Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:01:26.724Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Does Age Prevent Punishment? The Struggles of the German Juridical System with Alleged Nazi Criminals: Commentary on the Criminal Proceedings Against John Demjanjuk and Heinrich Boere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Modern western societies are aging—according to statistical analyses, in 2060, every seventh German citizen will be over 80 years old. The challenges of an aging society occupy jurisprudence and the legal practice. Issues specific to aging offenders and aging victims are more relevant than ever and must be analyzed. The question of old age is one of many problematic aspects of two criminal cases recently decided by the German Federal Constitutional Court. In the following, age's relevance to criminal prosecution and material criminal law will be discussed and related to an analysis of the proceedings of John Demjanjuk and Heinrich Boere, two alleged Nazi criminals, tried in their old age. Demjanjuk's case especially has raised questions well beyond the relevance of his age (89 years). The cases open up many interesting facets of German criminal procedural law and material law connected to the crimes of the Nazi era.

Type
Developments
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 by German Law Journal GbR 

References

1 Pressemitteilung des Statistischen Bundesamts Nr. 435, 18 November 2009, available at: www.destatis.de.Google Scholar

2 Challenges of an Aging Society: Ethical Dilemmas, Political Issues (Rachel A. Pruchno & Michael A. Smyer, eds., 2007).Google Scholar

3 Norbert Arnold, Vorwort, in: Wie lange dürfen wir arbeiten? Zukunftsforum Politik 7 (Lenz et.al (eds.) 2006); Herwig Birg, Die demographische Zeitenwende (2001); Meinhard Miegel, Die deformierte Gesellschaft (2002); Peter Schinmany, Die Alterung der Gesellschaft: Ursachen und Folgen des demographischen Umbruchs (2003); Frank Schirrmacher, Das Methusalem-Komplott (2004).Google Scholar

4 The subject of age is discussed in Germany primarily in the context of age discrimination: Karl-Jürgen Bieback, Altersdiskriminierung – Grundsätzliche Strukturen und sozialrechtliche Probleme, Zeitschrift für Sozialreform 75 (2006); Oliver Hahn, Auswirkungen der europäischen Regelungen zur Altersdiskriminierung im deutschen Arbeitsrecht (2006); Helen Meenan, Age Equality after the Employment Directive, 10 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 9 (2003); Polloczek, Altersdiskriminierung im Licht des Europarechts (2008). However, this discussion does not matter for the issue discussed here, because, in the following, age is mainly a proxy-criteria for suspecting certain characteristics of elderly and the need to secure the individual rights of elderly people. This could, in some cases, mean that an unequal treatment of younger people will be considered.Google Scholar

5 Bundesverfassungsgericht, 15 October 2009, Case No. 2 BvR 2331/09; BVerfG, 15 October 2009, Case No. 2 BvR 2332/09; BVerfG, 6 October 2009, Case No. 2 BvR 1724/09; Bundesgerichtschof (BGH – Federal Court of Justice), 27 April 2006, Case No. 4 StR 572/05, 59 NJW 2129.Google Scholar

7 Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (GG - German Constitution) Art. 2, ¶ 2, § 1.Google Scholar

8 Mutmaβlicher KZ-Wächter Demjanjuk kommt nach München, Der Spiegel, Apr. 2, 2009, at http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/0,1518,616999,00.html Google Scholar

9 BGH, 27 April 2006, 4 StR 572/05; see also the commentaries of: Streng, Juristische Rundschau 296 (2007); Nobis, Neue Zeitschrift für Straftrecht (NStZ) 489 (2006).Google Scholar

10 Especially GG Art. 2, ¶ 2, § 1.Google Scholar

11 Stefan Huster, Rechte und Ziele. Zur Dogmatik des allgemeinen Gleichheitssatzes (1993); Stefan Möckel, Der Gleichheitsgrundsatz. Vorschlag für eine dogmatische Weiterentwicklung, Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 2003, 488 ff.Google Scholar

12 Die zweite Lebenshälfte - Gesellschaftliche Lage und Partizipation im Spiegel des Alters-Survey (Martin Kohli & Harald Künemund, eds. 2000).Google Scholar

13 Handbook of the biology of aging (Edward Masoro & Steven Austad, eds., 6. ed., 2006)Google Scholar

14 Gerhard Mezger, Geistige Funktionen im Alter, available at: http://home.allgaeu.org/gmezger/pers/gf.html.Google Scholar

