 2007. “Reform Intervention and Democratic Revolution.” European Journal of International Relations 13(4):555–81.Google Scholar
Fox, Gregory H. 2000. “The Right to Political Participation in International Law.” In Fox and Roth, eds. 2000, 48–90.Google Scholar
Fox, Gregory H. and Roth, Brad R. (eds). 2000. Democratic Governance and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franck, Thomas. 1992. “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance.” American Journal of International Law 86(1):46–91.Google Scholar
Frankel Paul, Ellen, Miller, Fred D. Jr., and Paul, Jeffrey (eds). 2006. Justice and Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. 2009. Scales of Justice. Reimagining Political Space in a Globalizing World. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 2007. “Liberalism versus State-Building.” Journal of Democracy 18(3):10–3.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis and McFaul, Michael. 2007. “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?” Stanley Foundation Report ‘Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide’, available at <http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/other/FukuyMcFaul07.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Gädeke, Dorothea. 2010. “National Democracy as an Element of Global Justice.” Paper presented at the 2010 ECPR Graduate Conference (Dublin, 30 August–1 September 2010), available at <http://www.ecprnet.eu/databases/conferences/papers/495.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Gershman, Carl and Allen, Michael. 2006. “The Assault on Democracy Assistance.” Journal of Democratization 17(2):36–51.Google Scholar
Gills, Barry, Rocamora, Joel, and Wilson, Richard (eds). 1993. Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, Arthur A. 2008. “Making the World Safe for Partial Democracy? Questioning the Premises of Democracy Promotion.” International Security 33(2):120–47.Google Scholar
Grävingholt, Jörn, Leininger, Julia, and Schlumberger, Oliver. 2009. “The Three Cs of Democracy Promotion Policy: Context, Consistency and Credibility.” DIE (Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik) Briefing Paper 1/2009.Google Scholar
Grimm, Sonja and Merkel, Wolfgang (eds). 2008. War and Democratization: Legality, Legitimacy and Effectiveness. London: Routledge. (Democratization Special Issue 15(3)).Google Scholar
Hegre, Håvard, Ellingsen, Tanja, Gates, Scott, and Gleditsch, Nils Petter. 2001. “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” American Political Science Review 95(1):33–48.Google Scholar
Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Matthew Alan. 2010. “Exploring USAID’s Democracy Promotion in Bosnia and Afghanistan: A ‘Cookie-Cutter Approach’?” Democratization 17(1):98–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, Christopher and Kurki, Milja (eds) 2012. The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 2007. On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2011. Liberal Leviathan. The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 1999. “Why Export Democracy? The ‘Hidden Grand Strategy’ of American Foreign Policy.” The Wilson Quarterly 23(2):56–65.Google Scholar
Ish-Shalom, Piki. 2006. “Theory as a Hermeneutical Mechanism: The Democratic-Peace Thesis and the Politics of Democratization.” European Journal of International Relations 12(4):565–98.Google Scholar
Jahn, Beate. 2007. “The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part II).” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1(2):211–29.Google Scholar
Jahn, Beate. 2005. “Kant, Mill, and Illiberal Legacies in International Affairs.” International Organization 59(1):177–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarstad, Anna K. and Sisk, Timothy D. (eds) 2008. From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jepperson, Ronald L., Wendt, Alexander, and Katzenstein, Peter J.. 1996. “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter J., 33–75. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kurki, Milja. 2010. “Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy Promotion.” International Studies Review 12(3):362–86.Google Scholar
Leininger, Julia, Grimm, Sonja, and Freyburg, Tina (eds). 2012. Do All Good Things Go Together? Conflicting Objectives in Democracy Promotion. Democratization Special Issue 19(3).Google Scholar
Macedo, Stephen. 2004. “What Self-Governing Peoples Owe to One Another: Universalism, Diversity, and the Law of Peoples.” Fordham Law Review 72(5):1721–38.Google Scholar
Magen, Amichai and Faul, Michael A.. 2009. “Introduction: American and European Strategies to Promote Democracy: Shared Values, Common Challenges, Divergent Tools?” In Magen et al., (eds) 1–33.Google Scholar
Magen, Amichai, Risse, Thomas, and McFaul, Michael A. (eds) 2009. Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mahbubani, Kishore. 2009. “The Dangers of Democratic Delusions.” Ethics & International Affairs 23(1):19–25.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Edward D. and Snyder, Jack. 2007. “The Sequencing ‘Fallacy’.” Journal of Democracy 18(3):5–9.Google Scholar
McFaul, Michael. 2004. “Democracy Promotion as a World Value.” The Washington Quarterly 28(1):147–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFaul, Michael. 2010. Advancing Democracy Abroad. Why We Should and How We Can. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
McMahan, Jeff. 1996. “Intervention and Collective Self-Determination.” Ethics & International Affairs 10(1):1–24.Google Scholar
Merkel, Reinhard. 2008. “Basic Principles of Law as Normative Foundations of, and Limits to, Military Enforcement of Human Rights across State Boundaries.” Democratization 15(3):472–86.Google Scholar
Merkel, Wolfgang. 2008. “Democracy through War?” Democratization 15(3):487–508.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1859. “A Few Words on Non-Intervention.” In Dissertations and Discussions, III (1867), 112–124, available at <http://international-political-theory.net/texts/Mill-Non-Intervention.pdf>.Google Scholar
Müller, Harald. 2010. “Justice and Peace: Good Things Do Not Always Go Together.” PRIF Working Paper 6, available at <http://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/downloads/PRIF-WorkingPapier_no6-2010_Mueller.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Müller, Harald. 2009. Building a New World Order: Sustainable Policies for the Future. London: Haus Publishing.Google Scholar
