Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-22T14:35:58.786Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tectonic evolution of the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland: a review based on the timing of magmatism, metamorphism and deformation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 October 2021

Michael P. Searle Open the ORCID record for Michael P. Searle [Opens in a new window]
Michael P. Searle*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3AN, UK Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter (Cornwall campus), Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Michael P. Searle, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Classic tectonic models for the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland involve Ordovician collision of Laurentia–Midland Valley arc (Grampian orogeny), followed by middle Silurian collision of Laurentia–Baltica (Scandian orogeny) and 500–700 km of sinistral displacement along the Great Glen fault separating the Northern Highlands (Moine Supergroup) from the Grampian Highlands (Dalradian Supergroup). A review of the timing of magmatic and metamorphic rocks across Scotland allows a simpler explanation that fits with a classic Himalayan-style continent–island arc–continent collision. Late Cambrian – Early Ordovician NW-directed ophiolite obduction (Highland Border complex) coincided with the ending of stable continental shelf sedimentation along the eastern margin of Laurentia. Following collision between Laurentia and the Midland Valley arc–microcontinent in Early Ordovician time, crustal thickening and shortening led to almost continuous regional metamorphism from c. 470 to 420 Ma, rather than two discrete ‘orogenies’ (Grampian, Scandian). U–Pb monazite and garnet growth ages indicating prograde metamorphism, and S-type granites related to melting of crustal protoliths are coeval in the Grampian and Northern Highlands terranes. There is no evidence that the Great Glen fault was a terrane boundary, and strike-slip shearing post-dated emplacement of Silurian – Early Devonian granites. Late orogenic alkaline granites (c. 430–405 Ma) in both Moine and Dalradian terranes are not associated with subduction. They are instead closely related to regional alkaline appinite–lamprophyric magmatism resulting from simultaneous melting of lower crust and enriched lithospheric mantle. Caledonian deformation and metamorphism in northern Scotland, with continuous SE-directed subduction, show geometry and time scales that are comparable to the Cenozoic India–Kohistan arc–Asia collisional Himalayan orogeny.

Keywords

Caledonian orogenyGrampian orogenyScandian “event”metamorphismgranitestectonic evolution
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 124 - 152
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersen, T, Jamtveit, B, Dewey, JF and Swensson, E (1991) Subduction and eduction of continental crust: major mechanisms during continent-continent collision and orogenic extensional collapse, a model based on the south Norwegian Caledonides. Terra Nova 3, 303–10.10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00148.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appleby, SK, Graham, CM, Gillespie, MR, Hinton, RW, Oliver, GH and EIMF (2008) A cryptic record of magma mixing in diorites revealed by high-precision SIMS oxygen isotope analysis of zircons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 269, 105–17.10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, TB, Watts, LM, Holdsworth, RE and Strachan, RA (2021) Late Carboniferous dextral transpressional reactivation of the crustal-scale Walls Boundary Fault, Shetland: the role of pre-existing structures and lithological heterogeneities. Journal of the Geological Society, London 178. doi: 10.1144/jgs2020-78 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashley, KT, Thigpen, JR and Law, RD (2015) Prograde evolution of the Scottish Caledonides and tectonic implications. Lithos 224–225, 160–78.10.1016/j.lithos.2015.03.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atherton, MP and Ghani, AA (2002) Slab breakoff: a model for Caledonian, Late Granite syn-collisional magmatism in the orthotectonic (metamorphic) zone of Scotland and Donegal, Ireland. Lithos 62, 65–85.10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00111-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, M and Chesher, J (1975) Evidence against post-Hercynian movement on the Great Glen Fault. Scottish Journal of Geology 11, 79–82.10.1144/sjg11010079CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badenszki, E, Daly, JS, Whitehouse, MJ, Kronz, A, Upton, BJ and Horstwood, MSA (2019) Age and origin of deep crustal meta-igneous xenoliths from the Scottish Midland Valley: vestiges of an early Paleozoic arc and ‘Newer Granite’ magmatism. Journal of Petrology 60, 1543–74.10.1093/petrology/egz039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, EB (1922) The structure of the south west Highlands of Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 78, 82–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, G (1893) On an intrusion of muscovite-biotite gneiss in the southeastern Highlands of Scotland and its accompanying metamorphism. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 78, 82–127.Google Scholar
