Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-05T02:26:04.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Normative Knot 2.0: Metaphorological Explorations in the Net of Networks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Ever closer gets the net of networks, and so it does in law and legal scholarship. Finally in the law, one feels tempted to remark. But there is a reason for the lawyer's patient scepticism, for her professional habit to await a certain academic consolidation of a concept before setting out on a transdisciplinary transfer. There is a reason – and it lies in the law's “necessity to decide” (Entscheidungsnotwendigkeit). There is no shortage of fuzziness and uncertainty. But have life and law ever been less paradoxical? Arguably, the problem is not new, yet it has only recently been made explicit.

Type
Legal Theory and Legal Sociology
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by German Law Journal GbR 

References

1 A short, yet seminal preliminary study laying the ground for a “history of nets and networks”: Sebastian Gießmann, Netze und Netzwerke (2006); on recent literature in law and social sciences, see Slaughter, Anne-Marie & Zaring, David, Networking Goes International: An Update, 2 Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 211 (2006); on ambivalence and value of the (meanwhile somewhat outworn) network concept in the social sciences see Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social 129 (2005).Google Scholar

2 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 285–302 (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005). See also Stephan Kirste, Recht als Transformation, in Rechtsphilosophie im 21. Jahrhundert, 134 (Winfried Brugger, id. & Ulfried Neumann eds., 2008).Google Scholar

3 Boehme-Nebler, Volker, Unscharfes Recht (2008).Google Scholar

4 Augsberg, Ino, Das Gespinst des Rechts. Zur Relevanz von Netzwerkmodellen im juristischen Diskurs, Rechtstheorie 38, 479 (2007).Google Scholar

5 On terminological nuances of net and networks which cannot be further examined in this article, see Sebastian Gießmann, Netze und Netzwerke 16 (2006).Google Scholar

6 See for example, Vesting, Thomas, Die Staatsrechtslehre und die Veränderung ihres Gegenstandes, 63 VVDStRL 41, 56 et seq. (2004); Ladeur, Karl-Heinz, Towards a Legal Concept of the Network in European Standard-Setting, in EU Committees 151 (Christian Joerges & Ellen Vos, Hrsg., 1999); Walter, Christian, Constitutionalizing (Inter)national Governance, 44 GYIL 170 (2001).Google Scholar

7 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order (2004). The network structure sketched here was described, in an exclusively horizontal version, already in Anne-Marie Slaughter, International Law in A World of Liberal States, 6 EJIL 503 (1995). Problematic seems not only Slaughter's – then determined, meanwhile, in its turn neglected – neglect of the category of the state and the international institutions and legal regimes based on that category, but even more, and still, the narrow scope of her analysis which limits the world to a kosmos of liberal democracies. See the critique by José E. Alvarez, Do Liberal States Behave Better?, 12 EJIL 183 (2001).Google Scholar

8 Andreas Voßkuhle, Die neue Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft, in Grundlagen des Verwaltungsrechts, Vol. 1 §1, subsection 40 (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Andreas Voßkuhle, eds., 2006).Google Scholar

9 Taubes, Jacob, Abendländische Eschatologie, 192 (1991).Google Scholar

10 Möllers, Christoph, Methoden, in Grundlagen des Verwaltungsrechts, Vol. 1, §3, subsection 39 (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Andreas Voßkuhle eds., 2006); Haller, Rudolf, Begriff, in Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie, Vol. 1, 780, 784 (Joachim Ritter ed., 1971).Google Scholar

11 Seminal and often cited, but out with still little impact outside of the francophone world: François Ost & Michel van de Kerchove, De la pyramide au reseau (2002). For an instructive approach, aiming at synthesis and structured pluralism, see Mireille Delmas-Marty, Le relatif et l'universel (2004); see also, Delmas-Marty, Mireille, Le pluralisme ordonné (2006).Google Scholar

12 Möllers, Transnationale Behördenkooperation, 65 ZaöRV/HJIL 351, 381 (2005).Google Scholar

13 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 285 S. 302 (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005); the relation between metaphor and category remains, however, somewhat fuzzy, 286. For a plea to seek inspiration in cultural studies when analyzing legal images see supra note 8 at subsection 42; also, inspiring is Michael Stolleis, Das Auge des Gesetzes (2004); on images of the state, see Bredekamp, Horst, Thomas Hobbes, 2nd ed. (2003). There were, however, well-reasoned warnings from neighbouring discipline – rather explicitly: Philipp Stoellger, Metapher und Lebenswelt, V (2000): “On metaphorical detours, reflection needs patience and equanimity, in the face of the narrowly limited time for life and reading.” (A.K. trans.)Google Scholar