Nagel, Thomas. 2005. “The Problem of Global Justice.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 33(2):113–47.Google Scholar
NED (National Endowment for Democracy). 2006. “The Backlash against Democracy Assistance. A Report prepared by the National Endowment for Democracy for Senator Richard G. Lugar”, available at <http://www.ned.org/publications/reports/backlash06.pdf>..>Google Scholar
Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2006. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2010. “Ideological Challenges to Democracy: Do They Exist?” In Burnell and Youngs (eds) 42–58.Google Scholar
Pangle, Thomas L. 2009. “The Morality of Exporting Democracy. A Historical-Philosophical Perspective.” In Barany and Moser (eds) 15–34.Google Scholar
Patomäki, Heikki. 2012. “Democracy Promotion: Neoliberal vs Social Democratic Telos.” In Hobson and Kurki (eds) 85–99.Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2010. “A Republican Law of Peoples.” European Journal of Political Theory 9(1):70–94.Google Scholar
Pogge, Thomas W. 2001. “The Influence of the Global Order on the Prospects for Genuine Democracy in the Developing Countries.” Ratio Juris 14(3):326–43.Google Scholar
Pouliot, Vincent 2004. “Review Article: The Essence of Constructivism.” Journal of International Relations and Development 7(3):319–336.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. 1999. The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Reisman, W. Michael. 2000. “Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law.” In Fox and Roth, (eds) 239–58.Google Scholar
Richmond, Oliver P. 2010. “Resistance and the Post-Liberal Peace.” Millennium 38(3):665–92.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas. 2009. “Conclusions: Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion?” In Magen et al. (eds) 244–71.Google Scholar
Robinson, William I. 1996. Promoting Polyarchy. Globalization, United States Intervention and Hegemony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank, Engert, Stefan, and Knobel, Heiko. 2006. International Socialization in Europe: European Organizations, Political Conditionality and Democratic Change. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schraeder, Peter J. 2003. “The State of the Art in International Democracy Promotion: Results of a Joint European-North American Research Network.” Democratization 20(2):21–44.Google Scholar
Schraeder, Peter J. (ed). 2002. Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Schraeder, Peter J. 2002. “Making the World Safe for Democracy?” In Schraeder (ed) 217–35.Google Scholar
Scott, James M. and Steele, Carie A.. 2011. “Sponsoring Democracy: The United States and Democracy Aid to the Developing World, 1988-2001.” International Studies Quarterly 55(1):47–69.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1999. “Democracy as a Universal Value.” Journal of Democracy 10(3):3–17.Google Scholar
Slater, David. 2006. “Imperial Powers and Democratic Imaginations.” Third World Quarterly 27(8):1369–86.Google Scholar
Sil, Rudra and Katzenstein, Peter J. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael J. 2009. “Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of the Ethical Issues.” In third edition, Ethics & International Affairs: A Reader, edited by Rosenthal, Joel H. and Barry, Christian, 67–84. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Tony. 2007. A Pact with the Devil: Washington’s Bid for World Supremacy and the Betrayal of the American Promise. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Georg. 2011. A Liberal World Order in Crisis. Choosing between Imposition and Restraint. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou, ed. 2011. Rethinking the Liberal Peace: External Models and Local Alternatives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Teivainen, Teivo. 2009. “The Pedagogy of Global Development: The Promotion of Electoral Democracy and the Latin Americanisation of Europa.” Third World Quarterly 30(1):163–79.Google Scholar
Tully, James. 2005. “On Law, Democracy and Imperialism” (Twenty-First Annual Public Lecture, University of Edinburgh, 10–11 March 2005), available at <http://web.uvic.ca/polisci/tully/publications/index.htm>..>Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 2008. “On Promoting Democracy.” Ethics & International Affairs 22(4):351–55.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 2006. Just and Unjust Wars. A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 2004. Arguing about War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Welch, David A. 1993. Justice and the Genesis of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Laurence. 2010. “State Sovereignty and Democracy: An Awkward Coupling.” In Burnell and Youngs (eds) 23–41.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Laurence. 2009. “Losing ‘the Force’? The ‘Dark Side’ of Democratization after Iraq.” Democratization 16(2):215–42.Google Scholar
Whitfield, Lindsay (ed). 2009. The Politics of Aid: African Strategies for Dealing with Donors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiener, Antje. 2008. The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wolff, Jonas, Spanger, Hans-Joachim, and Puhle, Hans-Jürgen (eds). 2013. The Comparative International Politics of Democracy Promotion. London: Routledge (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Wolff, Jonas. 2012. “Democracy Promotion, Empowerment, and Self-Determination: Conflicting Objectives in US and German Policies towards Bolivia.” Democratization 19(3):415–37.Google Scholar
Wolff, Jonas and Wurm, Iris. 2011. “Towards a Theory of External Democracy Promotion: A Proposal for Theoretical Classification.” Security Dialogue 42(1):77–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Alasdair R., Druckett, Jane, and Graham, Paul (eds). 2010. “Perspectives on the Changing Global Distribution of Power.” Politics Special Issue 30(S1).Google Scholar
Youngs, Richard. 2012. “Misunderstanding the Maladies of Liberal Democracy Promotion.” In Hobson and Kurki (eds) 100–16.Google Scholar
Zartman, I. William. 2008. Negotiation and Conflict Management: Essays on Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Lisbeth. 2012. “Global Norms with a Local Face? The Interaction of Rule of Law Promotion and Norm Translation in Guatemala.” Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt.Google Scholar