The Cenozoic volcanic field of the Akkar region in northern Lebanon consists of a thick succession (200 m) of basaltic lava flows, erupted at the junction between a restraining bend (the Yammouneh transform fault) and its northern extension (the Ghab transform) in Syria. Both faults are part of the Dead Sea transform fault system, which represents the boundary between the Arabian and African plates and the Levantine subplate. The lavas are made up of about 15–25 vol. % olivine (Fo79–84), 30–40 % clinopyroxene (salite), 40–50 % plagioclase (An58–67), and opaque Fe–Ti oxides (∼ 5 %). Geochemically, they exhibit a narrow range of SiO2 (44.6 to 47.0 wt %), and MgO (2.9 to 7.5 wt %), are relatively enriched in TiO2 (2.0 to 2.9 wt %), and are classified as alkali basalts. Mg-numbers range from 0.32 to 0.59, with an average of 0.47. The rocks are enriched in incompatible trace elements such as Zr (98–184 ppm), Nb (16–39 ppm) and Y (25–34 ppm). The REE patterns are fractionated ((La/Yb)N=8.2), and are generally parallel to subparallel. Such compositions are typical of those of HIMU-OIB and plume-related magmas. Elemental ratios such as K/P (2.9), La/Ta (21.8), La/Nb (0.80), Nb/Y (0.92) and Th/Nb (0.35), and the low average SiO2 content (46.1 wt %) suggest that the magma was subjected to minimal crustal contamination. This may be related to a rapid ascent of the parental magma, in agreement with the nature (mafic, oceanic crust-like) and the thickness (only about 12 km) of the crust of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Cenozoic volcanism in this region is interpreted to have occurred in association with an episode of localized extension, particularly at the junction between the Yammouneh restraining bend and the Dead Sea–Ghab Transform (that is, in a transtensional tectonic regime). The 143Nd/144Nd isotopic composition of the basaltic rocks of northern Lebanon ranges from 0.512842 to 0.512934 (εNd=4.0 to 5.8), and 87Sr/86Sr from 0.703317 to 0.703579, suggesting a HIMU-like mantle source. Modelling indicates that the magma was produced by a small degree of partial melting (F=2 %) of a primitive, garnet lherzolitic mantle source, possibly containing a minor spinel component.

A volcano-plutonic complex in the Susa area, southwest Japan, consists of the Yamashima andesites, the Koyama gabbros and syn-plutonic porphyrite dykes derived from a common basaltic andesite magma. The complex is closely associated with middle Miocene turbidite deposits. The Yamashima andesites are composed mainly of basaltic andesite feeder dykes, massive submarine lavas with hyaloclastites, and their reworked deposits. The lavas and deposits immediately overlie turbidite deposits, indicating submarine volcanic activity. The Koyama gabbros formed hornfels by contact metamorphism of the surrounding turbidites and andesites. Highly purified clinopyroxene and plagioclase mineral separates from the Yamashima andesites were dated by a K–Ar method using an ultra-low blank K analysis procedure. Ages obtained from duplicate analyses are 16.5±1.5, 15.2±1.4, 15.8±1.7, and 16.5±2.0 Ma for clinopyroxene, and 14.2±0.8, 15.2±0.9, and 15.6±0.9 Ma for plagioclase. The clinopyroxene and plagioclase data define a mineral isochron age of 14.7±0.9 (1σ) Ma with an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 297.3±2.4 (1σ), suggesting that clinopyroxene has no excess argon and can be reliably dated by K–Ar. Most of the groundmass ages are considerably younger (12.1–14.6) than the isochron age, perhaps due to argon loss during alteration. The gabbros give ages of 14.2±0.3 and 14.1±0.3 Ma for biotite, and 13.7±0.3 and 13.7±0.7 Ma for green hornblende. The porphyrite dyke yields an age of 12.5±0.3 Ma for the groundmass, and the pelitic hornfels gives a biotite age of 14.8±0.3 Ma. Our new K–Ar ages, together with previous studies, show that a series of geological events took place in the Susa area between 16 and 13 Ma. Conglomerates and sandstones were deposited in the beginning of marine transgression. Subsequent abrupt deepening led to deposition of a thick black shale unit, turbidite deposits and large-scale submarine channel-fill deposits. Coeval igneous activity formed the volcano-plutonic complex. The magmato-tectonic event was synchronous with the opening of the Japan Sea and the associated clockwise rotation of the southwest Japan arc sliver, recording a unique tectonic setting.