14 Latour, Bruno, We have never been modern, 10 (1993).Google Scholar

15 Voss, Julia, Darwins Bilder, 329 (2007): “Images educate (…) observation, facilitate knowledge, develop theories und make possible their transfer to others. Time and again they live their own lives” (A.K. trans.). The side glance into the history of science has its transdisciplinary parallels in the sociology of law, where Luhmann borrowed from Darwin's concept of evolution: Niklas Luhmann, Law as a Social System, 230–273 (Klaus A. Ziegert trans., Fatima Kastner, Richard Nobles & David Schiff eds., 2004).Google Scholar

16 Blumenberg, Hans, Ausblick auf eine Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit, in Schiffbruch mit Zuschauer, 75 (Hans Blumenberg ed. 1979).Google Scholar

17 Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht als Ordnungsidee, 2nd ed., 8 et seq. (2006); supra note 8, subsections 43 et seq.Google Scholar

18 Ladeur, Karl-Heinz, Der Staat gegen die Gesellschaft, 91, 296 et seq. (2006); Goldsmith, Stephen & Eggers, William D., Governing by Network, 107–115 (2004); Sunstein, Cass R., Infotopia (2006). In the process of coordinating judicial networks, networked knowledge can soften sharp political conflicts: Eric A. Posner & Cass R. Sunstein, The Law of Other States, 59 Stanford LRev 13 (2006), Eric A. Posner & Cass R. Sunstein, On Learning from Others, 59 Stanford LRev 1309 (2007); see also Angelika Nußberger, Wer zitiert wen?, 61 JZ 763 (2006).Google Scholar

19 Möllers, Netzwerk (n. 2), 286. Precise lines are drawn in Bettina Schöndorf-Haubold, Netzwerke in der deutschen und europäischen Sicherheitsarchitektur, in Netzwerke 149 (Sigrid Boysen et al., eds., 2007).Google Scholar

20 Möllers, Christoph, Gewaltengliederung (2005).Google Scholar

21 Oeter, Stefan, Vielfalt der Gerichte – Einheit des Prozessrechts?, 42 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 149 (2007). Oeter emphasizes that the “pluralitiy of judicial institutions” is not a novum per se, but a “fundamental constant of the history of international law”, see op. cit., at 152. An accelerating proliferation of judicial institutions can, however, not be neglected, see Andreas Fischer-Lescano & Gunther Teubner, Regime-Kollisionen, 8 (2006) [the authors’ argument had previously been developed in Andreas Fischer-Lescano & Gunther Teubner, Regime-Collisions: The Vain Search for Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law, 25 Mich. J. Int'l. L. 999 (2004)]. See also International Law Commission, Report of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law, U. N. Doc. A/CN.4/L.682, paras. 5–13 (finalized by Martti Koskenniemi, 4 April 2006). But note that the ILC focusses here exclusively on material legal questions, see ibid., para. 13. For a contextualization of the fragmentation debate in a historical perspective, see now Anne-Charlotte Martineau, The Rhetoric of Fragmentation: Fear and Faith in International Law, 22 LJIL 1 (2009).Google Scholar

22 Fischer-Lescano, Andreas & Teubner, Gunther, Regime-Kollisionen, 8 (2006). On “planetary” systems of particular regimes in international law and their place in the “universe” of international law, see Bruno Simma & Dirk Pulkowski, On Planets and the Universe: Self-contained Regimes in International Law, 17 EJIL 483 (2006).Google Scholar

23 Oeter, Stefan, Rechtsprechungskonkurrenz zwischen nationalen Verfassungsgerichten, Europäischem Gerichtshof und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte, 66 VVDStRL 361, 362 et seq. (2007). The structure of interwoven interrelations sketched here reminds of the concept of “multilevel constitutionalism”, see Ingolf Pernice, Multilevel Constitutionalism in the European Union, 27 European Law Review 511 (2002). For a similar conceptualization see the “transnational learning community of high-level judges” (länderübergreifender höchstrichterlicher Lernverbund), Franz Merli, Rechtsprechungskonkurrenz zwischen nationalen Verfassungsgerichten, Europäischem Gerichtshof und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte, 66 VVDStRL 392, 418 (2007).Google Scholar

24 Oeter, Stefan, Rechtsprechungskonkurrenz zwischen nationalen Verfassungsgerichten, Europäischem Gerichtshof und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte, 66 VVDStRL 361, 388 (2007).Google Scholar

25 Oeter, Stefan, Vielfalt der Gerichte – Einheit des Prozessrechts?, 42 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 149, 169 (2007) [Translation by A.K.].Google Scholar

26 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A Global Community of Courts, 44 HILJ 191 (2003).Google Scholar