Barrow, G (1912) On the geology of lower Deeside and the southern Highland Border. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 23, 268–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, EF, Ague, JJ and DePaolo, DJ (2002) Prograde temperature-time evolution in the Barrovian type locality constrained by Sm/Nd garnet ages from Glen Clova, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 71–82.10.1144/0016-76901013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, AF, Thirlwall, MF, Strachan, RA and Manning, CJ (2013) Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd dating of metamorphic garnet: evidence for multiple accretion events during the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 170, 301–17.10.1144/jgs2012-083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, BJ (1984) Pre-Carboniferous history of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 275–95.10.1017/S0263593300013900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, BJ (1985) The Scottish paratectonic Caledonides. Scottish Journal of Geology 21, 437–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonsor, HC, Strachan, RA, Prave, AR and Krabbendam, M (2012) Sedimentology of the early Neoproterozoic Morar Group in northern Scotland: implications for basin models and tectonic setting. Journal of the Geological Society, London 169, 53–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, RWH (2010) The role of thrust tectonic models in understanding structural evolution in NW Scotland. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 293–320. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Cameron, IB and Stephenson, D (1985) British Regional Geology. The Midland Valley of Scotland, 3rd edition. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Cartwright, I and Barnicoat, AC (1987) Petrology of Scourian supracrustal rocks and orthogneisses from Stoer, NW Scotland: implications for geological evolution of the Lewisian complex. In Evolution of the Lewisian and Comparable Precambrian High-grade Terranes (eds Park, RG and Tarney, J), pp. 93–107. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 27.Google Scholar
Cawood, PA, Nemchin, AA, Smith, M and Loewy, S (2003) Source of the Dalradian Supergroup constrained by U/Pb dating of detrital zircon and implications for the East Laurentian margin. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 231–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA, Nemchin, AA, Strachan, RA, Kinny, PD and Loewy, S (2004) Laurentian provenance and an intracratonic tectonic setting for the Moine Supergroup, Scotland, constrained by detrital zircons from Loch Eil and Glen Urquahart successions. Journal of the Geological Society, London 161, 861–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA, Nemchin, AA, Strachan, R, Prave, T and Krabbendam, M (2007) Sedimentary basin and detrital zircon record along East Laurentia and Baltica during assembly and breakup of Rodinia. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 257–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA, Strachan, R, Cutts, K, Kinny, PD, Hand, M and Pisarevsky, S (2010) Neoproterozoic orogeny along the margin of Rodinia: Valhalla Orogen, North Atlantic. Geology 38, 99–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawood, PA, Strachan, RA, Merle, RE, Millar, IL, Loewy, SL, Dalziel, IWD, Kinny, PD, Jourdan, F, Nemchin, AA and Connelly, JN (2015) Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic extensional and compressional history of East Laurentian margin sequences: the Moine Supergroup, Scottish Caledonides. Geological Society of America Bulletin 127, 349–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, RA and Evans, DJ (1995) The timing and direction of Permo-Triassic extension in southern Britain. In Permian and Triassic Rifting in Northwest Europe (ed. Boldy, SAR), pp. 161–92. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 91.Google Scholar
