Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T11:26:15.684Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

U–Pb and Hf isotope study of detrital zircon and Cr-spinel in the Banavara quartzite and implications for the evolution of the Dharwar Craton, south India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2021

Bidyananda Maibam Open the ORCID record for Bidyananda Maibam [Opens in a new window] ,
Davide Lenaz ,
Stephen Foley ,
Jasper Berndt ,
Elena Belousova ,
Monica Wangjam ,
Jitendra N. Goswami  and
Argyrios Kapsiotis
Bidyananda Maibam*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795003, India ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, SydneyNSW2109, Australia
Davide Lenaz
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, 34128Trieste, Italy
Stephen Foley
Affiliation:
ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, SydneyNSW2109, Australia
Jasper Berndt
Affiliation:
Institute of Mineralogy, Universität Münster, D-48149Münster, Germany
Elena Belousova
Affiliation:
ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, SydneyNSW2109, Australia
Monica Wangjam
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795003, India
Jitendra N. Goswami
Affiliation:
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380009, India
Argyrios Kapsiotis
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploration and Development of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China Ayiou Mina 31, Salamina, Greece (PC: 18900)
*
Author for correspondence: Bidyananda Maibam, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Sargur Group has been considered to be the oldest group (>3.0 Ga) in the Archaean sequence of the Dharwar Craton in south India, whereas the rocks of the Dharwar Supergroup are younger (between 3.0 and 2.55 Ga). The supracrustal units of the Sargur Group were deposited during the Archaean period. The Banavara quartzite forms part of the supracrustal Sargur Group and contains significant amounts of chromian spinel (Cr-spinel). Here, U–Pb and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons are integrated with compositional data and X-ray refinement parameters for Cr-spinels to decipher the provenance of the metasediments. Zircons show an age spectrum from 3.15 to 2.50 Ga, and juvenile Hf isotopic compositions (ϵHf = +0.8 to +6.4) with model ages between 3.3 and 3.0 Ga. Major- and trace-element contents of the Cr-spinels do not resemble those in the Sargur ultramafic rocks, but resemble well-characterized Archaean anorthosite-hosted chromites. Cr-spinel trace-element signatures indicate that they have undergone secondary alteration or metamorphism. X-ray refinement parameters for the Cr-spinels also resemble the anorthosite-hosted chromites. We conclude that the detrital minerals were probably derived from gneissic and anorthositic rocks of the Western Dharwar Craton, and that the Sargur Group sequences have experienced a younger (2.5 Ga) metamorphic overprint.