27 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order 65 and, in particular 100–103 (2004); see also Arnst, Olga, Instrumente der Rechtsprechungskoordination als judikative Netzwerke?, in Netzwerke 58 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007). For individual actors, see Daniel Terris, Cesare P.R. Romano & Leigh Swigart eds., The International Judge. An Introduction to the Men and Women Who Decide the World's Cases (2007).Google Scholar

28 So the plea in Teubner & Fischer-Lescano supra note 21, 64.Google Scholar

29 Higgins, Similarly Rosalyn, A Babel of Judicial Voices?, 55 ICLQ 791, 804 (2006). On the “unity of the legal order”: Pierre-Marie Dupuy, L'unité de l'ordre juridique international, 297 RdC 1 (2002); Delmas-Marty, Mireille, Le relatif et l'universel 395 (2004); manfred baldus, die einheit der rechtsordnung (1995); dagmar felix, einheit der Rechtsordnung (1998).Google Scholar

30 Marschall, Stefan, Transnationale Repräsentation in Parlamentarischen Versammlungen, 22 (2005) [Translation by A.K.]. See also Slaughter, New World Order (n. 5), 108.Google Scholar

31 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order 112 (2004).Google Scholar

32 Kadelbach, Stefan, Autonomie und Bindung der Rechtssetzung in gestuften Rechtsordnungen, 66 VVDSTRL 8, 31,38 (2007).Google Scholar

33 On differences between lattice, texture and net, see Sebastian Gießmann, Netze und Netzwerke, 71 et. seq. (2006).Google Scholar

34 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 293 et seq. (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005); Bernstorff, Jochen von, The Structural Limitations of Network Governance, in Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism 257 (Christian Joerges, Inger-Johanne Sand & Gunther Teubner eds., 2004); Viellechner, Lars, Können Netzwerke die Demokratie ersetzen?, in Netzwerke 36 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds.,) 2007.Google Scholar

35 In detail: Fischer-Lescano, Andreas, Globalverfassung (2005); Hardt, Michael & Negri, Antonio, Multitude 286 et seq. (2004). On the role of NGOs at the Conference of Rome on the International Criminal Court and the subsequent negotiations on its rules of procedure and evidence:: Nicole Deitelhoff, Überzeugung in der Politik, 238 et seq. (2006); critically: Kemmerer, Alexandra, Like Ancient Beacons: The European Union and the International Criminal Court – Reflections from Afar on a Chapter of European Foreign Policy, 5 GLJ 1449, 1461 (2004).Google Scholar

36 See Wollenschläger, Ferdinand, Netzwerk der Angehörigkeiten, in Netzwerke 104 (Boysen, Sigrid et al. eds., 2007).Google Scholar

37 See Besson, Samantha & Utzinger, André, Future Challenges of European Citizenship, in FUTURE Challenges of European Citizenship (Samantha Besson & André Utzinger eds.), 13 ELJ No. 5 (2007), see therein on Union citizenship as “network good”: Dora Kostakopolou, European Union Citizenship: Writing the Future.Google Scholar

38 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 290 (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005).Google Scholar

39 Dieter H. Scheuing Europarechtliche Impulse für innovative Ansätze im deutschen Verwaltungsrecht, in Innovation und Flexibilität des Verwaltungshandelns 289 (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem & Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann eds., 1994).Google Scholar

40 Pache, Eckhard, Verantwortung und Effizienz in der Mehrebenenverwaltung, 66 VVDSTRL 106, 132 (2007). On the network concept as an analytical tool to describe “fields of legal problems” (juristische Problemfelder) Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Verfassungsprinzipien für den Europäischen Verwaltungsverbund, in GdVwR, Vol. I, §5, subsection 27. (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Andreas Voßkuhle eds. 2006)Google Scholar

41 E.g. Thyri, Peter, Kartellrechtsvollzug in Österreich (2007).Google Scholar

42 Schöndorf-Haubold, Bettina, Netzwerke in der deutschen und europäischen Sicherheitsarchitektur, in Netzwerke 149–171 (Sigrid Boysen et al., eds., 2007).Google Scholar

43 Ladeur, Karl-Heinz & Möllers, Christoph, Der europäische Regulierungsverbund der Telekommunikation im deutschen Verwaltungsrecht, 110 DVBL. 525 (2005).Google Scholar

44 Pache (n. 40), 132 et. sequ.; Craig, Paul, EU Administrative Law, 50,51 (2006). See also Maurizio Bach, Europa als bürokratische Herrschaft, in Europawissenschaft 575 et seq. (Gunnar Folke Schuppert, Ingolf Pernice & Ulrich Haltern eds., 2005); on the concept of cooperation (Kooperationsbegriff): Helmuth Schulze-Fielitz, Grundmodi der Aufgabenwahrnehmung, in GdVwR Vol. 1, §12, subsections 64 et seq. (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Andreas Voßkuhle eds., 2006).Google Scholar