The Mühlig-Hofmann- and Filchnerfjella in central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, consist of series of granitoid igneous rocks emplaced in granulite and upper amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. The area has experienced high-temperature metamorphism followed by near-isothermal decompression, partial crustal melting, voluminous magmatism and extensional exhumation during the later phase of the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Pan-African event. Remnants of kyanite–garnet–ferritschermakite–rutile assemblages indicate an early higher-pressure metamorphism and crustal overthickening. The gneisses experienced peak granulite facies temperatures of 800–900 °C at intermediate pressures. Breakdown of garnet + sillimanite + spinel-bearing assemblages to cordierite shows subsequent re-equilibration to lower pressures. An E–W foliation dominating the gneisses illustrates transposition of migmatites and leucocratic melts which evolved during the near-isothermal decompression. Occurrence of extensional shear bands and shear zones evolving from the ductile partial melting stage through semiductile towards brittle conditions, shows that the uplift persisted towards brittle crustal conditions under tectonic W/SW-vergent extension. Late-orogenic Pan-African quartz syenites intruded after formation of the main gneiss fabric contain narrow semiductile to brittle shear zones, illustrating that the extensional exhumation continued also after their emplacement. The latest record of the Pan-African event is late-magmatic fluid infiltration around 350–400 °C and 2 kbar. At this stage the Pan-African crust had undergone 15–20 km exhumation from the peak granulite facies conditions. We conclude that the later phase of the Pan-African event in central Dronning Maud Land is characterized by a near-isothermal decompression P–T path and extensional structures indicating tectonic exhumation, which is most likely related to a late-orogenic collapsing phase of the Pan-African orogen.

We present new stable (C, O) isotopic, biostratigraphic and organic geochemical data for the Vigla Shale Member of the Ionian Zone in NW Greece, in order to characterize organic carbon-rich strata that potentially record the impact of Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs). In a section exposed near Gotzikas (NW Epirus), we sampled a number of decimetre-thick, organic carbon-rich units enclosed within marly, locally silicified, Vigla Limestone (Berriasian–Turonian). All these units are characterized by largely comparable bulk geochemical characteristics, indicating a common marine origin and low thermal maturity. However, the stratigraphically highest of these black shales is further distinguished by its much higher total organic-carbon (TOC) content (28.9 wt%) and Hydrogen Index (HI) (529), and much enriched δ13Corg value (−22.1%‰). Planktonic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy indicate a lower to middle Albian age for the strata immediately above, and a lower Aptian age for the strata below, the uppermost black shale. In terms of molecular organic geochemistry, the latter black shale is also relatively enriched in specific isoprenoidal compounds (especially monocyclic isoprenoids), whose isotopic values are as high as −15‰, indicating a substantial archaeal contribution to the organic matter. The striking similarities between the molecular signatures of the uppermost Vigla black shale and coeval organic-rich strata from SE France and the North Atlantic (ODP Site 1049C) indicate that this level constitutes a record of the Paquier Event (OAE 1b).

The Mersin Melange underlies the intact Mersin Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole to the south of the Mesozoic Tauride Carbonate Platform in southern Turkey. The Melange varies from chaotic melange to broken formation, in which some stratigraphic continuity can be recognized. Based on study of the broken formation, four lithological associations are recognized: (1) shallow-water platform association, dominated by Upper Palaeozoic–Lower Cretaceous neritic carbonates; (2) rift-related volcanogenic–terrigenous–pelagic association, mainly Upper Triassic andesitic–acidic volcanogenic rocks, siliciclastic gravity flows, basinal carbonates and radiolarites; (3) within-plate-type basalt–radiolarite–pelagic limestone association, interpreted as Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous seamounts with associated radiolarian sediments and Upper Cretaceous pelagic carbonates; (4) ophiolite-derived association, including fragments of the Upper Cretaceous Mersin Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole. Locally, the ophiolitic melange includes granite that yielded a K/Ar radiometric age of 375.7±10.5 Ma (Late Devonian). This granite appears to be subduction influenced based on ‘immobile’ element composition.