Keywords

provenanceX-ray refinementCr-spinelzircongeochronologyDharwar Craton
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 9 , September 2021 , pp. 1671 - 1682
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abzalov, MZ (1998) Chrome-spinels in gabbro-wehrlite intrusions of the Pachenga area, Kola Peninsula, Russia: emphasis on alteration features. Lithos 43, 109–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, JF, Sack, RO and Batiza, R (1988) Cr-rich spinels as petrogenetic indicators: MORB-type lavas from the Lamont seamount chain, eastern Pacific. American Mineralogist 73, 741–53.Google Scholar
Appel, CC, Appel, PWU and Rollinson, HR (2002) Complex chromite textures reveal the history of an early Archaean layered ultramafic body in west Greenland. Mineralogical Magazine 66, 1029–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arai, S and Okada, H (1991) Petrology of serpentine sandstone as a key to a tectonic development of serpentine belts. Tectonophysics 195, 65–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, Y, Su, B-X, Xiao, Y, Lenaz, D, Sakyi, PA, Liang, Z, Chen, C and Yang, S-H (2018) Origin of reverse-zoned Cr-spinels from the Paleoproterozoic Yanmenguan mafic-ultramafic complex in the North China Craton. Minerals 8, 62. doi: 10.3390/min8020062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, SJ and Roeder, PL (2001) The range of spinel compositions in terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks. Journal of Petrology 42, 2279–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhaskar Rao, YJ, Beck, W, Rama Murthy, V, Nirmal Charan, S and Naqvi, SM (1983) Geology, geochemistry and age of metamorphism of Archaean grey gneisses around Channarayapatna, Hassan District, Karnataka, South India. In Precambrian of South India (eds Naqvi, SM and Rogers, JW), pp. 309–28. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India no. 4.Google Scholar
Bidyananda, M and Mitra, S (2005) Chromitites of komatiitic affinity from Archaean Nuggihalli greenstone belt of south India. Mineralogy and Petrology, 84, 169–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbonin, S, Menegazzo, G, Lenaz, D and Princivalle, F (1999) Crystal chemistry of two detrital Cr-spinels with unusually low values of oxygen positional parameter: oxidation mechanism and possible origin. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Monatshefte 8, 359–71.Google Scholar
Cawood, PA, Hawkesworth, CJ and Dhuime, B (2012) Detrital zircon record and tectonic setting. Geology 40, 875–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA, Nemchin, AA, Leverenz, A, Saeed, A and Ballance, PF (1999) U/Pb dating of detrital zircons: implications for the provenance record of Gondwana margin terranes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 1107–19.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, B, Ramakrishnan, M, Vasudev, VN and Viswanatha, MN (1989) Facies distribution and structure of a Dharwar volcano-sedimentary basin: evidence for late Archaean transpression in south India. Journal of Geological Society, London 146, 825–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colás, V, González-Jiménez, JM, Griffin, WL, Fanlo, I, Gervilla, F, O’Reilly, SY, Pearson, NJ, Kerestedjian, T and Proenza, JA (2014) Fingerprints of metamorphism in chromite: new insights from minor and trace elements. Chemical Geology 389, 137–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colás, V, Padrón-Navarta, JA, González-Jiménez, JM, Griffin, WL, Fanlo, I, O’Reilly, SY, Gervilla, F, Proenza, JA, Pearson, NJ and Escayola, MP (2016) Compositional effects on the solubility of minor and trace elements in oxide spinel minerals: insights from crystal-crystal partition coefficients in chromite exsolution. American Mineralogist 101, 1360–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cookenboo, HO, Bustin, RM and Wilks, KR (1997) Detrital chromian spinel compositions used to reconstruct the tectonic setting of provenance; implications for orogeny in the Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Sedimentary Research 67, 116–23.Google Scholar
Della Giusta, A, Princivalle, F and Carbonin, S (1986) Crystal chemistry of a suite of natural Cr-bearing spinels with 0.15<Cr<1.07. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Abhandlungen 155, 319–30.Google Scholar
Dick, HJB and Bullen, T (1984) Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86, 54–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faupl, P, Petrakakis, K, Migiros, G and Pavlopoulos, A (2002) Detrital blue amphiboles from the western Othrys Mountain and their relationship to the blueschist terrains of the Hellenides (Greece). International Journal of Earth Sciences 91, 433–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, BR (1991) Stability of oxide minerals in metamorphic rocks. In Oxide Minerals: Petrologic and Magnetic Significance (ed. Lindsley, DH), pp. 469–87. Reviews in Mineralogy Series Vol. 25. Washington: Mineralogical Society of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerdes, A and Zeh, A (2006) Combined U–Pb and Hf isotope LA-(MC)ICP-MS analyses of detrital zircons: comparison with SHRIMP and new constraints for the provenance and age of an Armorican metasediment in Central Germany. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249, 47–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Jiménez, JM, Augé, T, Gervilla, F, Bailly, L, Proenza, JA and Griffin, WL (2011) Mineralogy and geochemistry of platinum-rich chromitites from the mantle-crust transition zone at Ouen Island, New Caledonia Ophiolite. Canadian Mineralogist 49, 1549–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Jiménez, JM, Griffin, WL, Proenza, JA, Gervilla, F, O’Reilly, SY, Akbulut, M, Pearson, NJ and Arai, S (2014) Chromitites in ophiolites: how, where, when, why? Part II. The crystallization of chromitites. Lithos 189, 140–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Jiménez, JM, Kerestedjian, TN, Proenza, JA and Gervilla, F (2009) Metamorphism on chromite ores from the Dobromirtsi ultramafic massif, Rhodope mountains (SE Bulgaria). Geologica Acta 7, 413–29.Google Scholar
González-Jiménez, JM, Locmelis, M, Belousova, E, Griffin, WL, Gervilla, F, Kerestedjian, TN, O’Reilly, SY, Pearson, NJ and Sergeeva, I (2015) Genesis and tectonic implications of podiform chromitites in the metamorphosed ultramafic massif of Dobromirtsi (Bulgaria). Gondwana Research 27, 555–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, WL, Pearson, NJ, Belousova, EA, Jackson, SR, van Achterbergh, E, O’Reilly, SY and Shee, SR (2000) The Hf isotope composition of cratonic mantle: LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of zircon megacrysts in kimberlites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 133–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guitreau, M, Mukasa, SB, Loudin, L and Krishnan, S (2017) New constraints on the early formation of the Western Dharwar Craton (India) from igneous zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes. Precambrian Research 302, 33–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hokada, T, Horie, K, Satish-Kumar, M, Ueno, Y, Nasheeth, A, Mishima, K and Shiraishi, K (2013) An appraisal of Archaean supracrustal sequences in Chitradurga Schist Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, Southern India. Precambrian Research 227, 99–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, KE, Hand, M, Barovich, KM, Reid, A, Wade, BP and Belousova, EA (2009) Detrital zircon ages: improving interpretation via Nd and Hf isotopic data. Chemical Geology 262, 277–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, TN (1967) Chromium spinel as a petrogenetic indicator. II. Petrologic applications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4, 71–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, SE, Pearson, NJ, Griffin, WL and Belousova, EA (2004) The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to in situ U–Pb zircon geochronology. Chemical Geology 211, 47–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayananda, M, Chardon, D, Peucat, JJ and Capdevila, R (2006) 2.61 Ga potassic granites and crustal reworking in the western Dharwar craton, southern India: tectonic, geochronologic and geochemical constraints. Precambrian Research 150, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayananda, M, Chardon, D, Peucat, J-J, Tushipokla, and Fanning, CM (2015) Paleo- to Mesoarchean TTG accretion and continental growth in the western Dharwar craton, Southern India: constraints from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry and Nd–Sr isotopes. Precambrian Research 268, 295–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayananda, M, Kano, T, Peucat, JJ and Channabasappa, S (2008) 3.35 Ga komatiite volcanism in the western Dharwar Craton, southern India: constraints from Nd isotopes and whole-rock geochemistry. Precambrian Research 162, 160–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kern, R (1987) The equilibrium form of a crystal. In Morphology of Crystals, Part A (ed. Sunagawa, I), pp. 77–206. Tokyo: Terra.Google Scholar
Kinny, PD and Maas, R (2003) Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotope systems in zircon. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 53, 327–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kooijman, E, Berndt, J and Mezger, K (2012) U–Pb dating of zircon by laser ablation ICP-MS: recent improvements and new insights. European Journal of Mineralogy 24, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laemmlein, GG (1973) Morphology and Genesis of Crystals. Moscow: Nauka, 328 pp.Google Scholar
Lancaster, PJ, Dey, S, Storey, CD, Mitra, A and Bhunia, RK (2015) Contrasting crustal evolution processes in the Dharwar craton: insights from detrital zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes. Gondwana Research 28, 1361–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Andreozzi, GB, Mitra, S, Bidyananda, M. and Princivalle, F (2004) Crystal chemical and 57Fe Mössbauer study of chromite from the Nuggihalli schist belt (India). Mineralogy and Petrology 80, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Braidotti, R, Princivalle, F, Garuti, G and Zaccarini, F (2007) Crystal chemistry and structural refinement of chromites from different chromitite layers and xenoliths of the Bushveld Complex. European Journal of Mineralogy 19, 599–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Carbonin, S, Gregoric, M and Princivalle, F (2002) Crystal chemistry and oxidation state of one euhedral Cr-spinel crystal enclosed in a bauxite layer (Trieste Karst: NE Italy): some considerations on its depositional history and provenance. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Monatshefte 5, 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Garuti, G, Zaccarini, F, Cooper, RW and Princivalle, F (2012) The Stillwater Complex: the response of chromite crystal chemistry to magma injection. Geologica Acta 10, 33–41.Google Scholar