45 Thomas Groß, Verantwortung und Effizienz in der Mehrebenenverwaltung, 66 VVDStRL 152, 155 (2007); Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Bettina Schöndorf-Haubold eds., Der Europäische Verwaltungsverbund (2005).Google Scholar

46 Schöndorf-Haubold, Bettina, Netzwerke in der deutschen und europäischen Sicherheitsarchitektur, in Netzwerke 149–171 (Sigrid Boysen et al., eds., 2007).Google Scholar

47 For typological examples, see Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, The Internationalization of Administrative Relations as a Challenge for Administrative Law Scholarship, 9 GlJ 2061 (2008).Google Scholar

48 Möllers, Christoph, Transnationale Behördenkooperation, 65 ZaöRV/HJIL 351, 380 (2005).Google Scholar

49 Nico Krisch/Benedict Kingsbury, Introduction: Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal Order, 17 EJIL 1,2 (2006), on the attribute “global”: id., at 5. Critical: Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, The Internationalization of Administrative Relations as a Challenge for Administrative Law Scholarship, 9 German Law Journal 2061, 2064 (2008): “However, the (over)extension into the global sphere shifts the focus too quickly away from the (relatively speaking) more readily comprehensible factual constellations; therewith, certain experiences and potential solutions remain unutilized, although they are certainly already available in the practice-related material of comprehensible, relatively small-scale situations of administrative cooperation, both bilaterally and between adjacent countries”. For a comparative methodological approach to administrative law, starting out from the realm of the national, argues also Peer Zumbansen, Law after the Welfare State or, The Ironic Turn of Reflexive Law, 55 AJCL (2007). It is, however, to be questioned whether (and, if so, to what extent) principles and experiences developed in (bi-) national contexts could and/or should be translated into transnational constellations. Sceptical, Carol Harlow, Global Administrative Law, 17 EJIL 187 (2006).Google Scholar

50 Tanja A. Börzel, European Governance, in Europawissenschaft, 613, 618 (Gunnar Folke Schuppert, Ingolf Pernice & Ulrich Haltern eds. 2005).Google Scholar

51 As Augsberg notes with pointed scepticism, see id., (n. 4), 482–485.Google Scholar

52 Bausback, Winfried, Public Private Partnerships im deutschen Öffentlichen Recht und im Europarecht, 59 DÖV 901 (2006).Google Scholar

53 An example for numerous contributions: Gusy, Christoph, Polizei und private Sicherheitsdienste im öffentlichen Raum, Verwaltungsarchiv 344 et seq. (2001).Google Scholar

54 But see also, Georg Nolte's comment of 25 June 2005, at the Hamburg conference “THE De-Institutionalization of War: Legality and Legitimacy of Political Violence and the Use of Force”; Alexandra Kemmerer, Es war alles ganz legitim, F.A.Z. of 8 July 2005 (Nr. 156), 36.Google Scholar

55 Illuminating the discussions following the presentations at the Staatsrechtslehrertagung 2006, 66 VVDSTRL 81 et seq., 335 et seq., 423 et seq. (2007).Google Scholar

56 Buxbaum, Richard M., Is “Network” a Legal Concept?, 149 JITE 698, 704 (1993).Google Scholar

57 Teubner, Gunther, Netzwerk als Vertragsverbund, 2004. On the differentiation between (open) network and (closed) system: Sebastian Gießmann, Netze und Netzwerke, 21 (2006).Google Scholar

58 Teubner, Gunther, Coincidentia Oppositorum, in Die vernetzte Wirtschaft, 11, 24 (Marc Amstutz ed., 2004).Google Scholar

59 Lüdemann, Jörn, Öffentliches Recht und Rezeptionstheorie, in Netzwerke 266 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds. 2007).Google Scholar

60 Möllers, Christoph, Transnational Governance without a Public Law? in Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism, 329, 337 (Christian Joerges, Inger-Johanne Sand & Gunther Teubner eds., 2004).Google Scholar

61 Jessup, Philip, Transnational Law (1956); on origins and evolution of the concept, see also Zumbansen, Peer, Transnational Law, in Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, 738–754 (Jan Smits ed. 2006).Google Scholar

62 By now, there are piles of literature. Critical access is provided by Christoph Möllers, European Governance, 32 CMLR 313 (2006). On deliberation and the moment of decision, see also Chantal Mouffe, Über das Politische, 138 (2007). For a more constructive approach, see Claudio Franzius, Governance und Regelungsstrukturen, 97 verwarch 186 (2006).Google Scholar

