Article contents
The constitutionalization of what?
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 June 2012
Abstract
There are difficult global challenges that need to be addressed. In response, many have argued for the increased constitutionalization of international law. An argument is often also made that the international order is already constitutionalized in some meaningful sense and that there are founding conditions within the international order that represent something like a global constitution. Nevertheless, when surveying the literature on constitutionalization one is often struck by a general ambiguity about what the term means and with how constitutionalization is meant to operate between theory and institutional practice. In particular, there seems to be an overall ambiguity regarding what is being constituted by the processes of constitutionalization, about how these processes operate, and with whether this legal order is in fact creating the type of progressive cosmopolitanism that is often assumed. To address these ambiguities, this article will seek to better understand what appeals to constitutionalization generally mean and to expose key conceptual problems. The goal in doing so is to highlight areas that need greater conceptual attention and to recommend potential solutions, so that more cosmopolitan minded scholars can feel more confident in prescribing constitutionalization as part of their normative catalogue.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012
References
1 Wiener, A, Lang, AF Jr., Tully, J, Maduro, MP and Kumm, M, ‘Global Constitutionalism: Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law’ (2012) 1 Global Constitutionalism 1–15.Google Scholar
2 Hurrell, A, On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Weiler, J, ‘The Geology of International Law: Governance, Democracy, and Legitimacy’ (2004) 64 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 547–62.Google Scholar
4 Alvarez, J, ‘International Organizations: Then and Now’ (2006) 100 American Journal of International Law 324–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5 Johnson, D, Consent and Commitment in the World Community: The Classification and Analysis of International Instruments (Transnational, New York, 1997) 8.Google Scholar
6 Held, D, McGrew, A, Goldblatt, D and Perraton, J, Global Transformations (Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1999) 53.Google Scholar
7 Archibugi, D, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy (University Press, Princeton, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Beck, U, World Risk Society (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999)Google Scholar; Held, D, Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2010).Google Scholar
8 Kumm, M, ‘The Legitimacy of International Law: A Constitutionalist Framework of Analysis’ (2004) 15 European Journal of International Law 907–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9 Teubner, G, ‘Societal Constitutionalism: Alternatives to State Centered Constitutional Theory’ in Joerges, C et al. (eds), Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (Hart Publishing, Portland, 2004) 3–28.Google Scholar
10 Rosenau, J, ‘Governance in a New Global Order’ in Held, D and McGrew, A (eds), Governing Globalization (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2002).Google Scholar
11 Waldron, J, ‘Cosmopolitan Norms’ in Post, R (ed) Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar; Habermas, J, The Divided West (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006).Google Scholar
12 Klabbers, J, ‘Constitutionalism Lite’ (2004) 1 International Organizations Law Review 31–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13 Fine, R, Cosmopolitanism (Routledge, Abingdon, 2007) 69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14 Franck, T, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar
15 T Schilling, ‘On the Constitutionalization of General International Law’ (2005) Jean Monnet Working Paper 05/05.
16 Ackermann, B, ‘The Rise of World Constitutionalism’ (1997) 83 Virginia Law Review 771–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Werner, W, ‘The Never-ending Closure: Constitutionalism and International Law’ in Tsagourias, N (ed), Transnational Constitutionalism: International and European Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007) 329–67.Google Scholar
17 Schorkopf, F and Walter, C, ‘Elements of Constitutionalism: Multilevel Structures of Human Rights Protection in General International and WTO-Law’ (2003) 4 German Law Journal 1359–74.Google Scholar
18 Milewicz, K, ‘Emerging Patterns of Global Constitutionalization: Toward a Conceptual Framework’ (2009) 16 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 413–36Google Scholar; Habermas, J, The Divided West (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006)Google Scholar; de Wet, E., ‘The Emergence of International and Regional Value Systems as a Manifestation of the Emerging International Constitutional Order’ (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law 611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19 Klabbers, J, Peters, A and Ulfstein, G, The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Werner (n 16).