Lenaz, D, Kamenetsky, VS, Crawford, AJ and Princivalle, F (2000) Melt inclusions in detrital spinels from the SE Alps (Italy-Slovenia): a new approach to provenance studies of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139, 748–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Kamenetsky, V and Princivalle, F (2003) Cr-spinel supply in the Brkini, Istrian and Krk Island flysch basins (Slovenia, Italy and Croatia). Geological Magazine 140, 335–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Logvinova, AM, Princivalle, F and Sobolev, NV (2009a) Structural parameters of chromites included in diamonds and kimberlites from Siberia: a new tool in discriminating different ultramafic sources. American Mineralogist 94, 1067–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Mazzoli, C, Spišiak, J, Princivalle, F and Maritan, L (2009b) Detrital Cr-spinel in the Šambron-Kamenica Zone (Slovakia): evidence for an ocean-spreading zone in the Northern Vardar suture? International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 345–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Musco, ME, Petrelli, M, Caldeira, R, De Min, A, Marzoli, A, Mata, J, Perugini, D, Princivalle, F, Boumehdi, MA, Bensaid, IAA and Youbi, N (2017) Restitic or not? Insights from trace element content and crystal – structure of spinels in African mantle xenoliths. Lithos 278–281, 464–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, O’Driscoll, B and Princivalle, F (2011) Petrogenesis of the anorthosite-chromitite association: crystal-chemical and petrological insights from the Rum Layered Suite, NW Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 162, 1201–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D and Princivalle, F (1996) Crystal-chemistry of detrital chromites in sandstones from Trieste (NE Italy). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Monatshefte 9, 429–34.Google Scholar
Lenaz, D and Princivalle, F (2005) The crystal chemistry of detrital chromian spinel from the Southeastern Alps and Outer Dinarides: the discrimination of supplies from areas of similar tectonic setting? Canadian Mineralogist 43, 1305–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Princivalle, F and Schmitz, B (2015) First crystal-structure determination of chromites from an acapulcoite and ordinary chondrites. Mineralogical Magazine 79, 755–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D, Rigonat, N, Skogby, H and Berger, J (2018) Following the amphibolite to greenschist metamorphic path through the structural parameters of spinels from Amsaga (Mauritania). Minerals 8, 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaz, D and Schmitz, B (2017) Crystal structure refinement of chromites from two achondrites, their T-f(O2) conditions and implications. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 52, 1763–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsley, DH (1976) The crystal chemistry and structure of oxide minerals as exemplified by the Fe-Ti oxides. In Oxide Minerals (ed. Rumble, D III), pp. 1–60. Chelsea, MI: Mineralogical Society of America.Google Scholar
Locmelis, M, Pearson, NJ, Barnes, SJ and Fiorentini, ML (2011) Ruthenium in komatiitic chromite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 3645–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maibam, B, Deomurari, MP and Goswami, JN (2003) 207Pb–206Pb ages of zircon from the Nuggihalli schist belt, Dharwar craton, southern India. Current Science 85, 1482–5.Google Scholar
Maibam, B, Gerdes, A and Goswami, JN (2016) U–Pb and Hf isotope records in detrital and magmatic zircon from eastern and western Dharwar craton, southern India: evidence for coeval Archaean crustal evolution. Precambrian Research 275, 496–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maibam, B, Gerdes, A, Srinivasan, R and Goswami, JN (2017) U–Pb and Lu–Hf systematics of zircons from Sargur metasediments, Dharwar Craton, Southern India: new insights on the provenance and crustal evolution. Current Science 113, 1394–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maibam, B, Goswami, JN and Srinivasan, R (2011) Pb–Pb zircon ages of Archaean metasediments and gneisses from the southern part of the Dharwar craton, southern India: implications for the antiquity of the Eastern Dharwar craton. Journal of Earth System Sciences 120, 643–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mange, MA and Morton, AC (2007) Geochemistry of heavy minerals. In Heavy Minerals in Use (eds Mange, MA and Wright, DT), pp. 345–91. Developments in Sedimentology, vol. 58. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maya, JM, Bhutani, R, Balakrishnan, S and Rajee Sandhya, S (2017) Petrogenesis of 3.15 Ga old Banasandra komatiites from the Dharwar craton, India: implications for early mantle heterogeneity. Geoscience Frontiers 8, 467–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellini, M, Rumori, C and Viti, C (2005) Hydrothermally reset magmatic spinels in retrograde serpentinites: formation of “ferritchromit” rims and chlorite aureoles. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149, 266–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, AC (1991) Geochemical studies of detrital heavy minerals and their application to provenance research. In Developments in Sedimentary Provenance Studies (eds Morton, AC, Todd, SP and Haughton, PDW), pp. 31–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 57.Google Scholar