Chappell, BW and Stephens, WE (1988) Origin of infracrustal (I-type) granite magmas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 79, 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology 8, 173–4.Google Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (2001) Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, 489–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chew, DM, Daly, JS, Magna, T, Page, LM, Kirkland, CL, Whitehouse, MJ and Lam, R (2010) Timing of ophiolite obduction in the Grampian orogeny. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 1787–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chew, DM and Strachan, RA (2014) The Laurentian Caledonides of Scotland and Ireland. In New Perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and Related Areas (eds Corfu, F, Gasser, D and Chew, DM), pp. 45–91. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 390.Google Scholar
Chung, S-L, Chu, M-F, Zhang, Y, Xie, Y, Lo, C-H, Lee, T-Y, Lan, C-Y, Li, X, Zhang, Q and Wang, Y (2005) Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews 68, 173–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, LRM and Fortey, RA (1982) Faunal evidence for oceanic separation in the Paleozoic of Britain. Journal of Geological Society, London 139, 465–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conliffe, J, Selby, D, Porter, SJ and Feely, M (2010) Re–Os molybdenite dates from the Ballachulish and Kilmelford Igneous Complexes (Scottish Highlands): age constraints for late Caledonian magmatism. Journal of the Geological Society, London 167, 297–302. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492009-077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corfield, RI and Searle, MP (2000) Crustal shortening estimates across the north Indian continental margin, Ladakh, NW India. In Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya (eds Khan, MA, Treloar, PJ, Searle, MP and Jan, MQ), pp. 395–410. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 170.Google Scholar
Corfu, F, Crane, A, Moder, D and Rogers, G (1998) U–Pb zircon systematics at Grunniard Bay, NW Scotland: implication for the early orogenic evolution of the Lewisian complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 133, 329–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corfu, F and Hartz, EH (2011) U–Pb geochronology in Liverpool Land and Canning Land, East Greenland – the complex record of a polyphaser Caledonian orogeny. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, 473–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corfu, F, Heaman, LM and Rogers, G (1994) Polymetamorphic evolution of the Lewisian complex, NW Scotland as recorded by U–Pb isotopic compositions of zircon, titanite and rutile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117, 215–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP (1983) The thrust and shear zones of the Moine Thrust Zone of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 140, 795–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP (1984) The strain and textural history of thin-skinned tectonic zones: examples from the Assynt region of the Moine thrust zone. Journal of Structural Geology 6, 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP (1985) The thrust structures of southern Assynt, Moine Thrust zone. Geological Magazine 122, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowley, QG and Strachan, RA (2015) U–Pb zircon constraints on obduction initiation of the Unst Ophiolite: an oceanic core complex in the Scottish Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 172, 279–82. doi: 10.1144/jgs2014-125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutts, KA, Hand, M, Kelsey, DE and Strachan, RA (2009) Orogenic versus extensional settings for regional metamorphism: Knoydartian events in the Moine Supergroup revisited. Journal of the Geological Society, London 166, 201–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutts, KA, Kinny, PD, Strachan, RA, Hand, M, Kelsey, DE, Emery, M, Friend, CRL and Leslie, AG (2010) Three metamorphic events recorded in a single garnet: integrated phase modelling, in situ LA-ICP-MS and SIMS geochronology from the Moine Supergroup, Scotland. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 28, 249–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dallmeyer, RD, Strachan, RA, Rogers, G, Watt, GR and Friend, CRL (2001) Dating deformation and cooling in the Caledonian thrust nappes of north Sutherland, Scotland: insights from 40Ar/39Ar and Rb–Sr chronology. Journal of the Geological Society, London 158, 501–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, TJ and Harte, B (1986) Polymetamorphism in the Dalradian of the Central Scottish Highlands. Geological Magazine 123, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, TJ, Hudson, NF and Rogers, G (1995) Metamorphism and cooling of the NE Dalradian. Journal of Geological Society, London 152, 383–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, TJ, Rogers, G, Tanner, PWG, Bluck, BJ, Muir, RJ, Redwood, SD, Ireland, TR and Paterson, BA (2002) Timing and deposition, orogenesis and glaciation within Dalradian rocks of Scotland: constraints from U–Pb ages. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 83–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF (1969) Evolution of the Caledonian/Appalachian orogeny. Nature 222, 124–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF (1971) A model for the Lower Paleozoic evolution of the southern margin of the early Caledonides of Scotland and Ireland. Scottish Journal of Geology 7, 219–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF (2005) Orogeny can be very short. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 15286–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewey, JF, Dalziel, IWD, Reavy, RJ and Strachan, RA (2015) The Neoproterozoic to Mid-Devonian evolution of Scotland: a review and unresolved issues. Scottish Journal of Geology 51, 5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF and Mange, M (1999) Petrography of Ordovician and Silurian sediments in the western Ireland Caledonides: traces of short-lived Ordovician continent-arc collision orogeny and the evolution of the Laurentian Appalachian–Caledonian margin. In Continental Tectonics (eds MacNiocaill, C and Ryan, PD), pp. 55–107. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 164.Google Scholar
Dewey, JF and Shackleton, RJ (1984) A model for the evolution of the Grampian tract in the early Caledonides and Appalachians. Nature 148, 137–80.Google Scholar
Dewey, JF and Strachan, RA (2003) Changing Silurian–Devonian relative plate motion in the Caledonides: sinistral transpression to sinistral transtension. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 219–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunk, M, Strachan, RA, Cutts, KA, Lasalle, S, Storey, CD, Burns, IM, Whitehouse, MJ, Fowler, M, Moreira, H, Dunlop, J and Pereira, I (2019) Evidence for late Cambrian juvenile arc and a buried suture within the Laurentian Caledonides of Scotland: comparisons with hyperextended Iapetan margins in the Appalachian Mountains (North America) and Norway. Geology 47, 734–8. doi: 10.1130/G46180.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D and Johnson, MRW (1980) The structural evolution of the northern part of the Moine thrust zone: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 71, 69–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
England, P and Thompson, AB (1984) Pressure–temperature–time paths of regional metamorphism, Part 1: heat transfer during the evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. Journal of Petrology 25, 894–928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fettes, DJ (1970) The structural and metamorphic state of the Dalradian rocks and their bearing on the age of emplacement of the basic sheet. Scottish Journal of Geology 6, 108–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fettes, DJ (1979) A metamorphic map of the British and Irish Caledonides. In The Caledonides of the British Isles – Reviewed (eds Harris, AL, Holland, CH and Leake, BE), pp. 307–20. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 8.Google Scholar
Fettes, DJ, Graham, CJ, Sassi, FP and Scolari, A (1976) The basal spacing of potassic white micas and facies series variations across the Caledonides. Scottish Journal of Geology 12, 227–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fettes, DJ, Long, CB, Bevins, RE, Max, MD, Oliver, GJH, Primmer, TJ, Thomas, LJ and Yardley, BWD (1985) Grade and timing of metamorphism in the Caledonide Orogen of Britain and Ireland. In The Nature and Timing of Orogenic Activity in the Caledonian Rocks of the British Isles (ed. Harris, AL), pp. 41–53. Geological Society of London, Memoirs no. 9.Google Scholar
Flinn, D (1992) The history of the Walls Boundary fault, Shetland: the northern continuation of the Great Glen fault from Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 721–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, MB, Kocks, H, Darbyshire, DPF and Greenwood, PB (2008) Petrogenesis of high Ba–Sr plutons from the Northern Highlands terrane of the British Caledonian Province. Lithos 105, 129–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, R and Searle, MP (2021) Structural, petrological and tectonic constraints on the Loch Borralan and Loch Ailsh alkaline intrusions, Moine Thrust zone, NW Scotland. Geosphere 17, 1126–50. doi: 10.1130/GES02330.1.Google Scholar