20 Weiler, JHH and Wind, M (ed), European Constitutionalism Beyond the State (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003).Google Scholar
21 Eriksen, E, Fossum, J and Menendez, A (eds), Developing a Constitution for Europe (Routledge, London, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Peters, A, ‘Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures’ (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law 579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Gerstenberg, O, ‘Denationalization and the Very Idea of Democratic Constitutionalism: The Case for the European Community’ (2001) 14 Ratio Juris 298–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24 Rittberger, B and Schimmelfennig, F, ‘Explaining the Constitutionalization on the European Union’ (2006) 13 Journal of European Public Policy 1148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25 Lacroix, J, ‘For a European Constitutional Patriotism’ (2002) 50 Political Studies 944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26 Collins, R and White, N (eds), International Organizations and the Idea of Autonomy: Institutional Independence in the International Legal Order (Routledge, London, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27 Haltern, U, ‘Pathos and Patina: The Failure and Promise of Constitutionalization in the European Imagination’ (2003) 9 European Law Journal 14–44, 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28 von Bogdandy, A (ed), Europäisches Verfassungsrecht (Springer, Heidelberg, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Especially the Introduction by Christoph Mollers.
29 Shaw, J, The Law of the European Union (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2000).Google Scholar
30 Habermas, J, Between Naturalism and Religion (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008) 316.Google Scholar
31 Ibid 321.
32 Ibid 318.
33 Schachter, O, International Law in Theory and Practice (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1991).Google Scholar
34 See Habermas (n 11) 141.
35 See (n 1).
36 Koskenniemi, M, ‘Constitutionalism as a Mindset: Reflections on Kantian Themes about International Law and Globalization’ (2007) 8 Theoretical Inquiries in Law 35.Google Scholar
37 Peters, A, ‘Dual Democracy’ in Klabbers, J, Peters, A and Ulfstein, G, The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009) 264.Google Scholar
38 Held, D, ‘Reframing Global Governance: Apocalypse soon or Reform!’ in Brown, GW and Held, D (eds), The Cosmopolitanism Reader (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2010) 293–311.Google Scholar
39 de Búrca, G, ‘Developing Democracy Beyond the State’ (2008) 46 Colombia Journal of Transnational Law 221–78.Google Scholar
40 Klabbers, J, ‘Possible Islands of Predictability: The Legal Thoughts of Hannah Arendt’ (2007) 20 Leiden Journal of International Law 1–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J Klabbers (n 12).
41 Walker, N, ‘The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism’ (2002) 65 Modern Law Review 385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42 There is also significant empirical evidence to suggest that the processes of constitutionalization are not as thoroughgoing a global phenomenon as is often assumed, but that the constitutionalization process is seemingly uneven in terms of sectorial relevance and regional application. For this see, Armingeon, K and Milewicz, K, ‘Compensatory Constitutionalism: A Comparative Perspective’ (2008) 22 Global Society 179–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43 Goldsmith, J and Posner, E, The Limits of International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005).Google Scholar
44 Brown, GW, ‘Safeguarding Deliberative Global Governance: The Case of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria’ (2010) 36 Review of International Studies 511–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45 Sarooshi, D, International Organizations and their Exercise of Sovereign Powers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar; Krisch, N, ‘International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order’ (2005) 16 European Journal of International Law 369–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46 Cutler, C, ‘Locating “Authority” in the Global Political Economy’ (1999) 43 International Studies Quarterly 59–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johnson, D, ‘World Constitutionalism in the Theory of International Law’ in MacDonald, R and Johnson, D (eds), Toward World Constitutionalism: Issues in the Legal Ordering of the World Community (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2005)Google Scholar; Scott, S, ‘The Impact on International Law of U.S. Non-compliance’ in Byers, M and Nolte, G (eds), Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003) 427.Google Scholar
47 Barnes, A and Brown, GW, ‘The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Expertise, Accountability and the Depoliticisation of Global Health Governance’ in Williams, O and Rushton, S (eds), Health Partnerships and Private Foundations: New Frontiers in Health and Health Governance (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2011).Google Scholar