Naha, K, Srinivasan, R, Gopalan, K, Pantulu, GVC, Subba Rao, MV, Vrevsky, AB and Bogomolov, YS (1993) The nature of the basement in the Archaean Dharwar craton of southern India and the age of the Peninsular Gneiss. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 102, 547–65.Google Scholar
Naha, K, Srinivasan, R and Jayaram, S (1991) Sedimentational, structural and migmatitic history of the Archaean Dharwar tectonic province, southern India. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences) 100, 413–33.Google Scholar
Naqvi, SM and Rogers, JJW (1987) Precambrian Geology of India. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics no. 6. New York: Oxford University Press, 223 pp.Google Scholar
Nowell, GM, Kempton, PD, Noble, SR, Fitton, JG, Saunders, AD, Mahoney, JJ and Taylor, RN (1998) High precision Hf isotope measurements of MORB and OIB by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry: insights into the depleted mantle. Chemical Geology 149, 211–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nutman, AP, Chadwick, B, Ramakrishnan, M and Viswanathan, MN (1992) SHRIMP U–Pb ages of detrital zircon in Sargur supracrustal rocks in western Karnataka, southern India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 39, 367–74.Google Scholar
Pagé, P and Barnes, S-J (2009) Using trace elements in chromites to constrain the origin of podiform chromitites in the Thetford Mines ophiolite, Québec, Canada. Economic Geology 104, 997–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parisi, F, Lenaz, D, Princivalle, F and Sciascia, L (2014) Ordering kinetics in synthetic Mg(Al,Fe3+)2O4 spinels: first quantitative elucidation of the whole Al-Mg-Fe partitioning, rate constants, activation energies and implication for geothermometry. American Mineralogist 99, 2203–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Barke, PE, Edwards, SJ, Parkinson, IJ and Leat, PT (2000) Geochemistry and tectonic significance from the South Sandwich arc-basin system, South Atlantic. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139, 36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peucat, JJ, Mahabaleshwar, B and Jayananda, M (1993) Age of younger tonalitic magmatism and granulitic metamorphism in the South India transition zone (Krishnagiri area): comparison with older Peninsular gneisses from the Gorur-Hassan area. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 11, 879–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pober, E and Faupl, P (1988) The chemistry of detrital chromian spinels and its implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Alps. Geologische Rundschau 77, 641–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, S (1986) Detrital spinels from alpine type source rocks in the Middle Devonian sediments of the Rhenisch Massif. Geologische Rundschau 75, 333–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Princivalle, F, Della Giusta, A and Carbonin, S (1989) Comparative crystal chemistry of spinels from some suites of ultramafic rocks. Mineralogy and Petrology 40, 117–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Princivalle, F, Della Giusta, A, De Min, A and Piccirillo, EM (1999) Crystal chemistry and significance of cation ordering in Mg–Al rich spinels from high-grade hornfels (Predazzo-Monzoni, NE Italy). Mineralogical Magazine 63, 257–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radhakrishna, BP (1983) Archaean granite-greenstone terrain of south India shield. In Precambrian of South India (eds Naqvi, SM and Rogers, JJW), pp. 1–46. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India no. 4.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, M (1994) Stratigraphic evolution of Dharwar craton. In GeoKarnataka (Ravindra, M and Ranganathan, N), pp. 6–35. Mysore Geological Department Centenary Volume. Bangalore: Karnataka Assistant Geologists’ Association, Department of Mines and Geology.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, M (2009) Precambrian mafic magmatism in the western Dharwar craton, southern India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 73, 101–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramakrishnan, M and Vaidyanathan, R (2008) Geology of India, Volume 1. Bangalore: Geological Society of India, 556 pp.Google Scholar
Ramiengar, AS, Devadu, GR, Viswanatha, MN, Chayapathi, N and Ramakrishnan, M (1978) Banded chromite-fuchsite quartzite in the older supracrustal sequence of Karnataka. Journal of the Geological Society of India 19, 577–82.Google Scholar