Fraser, GL, Pattison, DRM and Heaman, LM (2004) Age of the Ballachulish and Glencoe Igneous Complexes (Scottish Highlands), and paragenesis of zircon, monazite, and baddeleyite in the Ballachulish aureole. Journal of the Geological Society, London 161, 447–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, SR, Butler, RWH, Cliff, RA and Rex, DC (1998) Direct dating of mylonite evolution: a multi-disciplinary geochronological study from the Moine Thrust zone, NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 745–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, CRL, Jones, KA and Burns, IM (2000) New high-pressure granulite facies event in the Moine Supergroup, northern Scotland: implications for Taconic (early Caledonian) crustal evolution. Geology 28, 543–6.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, CRL and Kinny, PD (2001) A reappraisal of the Lewisian Gneiss Complex: geochronological evidence for its tectonic assembly from disparate terranes in the Proterozoic. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 142, 198–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, CRL, Strachan, RA, Kinny, P and Watt, GR (2003) Provenance of the Moine supergroup of NW Scotland: evidence from geochronology of detrital and inherited zircons from (meta)sedimentary rocks, granites and migmatites. Journal of Geological Society, London 160, 247–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geikie, A (1884) The crystalline schists of the Scottish Highlands. Nature 31, 29–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geikie, A (1893) On the pre-Cambrian rocks of the British Isles. Journal of Geology 1, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillen, C (1982) Metamorphic Geology: An Introduction to Tectonic and Metamorphic Processes. London: George, Allen and Unwin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilotti, JA, Jones, KA and Elvevold, S (2008) Caledonian metamorphic patterns in Greenland. In The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia (eds Higgins, AK, Gilotti, JA and Smith, MP), pp. 201–25. Geological Society of America, Memoirs no. 202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodenough, KM, Evans, JA and Krabbendam, M (2006) Constraining the maximum age of movements in the Moine Thrust Belt: dating the Canisp Porphyry. Scottish Journal of Geology 42, 77–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodenough, KM, Millar, I, Strachan, RA, Krabbendam, M and Evans, JA (2011) Timing of regional deformation of the Moine Thrust zone in the Scottish Caledonides: constraints from the U–Pb geochronology of alkaline intrusions. Journal of the Geological Society, London 168, 99–114. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492010-020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodenough, KM, Young, BN and Parsons, I (2004) The minor intrusions of Assynt, NW Scotland. Mineralogical Magazine 68, 541–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, SM, Whitney, DL, Teyssier, C, Fossen, H and Kylander-Clark, A (2016) Geochronology and geochemistry of zircon from the northern Western Gneiss region: insights into the Caledonian tectonic history of western Norway. Lithos 246–247, 134–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, BR and Gans, PB (2005) Continental collisions and the creation of ultrahigh pressure terranes: petrological and thermochronology of napped in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, 117–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, AN (1984) Coupled Sm–Nd and U–Pb systematics in Late Caledonian granites and the basement under northern Britain. Nature 307, 229–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, AN, Aftalion, M, Parsons, I, Dickin, AP and Johnson, MRW (1987) Syn-orogenic alkaline magmatism and its relationship to the Moine Thrust zone and the thermal evolution of the lithosphere in NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 611–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, AN, Stephens, WE, Hunter, RH, Menzies, MA, Dicken, AP and Hamilton, PJ (1985) Isotopic and chemical constraints on the building of the deep Scottish lithosphere. Scottish Journal of Geology 21, 465–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon, RS, Halliday, AN, Clayburn, J and Stephens, WE (1984) Chemical and isotopic systematics of the Caledonian intrusions of Scotland and northern England: a guide to magma source region and magma-crust interaction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A310, 709–42.Google Scholar
Harris, AL, Bradbury, HJ and McGonigal, MH (1976) The evolution and transport of the Tay nappe. Scottish Journal of Geology 12, 103–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harte, B (1988) Lower Paleozoic metamorphism in the Moine-Dalradian belt of the British Isles. In The Caledonian–Appalachian Orogeny (eds Harris, AL and Fettes, DJ), pp. 123–34. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 38.Google Scholar
Harte, B and Hudson, NFC (1979) Pelite facies series and the temperatures and pressures of Dalradian metamorphism. In The Caledonides of the British Isles – Reviewed (eds Harris, AL, Holland, CH and Leake, BE), pp. 323–37. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 8.Google Scholar