63 Fischer-Lescano, Andreas & Teubner, Gunther, Regime-Kollisionen, 8 (2006).Google Scholar

64 Christian Joerges & Michael Zürn eds., Law and Governance in Postnational Europe (2005).Google Scholar

65 Hauke Brunkhorst ed., Demokratie in der Weltgesellschaft, Sonderband 59 SozW (2009).Google Scholar

66 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 285, 295 (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005); Schuppert, Gunnar Folke, Verwaltungsorganisation und Verwaltungsorganisationsrecht als Steuerungsfaktoren, in Grundlagen des Verwaltungsrechts, Vol. 1, §16, n. 155 et seq. (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Andreas Voßkuhle eds. 2006).Google Scholar

67 On the precendents, see Martineau, Anne-Charlotte, The Rhetoric of Fragmentation: Fear and Faith in International Law, 22 LJIL 1 (2009).Google Scholar

68 Ricœur, Paul, Die lebendige Metapher, 2nd ed. (1991).Google Scholar

69 Blumenberg, Hans, Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit, 90 (2007) [A.K. transl.].Google Scholar

70 Haverkamp, Anselm, Einleitung, in Theorie der Metapher, 2nd, rev. ed., 1, 19 (Anselm Haverkamp ed., 1996), (“verkürzter Vergleich, der auf aussersprachliche Ähnlichkeit rekurriert”, Transl. into English by A.K.)Google Scholar

71 Eggs, Ekkehard, Metapher, in, Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, Vol. 5: L – Musi, 2001, col. 1099, 1115 (Gert Ueding ed., 2001).Google Scholar

72 Haverkamp, Anselm, Nach der Metapher, in Theorie der Metapher, 2nd, rev. ed. 499, 500 (Anselm Haverkamp ed., 1996): “Es gehört zu den Paradoxien dieses Begriffs schon im Ansatz, daß die Metapher den Begriff ihrer selbst nicht begrifflich, sondern selbst nur metaphorisch fassen kann. “ See also ibid., col. 1099 et seq.Google Scholar

73 Blumenberg, Hans, Paradigmen zu einer Metaphorologie, 2nd ed. 13 (1999): [Metaphorologie sucht] “an die Substruktur des Denkens heranzukommen, an den Untergrund, die Nährlösung der systematischen Kristallisationen, aber sie will auch fassbar machen, mit welchem, Mut’ sich der Geist in seinen Bildern selbst voraus ist und wie sich im Mut zur Vermutung seine Geschichte entwirft” (Translation into English by A.K.).Google Scholar

74 Blumenberg, Hans, Ausblick auf eine Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit, in Schiffbruch mit Zuschauer, 75 (Hans Blumenberg ed. 1979) (Translation A.K.). On the Re-metaphorisation of concepts that have already crystallized, see Philipp Stoellger, Metapher und Lebenswelt, V, 165 (2000).Google Scholar

75 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 285, 287 (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005).Google Scholar

76 Lüdemann, Susanne, Metaphern der Gesellschaft, 36 (A.K. trans. 2004) (emphasis in the original); see also Ost, François & Michel van de Kerchove, De la pyramide au reseau, 21 (2002); Latour, Bruno, Reassembling the Social 131 (2005).Google Scholar

77 Steiner, George, After Babel. Aspects of language and translation. Third edition, (1998).Google Scholar

78 Schmitt, Carl, Politische Theologie, 1922 7th ed., 43 (1996).Google Scholar

79 Sebastian Gießmann, Netze und Netzwerke, 10 (2006).Google Scholar

80 Simma, Bruno & Pulkowski, Dirk, On Planets and the Universe: Self-contained Regimes in International Law, 17 EJIL 483 (2006).Google Scholar

81 Sebastian Gießmann, Netze und Netzwerke, 18 (2006).Google Scholar

82 Id., 80 (A.K. trans).Google Scholar

83 www.wikipedia.de, Stichwort “Netzwerk” (last accessed 1 March 2009). On the potentially endless network structure of the pythagorean tetraktýs and its symbolic meaning, see Umberto Eco, Die Geschichte der Schönheit, 64–65 (2004).Google Scholar

84 Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Félix, A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1987).Google Scholar

85 Smith, David & Timberlake, Michael, Hierarchies of Dominance among World Cities: A Network Approach, in GLOBAL Networks, Linked Cities 117, 126–129 (Saskia Sassen Hrsg., 2002). See the image in Alexandra Kemmerer, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 209.Google Scholar

86 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order, 7 (2004). Reprinted in Alexandra Kemmerer, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 210.Google Scholar