The Mersin Melange documents the following history: (1) Triassic rifting of the Tauride continent; (2) Jurassic–Cretaceous passive margin subsidence; (3) oceanic seamount genesis; (4) Cretaceous supra-subduction zone ophiolite genesis; (5) Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic convergence-metamorphic sole formation, and (6) latest Cretaceous emplacement onto the Tauride microcontinent and related backthrusting.

Regional comparisons show that the restored Mersin Melange is similar to the Beyşehir–Hoyran Nappes further northwest and a northerly origin best fits the regional geological picture. These remnants of a North-Neotethys (Inner Tauride Ocean) were formed and emplaced to the north of the Tauride Carbonate Platform. They are dissimilar to melanges and related units in northern Syria, western Cyprus and southwestern Turkey, which are interpreted as remnants of a South-Neotethys. Early high-temperature ductile transport lineations within amphibolites of the metamorphic sole of the Mersin ophiolite are generally orientated E–W, possibly resulting from vertical-axis rotation of the ophiolite while still in an oceanic setting. By contrast, the commonly northward-facing later stage brittle structures are explained by backthrusting of the ophiolite and melange related to exhumation of the partially subducted northern leading edge of the Tauride continent.

A newly discovered active small-scale pull-apart (Mor structure), located in the western part of the Dead Sea Basin, shows recent basin-parallel extension and strike-slip faulting, and offers a rare view of pull-apart internal structure. The Mor structure is bounded by N–S-trending strike-slip faults, and cross-cut by low-angle, E–W-trending normal faults. The geometry of this pull-apart suggests that displacement between the two stepped N–S strike-slip faults of the Mor structure is transferred by the extension associated with the normal faults. The continuing deformation in this structure is evident by the observation of at least three deformation episodes between 50 ka and present. The calculated sinistral slip-rate is 3.5 mm/yr over the last 30 000 years. This slip rate indicates that the Mor structure overlies the currently most active strike-slip fault within the western border of the Dead Sea pull-apart. The Mor structure is an example of a small pull-apart basin developed within a larger pull-apart. This type of hierarchy in pull-apart structures is an indication for their ongoing evolution.

The thermal and compositional conditions of magma chambers constrain the type and complexity of their metasomatic aureoles. Fragments of these aureoles, disrupted during explosive eruptions of Vesuvius, provide quenched snapshots of interactions between potassic magmas and carbonate country rocks. Near the highly crystallized peripheral portions of the chambers, represented by magmatic xenoliths (fergusites, syenites and pyroxenites), skarn aureoles form. Open conduit reservoirs and the lower portions of plinian and subplinian eruption magma chambers develop aureoles controlled by diffusive metasomatism by high-T-modified silicate melts, generating magmatic skarn. In contrast, infiltrative metasomatism by magmatic fluids exsolved from crystallizing margins is responsible for endoskarn (magmatic protolith) and exoskarn (carbonate protolith) formation in the upper portions of plinian and subplinian eruption magma chambers.

The Stoer is the lowest of three groups comprising the Torridonian Supergroup, a clastic succession deposited late in Mesoproterozoic times on the (Lewisian) metamorphic foreland to the Caledonian Orogen in northwest Scotland. This study reports a palaeomagnetic, rock magnetic and magnetic fabric investigation through the full stratigraphic thickness of the succession. A primary magnetic fabric of sedimentary origin defines current flow from a westerly veering to northwesterly source. Rock magnetic studies identify the presence of both magnetite and hematite in these sediments. Magnetite is apparently of primary detrital origin whilst the hematite probably results mostly from early diagenesis in an environment of restricted chemical weathering. Palaeomagnetic study of sedimentary slumps shows that magnetic remanence post-dates deposition but was probably fixed by early dewatering and lithification because slumped blocks of Stoer in basal Torridon Group sediments preserve a primary remanence. Tilt adjustment, although inconclusive, also implies that magnetic remanence is older than pre-Torridian Group tectonic deformation. The lower part of the Stoer succession shows a progressive increase of magnetic inclination with shallower components resident in magnetite and steeper components in hematite. The succession above the Stac Fada Member has the steepest magnetic inclination and shows no significant difference between magnetite and hematite component directions. The inferred time sequence of palaeopoles coincides with the Gardar palaeomagnetic track (∼ 1250–1130 Ma) at 1180 Ma, conforming to a Pb–Pb determination of 1199±70 Ma. The Stoer Group was fully lithified and deformed before deposition of the Torridon Group at ∼ 1030 Ma because it contains no vestige of the range of Caledonian and later overprints found extensively in the latter. Sedimentation and lithification of the Stoer Group are therefore linked with a phase of extensional tectonism at 1200–1150 Ma and deformation is attributed to a culminating phase of deformation in the nearby Grenville Belt at ∼ 1100 Ma.