48 For a general overview of this position and how it has influenced foreign policy see Spiro, P, ‘The New Sovereigntists: American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets’ (Nov/Dec 2000) Foreign Affairs 1–5Google Scholar. For the direct articulation of this policy stance see Bolton, JR, ‘Should We Take Global Governance Seriously?’ (2000) 1 Chicago Journal of International Law 205–21Google Scholar; Bradley, C, ‘International Delegations, the Structural Constitution, and Non-Self-Execution’ (2003) 55 Stanford Law Review 1557–96Google Scholar; Rabkin, J, Law without Nations? Why Constitutional Government Requires Sovereign States (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005)Google Scholar; Rep. Barr, B, ‘Protecting National Sovereignty in an Era of International Meddling: An Increasingly Difficult Task’ (2002) 39 Harvard Journal on Legislation 299Google Scholar; Bradley, C and Goldsmith, J, ‘Customary International Law as Federal Common Law: A Critique of the Modern Position’ (1997) 110 Harvard Law Review 815CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Yoo, J, ‘Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding’ (1999) 99 Columbia Law Review 1955–2094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49 Elster, J, Ulysses Unbound (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50 Nico Krisch has suggested that international law ‘allows dominant states to protect their visions of world order into the future, since once they are transformed into law, the backward looking character of international law makes them reference points for future policies. And oftentimes, concepts strongly rooted in international legal norms create a new normality: Over time, they modify the conceptions of legitimacy of international society, which makes later changes all the more difficult.’ See Krisch, N, ‘International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order’ (2005) 16 European Journal of International Law 377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51 Howse, R and Nicolaidis, K, ‘Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalism of Global Subsidiarity?’ (2003) 16 Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52 Petersmann, EU, ‘The WTO Constitution and Human Rights’ (2000) 3 Journal of International Economic Law 19–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53 See (n 51) 74.
54 Gamble, A, The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55 Ruggie, J, ‘International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism and the Post-War Economic Regimes’ (1982) 36 International Organization 195–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cohen, J, ‘Whose Sovereignty? Empire versus International Law’ (2004) 18 Ethics and International Affairs 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56 Muzaka, V, The Politics of Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medicines (Palgrave, London, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57 Deere, C, The Implementation Game: The TRIPS Agreement and the Global Politics of International Property Reform in Developing Countries (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009)Google Scholar; Correa, C, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: A Commentary on the TRIPS Agreement (Lavoisier, Paris, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For arguments regarding the use of international law as political tool, see Kirsch, N, ‘Weak as Constraint, Strong as Tool: The Place of International Law in U.S. Foreign Policy’ in Malone, D and Khong, Y (eds), Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lynne Rienner, London, 2002).Google Scholar
58 Sell, S, Private Power, Public Law: The Globalisation of Intellectual Property Rights (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59 Drahos, P, ‘Four Lessons for Developing Countries from the Trade Negotiations Over Access to Medicines’ (2007) 28 Liverpool Law Review 11–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Basheer, S, ‘India’s Tryst with TRIPS: The Patents Amendment Act 2005’ (2006) 1 The Indian Journal of Law and Technology 15–46.Google Scholar
60 Deardorff, A, ‘Should Patent Protection be Extended to All Developing Countries?’ (1990) 13 World Economy 497–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61 Steinberg, R, ‘In the Shadow of Law or Power?: Consensus-based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO’ (2002) 56 International Organizations 360–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62 Peters, A, ‘Membership in the Global Constitutional Community’ in Klabbers, J, Peters, A and Ulfstein, G, The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009) 126–50.Google Scholar
63 Gill, S, ‘Globalization, Market Civilization, and Disciplinary Neoliberalism’ (1995) 24 Millennium: Journal of International Studies 412.Google Scholar
64 Thomson, G, ‘The Limits of Globalization’ in Held, D (ed) Debating Globalization (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2005)Google Scholar; Cox, R, Production, Power and Global Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (Colombia University Press, New York, 1987)Google Scholar; Cox, R and Sinclair, T, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gill, S, ‘Constitutionalizing Inequality and the Clash of Globalizations’ (2002) 4 International Studies Review 47–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gill, S, ‘The Question Is.’ (1997) 26 Millennium 483–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Krisch, N, ‘International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order’ (2005) 16 European Journal of International Law 369–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65 Hobson, J, Defending the Western Interest (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012).Google Scholar
66 Harlow, C, ‘Global Administrative Law: The Quest for Principles and Values’ (2006) 17 European Journal of International Law 187–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67 See Cohen (n 55) 10.