87 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order, 6 (2004).Google Scholar

88 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order, 15–16 (2004).Google Scholar

89 Reprinted in Kemmerer, Alexandra, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 211.Google Scholar

90 On “globe vs. network”, see now Susanne von Falkenhausen, KugelbauVisionen, 161–177 (2008).Google Scholar

91 Reprinted in Kemmerer, Alexandra, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 212.Google Scholar

92 See the references in footnote 21.Google Scholar

93 Simma, Bruno & Pulkowski, Dirk, On Planets and the Universe, 17 EJIL 483 (2006).Google Scholar

94 To be seen also in Kemmerer, Alexandra, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 213.Google Scholar

95 Zumbansen, Peer, International Law as Glass Palace: Towards a Methodology of Legal Concepts in World Society, in “Law After Luhmann”: Critical Reflections on Niklas Luhmann's Contribution to Legal Doctrine and Theory (Oren Perez ed., forthcoming).Google Scholar

96 Kahn, Paul, The Cultural Study of Law (1999); Haltern, Ulrich, Europarecht und das Politische, 10–25 (2005). However, the “double perspective” (Doppelperspektive) acquired in the process of a long and rather generalistic formation encompassing praxis and theory is the precious dowry the German lawyer brings into the field of an emerging transnational public law, see Martti Koskenniemi, Georg Friedrich von Martens (1756 – 1821) and the Origins of Modern International Law, 2 IILJ Working Paper 1 (2006).Google Scholar

97 Schaffer, Simon, Sky, Heaven and the Seat of Power, in Making Things Public, 120–125 (Bruno Latour & Peter Weibel eds., 2005). The transformation of a “natural metaphor” into a “concept of the philosophy of history” describes also Reinhard Koselleck, Revolution als Begriff und Metapher, in Begriffsgeschichten, S. 240–251 (Reinhard Koselleck ed., 2006); and see Arendt, Hannah, On Revolution, 34–40 (1963).Google Scholar

98 Schaffer, Simon, Sky, Heaven and the Seat of Power, in Making Things Public, 120 (Bruno Latour & Peter Weibel eds., 2005).Google Scholar

99 Reproduced in Kemmerer, Alexandra, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 214.Google Scholar

100 Stephan, Peter, “Im Glanz der Majestät des Reiches”. Tiepolo und die Würzburger Residenz, Textband, 332 (2002).Google Scholar

101 Stephan, Peter, “Im Glanz der Majestät des Reiches”. Tiepolo und die Würzburger Residenz, Textband (2002). Many thanks to Fabian Steinhauer for guiding me to that excellent book about the Schönborn's Reichsidee and the political iconology of the 18th century. See also: Michael Stolleis, Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland, Vol. 1: Reichspublizistik und Policeywissenschaft 1600–1800, 248–250, 298–320 (1988); Hammerstein, Notker, Jus und Historie (1972); Hammerstein, Notker, Aufklärung und katholisches Reich (1977).Google Scholar

102 Krisch, Nico, Europe's Constitutional Monstrosity, 25 OJLS 321 (2005); Griller, Stefan, Die Europäische Union: Ein staatsrechtliches Monstrum?, in Europawissenschaft, 201 (Gunnar Folke Schuppert, Ingolf Pernice & Ulrich Haltern eds., 2005).Google Scholar

103 As a metaphor, the depiction of Apollo alludes to the emperor as head of the Sacrum Imperium Romanum, see extensively Peter Stephan, “Im Glanz der Majestät des Reiches”. Tiepolo und die Würzburger Residenz, Textband, 171–203 (2002).Google Scholar

104 See the picture in Kemmerer, Alexandra, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 216.Google Scholar

105 Stephan, Peter, “Im Glanz der Majestät des Reiches”. Tiepolo und die Würzburger Residenz, Textband, 159 (2002).Google Scholar

106 Stephan, Peter, “Im Glanz der Majestät des Reiches”. Tiepolo und die Würzburger Residenz, Textband, 161 (2002).Google Scholar

107 Friedman, Thomas L., The world is flat (2006).Google Scholar

108 Ost, François & Michel van de Kerchove, De la pyramide au reseau, 6 (2002). Also in Alexandra Kemmerer, Der normative Knoten. Über Recht und Politik im Netz der Netzwerke, in Netzwerke, 195 (Sigrid Boysen et al. eds., 2007) at 217.Google Scholar

109 Ost, François & Michel van de Kerchove, De la pyramide au reseau, 7 (2002); the paragraphs quoted here and below are translated by the author.Google Scholar