The interpretation of the lithofacies and basin evolution of the early Ordovician of southern Bolivia is based on a number of sections on an E–W transect. Lithostratigraphic units are extremely diachronous and only the available data on the graptolite biostratigraphy enabled an interpretation of the basin evolution. The newly proposed graptolite biozonation includes the biozones of Rhabdinopora flabelliformis, Adelograptus sp., Araneograptus murrayi, Hunnegraptus copiosus, Tetragraptus phyllograptoides, Expansograptus protobalticus, Expansograptus holmi, Baltograptus minutus, Azygograptus lapworthi and Isograptus victoriae. Isograptus victoriae is the first isograptid identified from Gondwanan South America. The early Ordovician succession of southern Bolivia is the most complete one documented from South America and can be used as a standard for this continent. The faunas are most easily correlated with the faunal succession of Scandinavia and without doubt belong to the Atlantic graptolite faunal province. They show distinct differences from coeval faunas of the Argentine Precordillera, referable to the Pacific faunal province.

A new permineralized fossil plant assemblage is described from volcaniclastic tuff collected in the Upper Permian (Wuchiapigian to Changhsingian) Xuanwei Formation at Shanjiaoshu mine, Guizhou Province, China. The assemblage is fragmentary but contains a small sphenopsid strobilus, a partial strobilus of a lepidodendralean lycopsid, pinnae of the filicalean fern Anachoropteris and a filicalean non-laminate fertile pinna rachis, the marattialean ferns Eoangiopteris, Scolecopteris and Psaronius, hooked stems of probable gigantopterid affinity, and two kinds of cardiocarpalean ovules. This represents the first indisputable evidence of Anachoropteris from the Permian of China, and contrasts with previous evidence from Europe and North America that indicates this genus became extinct during earliest Permian times. The assemblage highlights the persistence of plants from wetland communities and mire ecosystems into the Upper Permian of southern China, and adds further support to the presence of the Ameriosinian phytogeographical realm. This represents the first record of a plant assemblage preserved in volcaniclastic sediments from the Upper Permian of southern China, and in combination with other recently discovered plant assemblages in similar deposits in southern China, suggests volcanism to be an important factor in facilitating permineralized plant preservation in this realm. Although the source of the volcanism that produced the tuff is unknown, its age and location are consistent with the Emishan Large Igneous Province (LIP) of southwest China.

Cladistic analysis of the Middle Jurassic ammonite radiation shows how the Aalenian-age ancestral stock, known variously as the Hammatocerataceae or Hammatoceratinae, gave rise to numerous new groups in Bajocian times. Cladistic analysis shows this ancestral stock is not a single lineage but two: the ‘Erycites group’, which gave rise to the Stephanocerataceae, and the ‘Hammatoceras group’, from which all other Bajocian groups derived.

Palaeogene trace fossils penetrate the uppermost Cretaceous sediments in the Agost section, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain. Chondrites ?targionii, Zoophycos isp., Planolites isp. A, Planolites isp. B, ?Thalassinoides isp. A, Thalassinoides isp. B, Thalassinoides isp. C, Alcyonidiopsis longobardiae, and Diplocraterion ?parallelum have been identified. A well-developed endobenthic tiering pattern is interpreted. The uppermost tier (A) represents major benthic activity in the shallowest sediments at or just below the seafloor, recorded as bioturbated background (only discrete rare Planolites). The next upper tier (B) displays the highest trace-fossil diversity, with Planolites in the shallow levels, and Thalassinoides and Alcyonidiopsis at slightly deeper ones. The intermediate tier (C) contains randomly distributed Thalassinoides and Alcyonidiopsis, cross-cut by Zoophycos and large and medium-sized Chondrites. The deepest tier (D) contains Zoophycos, cross-cut by medium- and mainly small-sized Chondrites. Two interpretations are proposed: (1) vertical partitioning of a singled multi-tiered community under steady-stable conditions in well-oxygenated water bottom, reflecting gradual changes deep into the sediment, with decreasing oxygen pore water and benthic food, and increasing substrate consistency, and (2) sequential colonization and community replacement, reflecting the work of two successive communities. The first community, mainly represented by Planolites, Alcyonidiopsis and Thalassinoides, was produced in a shallow, oxygenated soft substrate. Probably related to decreasing oxygen content and benthic food availability, this community was replaced by deeply burrowing organisms that produced Zoophycos and Chondrites. This sequential colonization can be determined by changes in environmental parameters related to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–T) event, or may have resulted from normal ecological and early diagenetic processes.