15 Statistically almost 15 % of 80-year-old, and almost half of 90-year-old suffer from dementia, 9 Infobrief des Nationalen Ethikrats 2 (2005).Google Scholar

16 Handbook of aging and the Social Sciences (Robert H. Binstock et al., eds., 6th ed. 2006).Google Scholar

17 Marc Coester, Gewalt gegen alte Menschen. Bestandsaufnahme und Ergebnisse des Workshops, forum kriminalprävention 25 (2004).Google Scholar

18 See Hans-Dieter Schwind, Kriminologie, 19th ed. (2009), § 3 Rn. 37.Google Scholar

19 See Jugendgerichtsgesetz (JGG – Youth Court Law) § 105 et seq.; BGH Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht (NStZ) 555 (2001); Ineke Pruin, Die Heranwachsendenregelung im deutschen Jugendstrafrecht (2007).Google Scholar

20 Including people with diagnosed dementia of a higher state; Karl Lackner & Kristian Kühl, StGB, 26. Aufl. (2007), § 20 Rn. 4.Google Scholar

21 Karl Lackner & Kristian Kühl, StGB, 26. Aufl. (2007), § 20, Rn. 16.Google Scholar

22 BVerfG, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 2349 (1979). BVerfG, NStZ-RR (38) 1996; BGH, NStZ (242) 1996; Oberlandesgericht (OLG – High Regional Court) Stuttgart, NStZ-RR 313 (2006).Google Scholar

23 BVerfG NJW 2349 (1979); KG NStZ 142 (1990); Norbert Gatzweiler, Haftunfähigkeit, Strafverteidiger 283 (1996).Google Scholar

24 See StGB at § 20.Google Scholar

25 See StGB at § 21.Google Scholar

26 See StGB at § 17.Google Scholar

27 See BGH, April 27, 2006, 4 StR 572/05.Google Scholar

28 Klaus Laubenthal, Alterskriminalität und Altenstrafvollzug, in Festschrift für Manfred Seebode zum 70 Geburtstag 499, 508 (Hendrik Schneider et al., eds. 2008).Google Scholar

29 BVerfG, October 15, 2009, 2 BvR 2331/09; 2 BvR 2332/09.Google Scholar

30 Pressemitteilung der Staatsanwaltschaft München I in Sachen John DEMJANJUK vom 13.07.2009 (Press Release, Munich 1 Prosecutor's Office) (13 July, 2009) (available at http://www.justiz.bayern.de/sta/sta/m1/presse/archiv/2009/02129/).Google Scholar

31 BVerfG June 17, 2009, 2 BvR 1076/09.Google Scholar

32 As far as the complaint does concern actions of the US institutions the German courts do not have any jurisdiction, the Constitutional Court furthermore declared. Finally, Germany's approval of Demjanjuk's entrance did not, according to the court, have any direct legal effects on the complainant, as it were neither a direct nor indirect restraint of his liberty.Google Scholar

33 Demjanjuk-Prozess wird ausgesetzt, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Feb. 12, 2009, at http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/4/496320/text/.Google Scholar

34 Demjanjuks Anwalt beantragt Einstellung des Verfahrens, Der Spiegel, Jan. 12, 2009, at http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/0,1518,664445,00.html; http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/880/496198/text/.Google Scholar

35 Im Zweifel für den Vater, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Nov. 30, 2009, at http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/692/496012/text/.Google Scholar

36 Demjanjuk muss im November vor Gericht, Der Westen, Oct. 2, 2009, at http://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/panorama/Demjanjuk-muss-im-November-vor-Gericht-id34611.html.Google Scholar

37 See StPO at § 117.Google Scholar

38 See StPO at § 304 et seq.Google Scholar

39 See StPO at § 114Google Scholar

40 OLG Köln NJW 1686 (1996); Matthias Krauß, § 112 (27) in: Beck'scher Online-Kommentar StPO (Jürgen Graf, ed., 2009).Google Scholar

41 Dominik Lasok, The Eichmann Trial, 11 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 355 (1962); Thomas Mertens, The Eichmann Trial: Hannah Arendt's View on the Jerusalem Court's Competence, 6 German Law Journal 407 (2005); Matthew Lippmann, Trial of Adolf Eichmann and the Protection of Universal Human Rights under International Law, 5 Houston Journal of International Law 1 (1982–1983); each with further references.Google Scholar