110 Id. 8.Google Scholar

111 in Schöndorf-Haubold, Bettina, Netzwerke in der deutschen und europäischen Sicherheitsarchitektur, in Netzwerke 149 (Sigrid Boysen et al., eds., 2007).Google Scholar

112 Goldsmith, Stephen & Eggers, William D., Governing by Network, 123 (2004).Google Scholar

113 Ladeur, Karl-Heinz, Das Umweltrecht der Wissensgesellschaft, 134 (1995).Google Scholar

114 Kadelbach, Stefan & Kleinlein, Thomas, International Law – A Constitution for Mankind? An Attempt at a Reappraisal with an Analysis of Constitutional Principles, 50 GYIL 303 (2007); Wet, Erika de, The International Constitutional Order, 55 ICLQ 51 (2006).Google Scholar

115 Kennedy, David, Of Law and War, 46 (2006).Google Scholar

116 Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht als Ordnungsidee, 2nd ed., 325 (2006); Schmidt-Aßmann, however, highlights the law's function as an “ordering force”.Google Scholar

117 Fischer-Lescano, Andreas & Teubner, Gunther, Regime-Kollisionen, 20 (2006).Google Scholar

118 Slaughter, Anne-Marie & Zaring, David, Networking Goes International: An Update, 2 Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 211, 226 (2006).Google Scholar

119 Fischer-Lescano, Andreas & Teubner, Gunther, Regime-Kollisionen, 62 (2006).Google Scholar

120 Kelsen, Hans, Reine Rechtslehre, 2nd ed. (1960). At first glance, one might argue that Kelsen develops a concept of weak, subject-less normativity, see Alexander Somek, Ermächtigung und Verpflichtung, in Hans Kelsen, 58 (64 et sequ.) (Stanley L. Paulson & Michael Stolleis, eds., 2005). However, it is precisely his formalism which opens space for political action, vgl. Jochen von Bernstorff, Der Glaube an das universale Recht. Die Völkerrechtstheorie Hans Kelsens und seiner Schüler (2001, now forthcoming in English with CUP, Cambridge 2009).Google Scholar

121 Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht als Ordnungsidee, 2nd ed., 399–402 (2006).Google Scholar

122 Lessig, Lawrence, Code 2.0, 338–339 (2006).Google Scholar

123 An actor-centred perspective in that sense develops Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social (2005). See also Mireille Delmas-Marty, Le pluralisme ordonné, 281 (2006). For a supposedly outdated “steering” perspective, see Claudio Franzius, Modalitäten und Wirkungsfaktoren der Steuerung durch Recht, in GdVwR, Band 1, §4 (Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Andreas Voßkuhle eds., 2006). On “nodal governance”: Peter Drahos, Intellectual Property and Pharmaceutical Markets, 77 TLR 401 (2004).Google Scholar

124 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 285, 287.Google Scholar

125 Goldsmith, Stephen & Eggers, William D., Governing by Network, 157–159 (2004).Google Scholar

126 Oeter, Stefan, Rechtsprechungskonkurrenz zwischen nationalen Verfassungsgerichten, Europäischem Gerichtshof und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte, 66 VVDStRL 361, 386 (2007); Higgins, Rosalyn, A Babel of Judicial Voices?, 55 ICLQ 791, 804 (2006). On the professional habitus of the European lawyer interpreting supranational constitutional law, see Philipp Dann, Überlegungen zu einer Methodik des europäischen Verfassungsrechts, in Die Europäische Verfassung – Verfassungen in Europa, 161 (185) (Yvonne Becker u.a. eds., 2005).Google Scholar

127 Pache, Eckhard, Verantwortung und Effizienz in der Mehrebenenverwaltung, 66 VVDStRL 106 (2007).Google Scholar

128 That expression is inspired by Halberstam, Daniel, The Bride of Messina, 30 ELR 775 (2005).Google Scholar

129 Fischer-Lescano, Andreas & Teubner, Gunther, Regime-Kollisionen, 23 (2006).Google Scholar

130 Goldmann, Matthias, Neue Handlungsformen zur Strukturierung transnationaler Netzwerke, in Netzwerke 225 (Boysen et al. eds., 2007).Google Scholar

131 Walker, Neil, Postnational Constitutionalism and the Problem of Translation, in Constitutionalism Beyond the State 27, 35–37 (Joseph H. H. Weiler & Marlene Wind eds., 2004). See also François Ost & Michel van de Kerchove, de la pyramide au reseau 539–540 (2002).Google Scholar

132 Möllers, Christoph, Gewaltengliederung, 425–426 (2005).Google Scholar

133 María Calzada Pérez, Transitivity in Translating (2007); Umberto, Eco, Dire quasi la stessa cosa. Esperienze di traduzione (2003); Steiner, George, After Babel. Aspects of language and translation. Third edition, (1998).Google Scholar