Dolerite dykes in the East Finnmark Scandinavian Caledonides form three geochemical suites: Digermulhalvøya–Magerøya – WNW–ESE-trending, c. 337–332 Ma, possibly also c. 293 Ma, continental within-plate; East Varangerhalvøya – NE–SW and N–S, c. 376 Ma, continental plate-margin; Styret – NE–SW, also c. 376 Ma, chemically intermediate to the other two groups. New K–Ar data from metadolerites on Varangerhalvøya give a 7-point ‘lower envelope’ isochron of 577 ± 14 Ma (MSWD 1.04). This is concordant with a published upper intercept U–Pb zircon age (567+30−23 Ma) from an East Varangerhalvøya dolerite, here re-interpreted to reflect Neoproterozoic basement fracturing contemporaneous with the emplacement of the metadolerites. Intrusion of the younger dolerites at c. 376 Ma reactivated this trend, and may be responsible for the published zircon lower intercept age of 392+25−36 Ma. Clarification of the intrusion and structural chronology, integrated with extensive new geochemical data, enables a better understanding of the evolution of this part of the Scandinavian Caledonides.

Ordovician metamorphic rocks of the Casco Bay Group are exposed in an approximately 170 km long NE-trending belt (Liberty-Orrington belt) in southern and south-central Maine. Geochemical analysis of rocks within the Spring Point Formation (469±3 Ma) of the Casco Bay Group indicate that it is an assemblage of metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks. The mafic rocks (originally basalts) have trace element and Nd isotopic characteristics consistent with derivation from a mantle source enriched by a crustal and/or subduction component. The felsic rocks (originally rhyolites and dacites) were likely generated through partial melting of continental crust in response to intrusion of the mafic magma. Relatively low initial εNd values for both the mafic (−1.3 to +0.6) and felsic (−4.1 to −3.8) rocks suggest interactions with Gander zone continental crust and support a correlation between the Casco Bay Group and the Bathurst Supergroup in the Miramichi belt of New Brunswick. This correlation suggests that elements of the Early to Middle Ordovician Tetagouche-Exploits back-arc basin can be traced well into southern Maine. A possible tectonic model for the evolution of the Casco Bay Group involves the initiation of arc volcanism in Early Ordovician time along the Gander continental margin on the eastern side of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Slab rollback and trenchward migration of arc magmatism initiated crustal thinning and rifting of the volcanic arc around 470 Ma and resulted in the eruption of the Spring Point volcanic rocks in a back-arc tectonic setting.

A little before 4 Ma ago, deposition of Pliocene and Pleistocene strata described as the Omo Group began in the Turkana and Omo basins of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Soon after, basaltic magma erupted as thin lava flows, and intruded as dykes into the oldest Pliocene strata of the basin. These flows and intrusions are similar petrographically and geochemically, and mark a basaltic magmatic event spanning latitudes from 2° 45′ N to 6° 45′ N at a longitude of about 36° E. By 3.94 Ma, this basaltic magmatic activity had ceased. Previous researchers used these lavas as an important seismic marker in their study of the southern part of the Turkana Basin. Subsequent volcanic eruptions formed North, Central and South islands in Lake Turkana, and the Korath Range in southern Ethiopia. Thus there was a hiatus in basaltic magmatic activity of nearly 4 Ma in the area presently occupied by Lake Turkana and the lower Omo Valley, although volcanism continued on the eastern margin of the basin. Here we review the field occurrences of these basalts, their distinctive petrography, composition, age and significance to Pliocene deposition in the basin.