Roeder, PL (1994) Chromite: from the fiery rain of chondrules to the Kilauea Iki lava lake. Canadian Mineralogist 320, 729–46.Google Scholar
Rogers, JJW and Callahan, EJ (1989) Diapiric trondhjemites of the western Dharwar Craton, southern India. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, 244–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollinson, H, Adetunji, J, Lenaz, D and Szilas, K (2017) Archaean chromitites show constant Fe3+/ΣFe in Earth’s asthenospheric mantle since 3.8 Ga. Lithos 282–283, 316–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J, Chadwick, B, Krishna Rao, B and Vasudev, VN (1996) Whole-rock PbPb isotopic ages of Late Archaean limestones, Karnataka, India. Precambrian Research 78, 261–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sack, RO and Ghiorso, MS (1991) Chromian spinels as petrogenetic indicators: thermodynamics and petrological applications. American Mineralogist 76, 827–47.Google Scholar
Sarangi, S, Gopalan, K and Srinivasan, R (2007) Small-scale sampling for Pb–Pb dating of marbles: example from the Sargur supracrustal rocks, Dharwar Craton, South India. Precambrian Research 152, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarma, SD, McNaughton, NJ, Belusova, E, Ram Mohan, M and Fletcher, IR (2012) Detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope systematics from the Gadag Greenstone Belt: Archean crustal growth in the western Dharwar Craton, India. Gondwana Research 22, 843–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sciunnach, D and Garzanti, E (1997) Detrital chromian spinels record tectono-magmatic evolution from Carboniferous rifting to Permian spreading in Neotethys (India, Nepal and Tibet). Offioliti 22, 101–10.Google Scholar
Sircombe, KN (1999) Tracing provenance through the isotope ages of littoral and sedimentary detrital zircon, eastern Australia. Sedimentary Geology 124, 47–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, KJ and Lindsley, DH (1981) A solution model for co-existing iron-titanium oxides. American Mineralogist 66, 1181–201.Google Scholar
Spiegel, C, Siebel, W and Frisch, W (2002) Sr and Nd isotope ratios of detrital epidote as provenance indicator and their significance for the reconstruction of the exhumation history of the Central Alps. Chemical Geology 189, 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srinivasan, R and Naha, K (1996) Apropos of the Sargur Group in the Early Precambrian Dharwar tectonic province. In Recent Researches in Geology and Geophysics of the Precambrian (ed. Saha, AK), pp. 43–8. Recent Researches in Geology vol. 16. New Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Sunagawa, I (1987) Morphology of minerals. In Morphology of Crystals, Part B (ed. Sunagawa, I), pp. 509–88, Tokyo: Terra.Google Scholar
Swami Nath, J and Ramakrishnan, M (eds) (1981) Early Precambrian Supracrustals of Southern Karnataka. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India vol. 112, 350 pp.Google Scholar
Swami Nath, J, Ramakrishnan, M and Viswanatha, MN (1976) Dharwar stratigraphic model and Karnataka craton evolution. Records of the Geological Survey of India 107, 149–75.Google Scholar
Utter, T (1978) The origin of detrital chromites in the Klerksdorp Goldfield, Witwatersrand, South Africa. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie – Abhandlungen 133, 191–209.Google Scholar
Viswanatha, MN and Ramakrishnan, M (1981) Sargur and allied belts. In Early Precambrian Supracrustals of Southern Karnataka (eds Swami Nath, J and Ramakrishnan, M), pp. 41–59. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India vol. 112.Google Scholar
von Eynatten, H and Gaupp, R (1999) Provenance of Cretaceous synorogenic sandstones from the Eastern Alps: constraints from framework petrography, heavy mineral analysis, and mineral chemistry. Sedimentary Geology 124, 81–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W, Zhou, M-F, Yan, D-P, Li, L and Malpas, J (2013) Detrital zircon record of Neoproterozoic active-margin sedimentation in the eastern Jiangnan Orogen, South China. Precambrian Research 235, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeh, A and Gerdes, A (2012) U–Pb and Hf isotope record of detrital zircons from gold-bearing sediments of the Pietersburg Greenstone Belt (South Africa) – Is there a common provenance with the Witwatersrand Basin? Precambrian Research 204–205, 46–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, B, Kidd, WSF, Rowley, DB, Brian, S and Currie, BS (2004) Chemical compositions and tectonic significance of chrome-rich spinels in the Tianba Flysch, Southern Tibet. Journal of Geology 112, 417–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: Image

Maibam et al. supplementary material

Maibam et al. supplementary material 1

Download Maibam et al. supplementary material(Image)
Image 3.7 MB
Supplementary material: File

Maibam et al. supplementary material

Maibam et al. supplementary material 2

Download Maibam et al. supplementary material(File)
File 36.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Maibam et al. supplementary material

Maibam et al. supplementary material 3

Download Maibam et al. supplementary material(File)
File 48.5 KB