43 Gutachten zu Verhandlungsfähigkeit wird erstellt, Rheinisches Post, May 12, 2009, at http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/deutschland/Gutachten-zu-Verhandlungsfaehigkeit-wird-erstellt_aid_707889.html; Von H. Prantl, Wahrheit verjährt nicht, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Apr. 15, 2009, at http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/567/465159/text/ Google Scholar

44 The difference to other cases is that Demjanjuk was not elderly at the time the offence is said to have taken place; therefore questions about his liability are irrelevant. Still, questions about fitness to stand trial and be imprisoned as well as the quantity of the sentence are connected to his old age.Google Scholar

45 BverfG, September 20, 2001, 2 BVR 1349/01, NJW 51 (2002).Google Scholar

46 BGH, April 27, 2006, 4 StR 572/05.Google Scholar

47 Andrea Kuhlmann & Gerhard Naegele, Gewalt gegen ältere Menschen – (k)ein Thema? Empirische Befunde und gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 57 Sozialer Fortschritt 182 (2008); Hein-Jürgen Schramke, Alte Menschen im Strafvollzug (1996) 185; Thomas Wolf, Rechtliche Gesichtspunkte zur Rückfallprognose und Vollstreckung bei älteren Straftätern, 3 Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie 1862 (2009).Google Scholar

48 The sentence for murder always is, generally, lifelong imprisonment. Demjanjuk is only accused to have assisted – this allows to lower the sentence, StGB §§ 27, 49, Abs. 1, Nr. 1.Google Scholar

49 Hans Jürgen Papier & Johannes Möller, Die rechtsstaatliche Bewältigung von Regime-Unrecht nach 1945 und nach 1989, NJW 3289 (1999).Google Scholar

50 Rudolf Wassermann, Überblick Verbrechen unter totalitärer Herrschaft - Zur Rolle des Rechts bei der Aufarbeitung der DDR-Vergangenheit, NJW 895 (1993).Google Scholar

51 OLG Frankfurt a. M., HESt 1, 67, 71; critically: Gerhard Werle, Der Holocaust als Gegenstand der bundesdeutschen Strafjustiz, NJW 2529, 2533 (1992); arguing against him: Klaus Füßer, Geheime Führerbefehle als Rechtsquelle? Minima Juris und das Erfordernis minimaler Rechtskultur, Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 1993, 180 ff.; see also Hans-Jürgen Papier & Johannes Möller, Die rechtsstaatliche Bewältigung von Regime-Unrecht nach 1945 und nach 1989, NJW 3289 (1999).Google Scholar

52 Thomas Fischer, § 24 (3 et seq.) in: Karlsruher Kommentar zur StPO (Gerd Pfeiffer, ed., 6th ed. 2008)Google Scholar

53 GG Art. 3.Google Scholar

54 Demjanjuks Verteidiger wirft Richter Willkür vor, Der Spiegel, Nov. 20, 2009, at http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/0,1518,664238,00.html.Google Scholar

55 Günter Dürig & Rupert Scholz, Art. 3, § 179 et seq., in: Kommentar zum Grundgesetz (Theodor Maunz & Günter Dürig, eds. 2009).Google Scholar

56 Demjanjuks Verteidiger wirft Richter Willkür vor, Der Spiegel, Nov. 20, 2009, at http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/0,1518,664238,00.html.Google Scholar

58 Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB – International Law Criminal Code) § 3.Google Scholar

59 Thomas Weigend, VStGB § 3 (18 et seq.) in: 6/2 Münchner Kommentar zum StGB (Wolfgang Joecks & Klaus Miebach, eds., 2009).Google Scholar

60 StGB § 34.Google Scholar

61 Walter Perron, § 34 (23) in Kommentar zum StGB (Adolf Schönke & Horst Schröder, eds., 27th ed. 2006).Google Scholar

62 As to the more restricted interpretation of duress in English law see Christoph Safferling, Vorsatz und Schuld (2008) 468 ff.Google Scholar

63 STGB § 35, Par. 1, S. 2.Google Scholar

64 BGH 3 StR 353/54; Walter Perron, § 35 (10 et seq.) in: Kommentar zum StGB (Adolf Schönke & Horst Schröder, eds., 27th ed. 2006). It has to be discussed, though, how actual and concrete the danger was, if Demjanjuk has acted with the intention to avoid the danger, etc. See BGHSt 18, 311 (NJW 1963, 1258; BGH 5 StR 308/69 about the necessity to explore all other possible actions carefully.Google Scholar