134 Dann, Philipp, Accountability in Development Aid Law, 44 AVR 381 (2006). On the reconstruction of a public law concept of accountability in the European multi-level system: Eckhard Pache, Verantwortung und Effizienz in der Mehrebenenverwaltung, 66 VVDStRL 106, 112–114 (2007); Harlow, Carol & Rawlings, Richard, Accountability and law enforcement: the centralized EU infringement procedure, 31 ELR 447 (2006).Google Scholar

135 Scheuing, Dieter H., Rechtsstaatlichkeit, in Europarecht. Handbuch für die deutsche Rechtspraxis, 138 et sequ., in particular paras. 25 et seq. (Reiner Schulze & Manfred Zuleeg eds., 2006); see also the contributions in Gemeinschaftsgerichtsbarkeit und Rechtsstaatlichkeit (Peter-Christian Müller-Graff & Dieter H. Scheuing, eds.), Europarecht 43 (2008), Beiheft 3. On the development of fundamental rights guarantees within the European Union builds the idea of “constitutional absorption” as outlined in Daniel Halberstam & Eric Stein, The United Nations, The European Union, and the King of Sweden: Economic Sanctions and Individual Rights in a Plural World Order, 46 CMLR (2009), 13: “constitutional absorption of fundamental rights is the incorporation of fundamental rights principles from Member systems as well as international law into the constitutional law of the uN. The application of fundamental rights principles via constitutional absorption may lead to the distinctive development of these principles in the uN context.” (at 24).Google Scholar

136 Carl Schmitt applied the concept of complexio oppositorum (complex of opposites) to the Catholic Church: “Es scheint keinen Gegensatz zu geben, den sie nicht umfaßt”: Carl Schmitt, Römischer Katholizismus und politische Form (Text der Münchner Ausgabe von 1925), 2nd. ed., 11–12 (2002).Google Scholar

137 The notion of coincidentia oppositorum (coincidence of opposites), coined by Nicolaus Cusanus and describing the mutual neutralization of opposites, was introduced into the network discourse by Gunther Teubner: Gunther Teubner, Coincidentia Oppositorum, in Die vernetzte Wirtschaft, 11, 25–29 (Marc Amstutz ed., 2004).Google Scholar

138 Merli, Franz, Rechtsprechungskonkurrenz zwischen nationalen Verfassungsgerichten, Europäischem Gerichtshof und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte, 66 VVDStRL 392 (2007); See also Scheuing, Dieter H., Justice constitutionelle, justice ordinaire, justice supranationale – à qui revient la protection des droits fondamentaux en Europe?, in Europäisches öffentliches Recht. Ausgewählte Beiträge von Dieter H. Scheuing 88–116 (Peter-Christian Müller-Graff & Christoph Ritzer eds., 2006).Google Scholar

139 Delmas-Marty, Mireille, Le relatif et l'universel 14–18, 412–413 (2004).Google Scholar

140 Franzius, Claudio, Horizontalisierung als Governance-Struktur, in Governance als Prozess (Sebastian Botzem ed., forthcoming).Google Scholar

141 Ost, François & Michel van de Kerchove, De la pyramide au reseau, 526 (2002). Such a discursive model, regarding international constitutional principles, is also to be found in Stefan Kadelbach & Thomas Kleinlein, International Law – A Constitution for Mankind? An Attempt at a Re-appraisal with an Analysis of Constitutional Principles, 50 GYIL 303 (2007). See also Daniel Halberstam & Eric Stein, The United Nations, The European Union, and the King of Sweden: Economic Sanctions and Individual Rights in a Plural World Order, 46 CMLR 13 (2009).Google Scholar

142 Ost, François & Michel van de Kerchove, De la pyramide au reseau, 527 (2002). But see also: Möllers, Transnationale Behördenkooperation, 65 ZaÖRV/HJIL 351, 382 (2005).Google Scholar

143 On the dialectics between globe and network, see Falkenhausen, Susanne von, KugelbauVisionen, 161–177 (2008).Google Scholar

144 Jessup, Philip, Transnational Law, 22–25 (1956).Google Scholar

145 Latour, Bruno, We have never been modern, 14 (1993).Google Scholar

146 Möllers, Christoph, Netzwerk als Kategorie des Organisationsrechts, in Nicht-normative Steuerung in dezentralen Systemen 285, 301 (Janbernd Oebbecke ed. 2005).Google Scholar

147 Weiler, Joseph H. H., The Geology of International Law – Governance, Democracy and Legitimacy, 64 ZaöRV/HJIL 547, 560 (2004).Google Scholar