The first fossil ribbonfish, Trachipterus mauritanicus sp. nov., based on a single specimen, is described from Sidi-Brahim, an Upper Miocene (Messinian) locality situated in the central sector of the Chelif Basin, northwestern Algeria. Trachipterus mauritanicus sp. nov. is characterized by a flattened neurocranium and an advanced insertion of the dorsal fin. Based on skeletal morphology, T. mauritanicus sp. nov. appears to be related to T. arawatae and T. trachypterus. Trachipterus mauritanicus sp. nov. represents the eighth taxon described up to now from Sidi-Brahim. The occurrence of the first fossil member of the family Trachipteridae from the Upper Miocene sediments of northwestern Algeria emphasizes the crucial importance of the Messinian ichthyofaunas from Algeria to our knowledge of the fossil record of the Teleostei.

Anatomically preserved plant fragments are reported from Devonian marine deposits exposed in the Dra Valley of southern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Associated conodont and tentaculite faunas indicate that the sediments yielding plants, which consist of black shales with intercalated calcareous concretions, are early Frasnian in age and most probably represent Zone 2 of the conodont zonation. This is the first record of Frasnian plants in North Africa. The specimens found all correspond to decorticated portions of axes. Six are referable to Callixylon, the organ genus corresponding to anatomically preserved axes of the progymnosperm tree Archaeopteris. Based on wood characters, especially ray structure, they are assigned to the species C. henkei, formerly described from the Famennian of Europe. One single specimen is compared to Xenocladia, a cladoxylopsid genus previously known from the Middle Devonian of Europe, USA and Kazakhstan. Interestingly, Archaeopteridales and Cladoxylopsida are two groups that dominate the younger plant assemblages of Famennian age recently described from the eastern Anti-Atlas. Callixylon henkei-type axes occur both in the Frasnian and in the Famennian deposits of the Anti-Atlas and they are all devoid of growth rings. These results are in accordance with a close position of Gondwana and Euramerica during Late Devonian times.

Fossil wood from the poorly dated (Jurassic–Cretaceous?) continental sediments of the Khorat Group, northeastern Thailand (Isan) is described. The Khorat Group is widely distributed (Laos, Cambodia and Thailand) and, despite its poorly known age, stratigraphy and palaeoecology, is of importance in understanding the Sibumasu–Indochina collision. The systematics of wood assemblage and palaeobiogeographical analysis reveal strong relationships with Indochina, especially Vietnam, and suggest an age in the range Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. According to wood taphonomy, the corresponding trees grew alongside streams under a rather arid climate, although this became wetter during the deposition of the upper formations of the Khorat Group.

The significance of syngenetic and epigenetic graphite occurrences from the Variscan high-temperature/low-pressure Aracena Metamorphic Belt is discussed in the framework of the tectono-thermal evolution of this southern zone of the Iberian Massif. Syngenetic graphite is associated with both low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks (La Umbría series, Precambrian in age) and high-grade, granulite facies rocks (the Precambrian Fuente del Oro series and a Cambrian calc-silicate series). Epigenetic, fluid-deposited occurrences correspond to overgrowths on existing metamorphic graphite grains and vein-type mineralization. Two types of graphitized particles with remarkable differences in reflectance, anisotropy and size can be distinguished in the Precambrian metapelites of the La Umbría series. Large, >150 μm length, platy crystals with high reflectance and anisotropy are interpreted as detrital and are considered indirect evidence of an old orogenic cycle prior to the Cadomian Orogeny, during which metamorphism exceeded greenschist facies. The coexistence of two types of particles explains the scattering of values of the c parameter of graphite determined by XRD (c = 6.72–6.74 Å), and the anomalously high temperatures of the DTA exothermic peak (close to 600 °C) of graphite with respect to that inferred from mineral assemblages in these rocks. The presence of graphite-rich quartzites and gneisses within the Fuente del Oro series and the calc-silicate series is evidence of sedimentation under reducing conditions in a continental shelf. The characteristics of graphite reflect the high-grade metamorphic conditions attained in the southern area of the Aracena Metamorphic Belt. Pervasive flow of fluids related to a major Variscan extensional event resulted in overgrowths on the pre-existing graphite in the gneisses and quartzites of the calc-silicate series, as evidenced by the heterogeneous isotopic composition of graphite single crystals in these rocks. A later stage of graphite precipitation is represented by scarce vein-type occurrences in mafic granulites that document channelled flow of fluids.