65 See StGB at § 3 et seq. Google Scholar

66 Albin Eser § 7 (4 et seq.) in: Kommentar zum StGB (Adolf Schönke & Horst Schröder, eds., 27th ed. 2006).Google Scholar

67 Another problem here is that the German government at the time withdrew the citizenship of Jewish Germans, thus, as a first step, one would have to construct the illegality of this official act and see the citizenship as still existing, see Albin Eser § 7 (5) in: Kommentar zum StGB (Adolf Schönke & Horst Schröder, eds., 27th ed. 2006). At the time Demjanjuk is supposed to have been in Sobibor there were about 2.000 German victims killed which could reduce the number of accused murders.Google Scholar

68 BGH, December 09, 2008, 2 ARs 536/08Google Scholar

69 BVerfGE 75, 1; BGH NStZ 149 et seq. (1998).Google Scholar

70 After being capitally convicted at first instance he was finally, after seven years in prison, acquitted by the highest Israeli court, because serious doubts have arisen about him being the so-called “Ivan the Terrible”.Google Scholar

71 Henning Radtke & Andrea Hagemeier, Art. 103 (48), Beck'scher Online-Kommentar GG (Volker Epping, Christian Hillgruber, eds., 2009).Google Scholar

73 See StPO at § 261.Google Scholar

74 Armin Schoreit § 261 (45) in: Karlsruher Kommentar zur StPO (Gerd Pfeiffer, ed., 6th ed. 2008); Christian Pelz, Die revisionsgerichtliche Überprüfung der tatrichterlichen Beweiswürdigung; NStZ 361 (1993).Google Scholar

75 GG Art. 20.Google Scholar

76 Bernd Heintschel-Heinegg, § 1 (24 et seq.) in: Beck'scher Online Kommentar StGB (Bernd von Heintschel-Heinegg, ed., 2009).Google Scholar

77 Albin Eser & Peter Cramer & Günter Heine Vorbem. zu §§25 (17 et seq.), in: Kommentar zum StGB (Adolf Schönke & Horst Schröder, eds., 27th ed. 2006).Google Scholar

78 BVerfG, October 6, 2009, 2 BvR 1724/09, at the moments the proceedings take place in front of the LG Aachen.Google Scholar

79 Which has declared him unfit to stand trial, see Von Volker Schmidt, Ehemaliger SS-Mann vor Gericht Später Prozess, Frankfurther Rundschau, Mar. 9, 2009, at http://www.fr-online.de/in_und_ausland/politik/aktuell/?em_cnt=2055679&Google Scholar

80 BVerfG, October 6, 2009, 2 BvR 1724/09.Google Scholar

81 Udo Di Fabio Art. 2 (63) in: Kommentar zum Grundgesetz (Theodor Maunz & Günter Dürig, eds. 2009).Google Scholar

82 BVerfG, February 24, 1995, 2 BvR 345/95; see NJW 1951, 1952 (1995).Google Scholar

83 BVerfG, October 6, 2009, 2 BvR 1724/09.Google Scholar

84 BGHSt NStZ 99 (2003) (see Duttge, NStZ 2003, 375); Sass, Der Sachverständige – weiterhin ein prozessuales Problemfeld, Der Sachverständige 256 (2007).Google Scholar

85 On 3 March, 2009, the prosecutor in his final pleadings requested a lifelong prison sentence; Plädoyer gegen Boere, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Mar. 3, 2010, at http://www.sueddeutsche.de/u5338n/3245229/Plaedoyer-gegen-Boere.html.Google Scholar

86 Früherer SS-Mann gesteht Mord an drei Zivilisten, Hannoveriche Allgemeine, Dec. 8, 2009, at http://www.haz.de/layout/set/gallery/Nachrichten/Politik/Deutschland-Welt/Frueherer-SS-Mann-gesteht-Mord-an-drei-Zivilisten.Google Scholar

87 Bundesgerichtshof (BGH - Federal Court of Justice) BGH vom April 27, 2006, 4 StR 572/05.Google Scholar

88 30 BGHSt 105 (see also 45 BVerfGE 187).Google Scholar