68 Cass, D, Constitutionalization of the WTO (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005) 208.Google Scholar
69 See Krisch (n 64) 372.
70 Buchanan, A, Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004).Google Scholar
71 Cali, B, International Law for International Relations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010).Google Scholar
72 Howse, R and Nicolaidis, K, ‘Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalism of Global Subsidiarity?’ (2003) 16 Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 75–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73 See (n 43).
74 Peters, A, ‘The Globalization of State Constitutions’ in Nijman, Janne Elisabeth and Nollkaemper, Andre (eds), New Perspectives on the Divide Between National and International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007).Google Scholar
75 Greider, W, One World, Ready or Not: The Magic Logic of Global Capitalism (Penguin, London, 1997)Google Scholar; Wolf, M, Why Globalization Works (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2004).Google Scholar
76 Lane, JE, Globalization and Politics: Promises and Dangers (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006)Google Scholar; Gill, S, ‘Constitutionalizing Inequality and the Clash of Globalizations’ (2002) 4 International Studies Review 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77 Hirst, P and Thomson, G, Globalization in Question (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1996).Google Scholar
78 Hirsh, D, ‘Cosmopolitan Law: Agency and Narrative’ in Freeman, Michael (ed), Law and Sociology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006).Google Scholar
79 Walker, N, ‘Making a World of Difference? Habermas, Cosmopolitanism and the Constitutionalization of International Law’ in Shabani, O (ed), Multiculturalism and Law: A Critical Debate (University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 2007).Google Scholar
80 Benhabib, S, ‘The Philosophical Foundations of Cosmopolitan Norms’ in Post, R (ed), Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006) 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81 See (n 30) 316.
82 Benhabib, S, ‘Hospitality, Sovereignty, and Democratic Iterations’ in Post, R (ed) Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006) 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83 Ibid. For her inspiration, see Michelman, Frank, ‘Law’s Republic’ (1988) 97 Yale Law Journal 1493–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84 See (n 82).
85 See (n 30) 318.
86 Ibid 335.
87 See Habermas (n 11) 177.
88 Brown, GW, ‘Moving From Cosmopolitan Legal Theory to Legal Practice: Models of Cosmopolitan Law’ (2008) 28 Legal Studies 450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89 Habermas, J, Between Facts and Norms (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1996) 499.Google Scholar
90 Habermas, J, The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays (MIT University Press, Cambridge, 2001) 76, 109.Google Scholar
91 Stephens, P, ‘Was this the Moment UK Stumbled out of Europe?’ (12 December 2011) The Financial TimesGoogle Scholar; Adler-Nissen, R, ‘Opting out of an Ever Closer Union: The Integration Doxa and the Management of Sovereignty’ (2011) 34 West European Politics 1092–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92 Bolton, JR and Yoo, J, ‘Restore the Senate’s Treaty Power’ (5 January 2009) New York Times.Google Scholar
93 Honig, B, ‘Another Cosmopolitanism? Law and Politics in New Europe’ in Post, R (ed), Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006).Google Scholar
94 Satterthwaite, M, ‘Rendered Meaningless: Extraordinary Rendition and the Rule of Law’ (2007) 75 George Washington Law Review 1333Google Scholar; Vladeck, S, ‘National Security’s Distortion Effects’ (2010) 32 Western New England Law Review 285Google Scholar; Desch, M, ‘The More Things Change the More they Stay the Same: The Liberal Tradition and Obama’s Counterterrorism Policy’ (2010) 43 Political Science and Politics 425–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95 See Habermas (n 11) 132.
96 See (n 79)
97 See (n 13) 77.
98 See (n 13). For an expanded argument that moves the political argument into the realm of International Relations see Beardsworth, R, Cosmopolitanism and International Relations (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2011).Google Scholar
99 See (n 1).
100 Brown, GW, Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2009).Google Scholar
101 Stone Sweet, A, ‘A Cosmopolitan Legal Order: Constitutional Pluralism and Rights Adjudication in Europe’ (2012) 1 Global Constitutionalism 53–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26
- Cited by