Higgins, AK and Leslie, AG (2000) Restoring thrusting in the East Greenland Caledonides. Geology 28, 1019–22.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdsworth, RE (1990) Progressive deformation structures associated with ductile thrusts in the Moine nappe, Sutherland. Journal of Structural Geology 12, 443–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdsworth, RE, Alsop, GI and Strachan, RA (2007) Tectonic stratigraphy and structural continuity of the northernmost Moine Thrust Zone and Moine Nappe, Scottish Caledonides. In Deformation of the Continental Crust: The Legacy of Mike Coward (eds Ries, AC, Butler, RWH and Graham, RH), pp. 121–42. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 272.Google Scholar
Holdsworth, RE, Strachan, RA and Harris, AL (1994) Precambrian rocks in northern Scotland east of the Moine Thrust: the Moine Supergroup. In A Revised Correlation of Precambrian Rocks in the British Isles (eds Gibbons, W and Harris, AL), pp. 23–32. Geological Society of London, Special Reports no. 22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, DHW (1988) Granite emplacement mechanisms and tectonic controls: inferences from deformation studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 79, 245–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, DHW and McErlean, M (1991) Silurian and Early Devonian sinistral deformation of the Ratagain granite, Scotland: constraints on the age of Caledonian movements on the Great Glen Fault system. Journal of Geological Society, London 148, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, DHW and Reavy, RJ (1992) Strike-slip tectonics and granite petrogenesis. Tectonics 11, 960–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyndman, RD (2019) Origin of regional metamorphism in hot backarcs prior to orogeny deformation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 20, 460–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamtveit, B, Moulas, E, Andersen, T, Austrheim, H, Corfu, F, Petley-Ragan, A and Schmalhotz, S (2018) High pressure metamorphism caused by fluid induced weakening of deep continental crust. Scientific Reports 8, 17011. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35200-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, MRW, Kelley, SP, Oliver, GJH and Winter, DA (1985) Thermal effects and timing of thrusting in the Moine Thrust zone. Journal of Geological Society, London 142, 863–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, TE, Kirkland, CL, Reddy, SM, Evans, NJ and McDonald, BJ (2016) The source of Dalradian detritus in the Buchan Block, NE Scotland: application of new tools to detrital datasets. Journal of the Geological Society, London 173, 773–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, MRW and Strachan, RA (2006) A discussion of possible heat sources during nappe stacking: the origin of Barrovian metamorphism within the Caledonian thrust sheets of NW Scotland. Journal of Geological Society, London 163, 579–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, SP (1988) The relationship between K–Ar mineral ages, mica grain sizes and movement on the Moine Thrust zone, NW Scotland. Journal of Geological Society, London 145, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, WQ (1946) The Great Glen Fault. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 102, 41–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, WQ (1948) On the significance of thermal structure in the Scottish Highlands. Geological Magazine 85, 229–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinny, PD and Friend, CRL (1997) U/Pb isotopic evidence for the accretion of different crustal blocks to form the Lewisian Complex of NW Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 129, 326–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinny, PD, Friend, CRL, Strachan, RA, Watt, GR and Burns, IM (1999) U–Pb geochronology of regional migmatites, East Sutherland, Scotland: evidence for crustal melting during the Caledonian orogeny. Journal of Geological Society, London 156, 1143–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinny, PD, Strachan, RA, Friend, CRL, Kocks, H, Rogers, G and Paterson, BA (2003) U–Pb geochronology of deformed metagranites in central Sutherland, Scotland: evidence for widespread late Silurian metamorphism and ductile deformation of the Moine Supergroup during the Caledonian orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 259–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemperer, SL and Matthews, DH (1987) Iapetus suture located beneath the North Sea by BIRPS deep seismic reflection profiling. Geology 15, 195–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocks, H, Strachan, RA and Evans, JA (2006) Heterogeneous reworking of Grampian metamorphic complexes during Scandian thrusting in the Scottish Caledonides: insights from the structural setting and U–Pb geochronology of the Strath Halladale granite. Journal of the Geological Society, London 163, 525–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocks, H, Strachan, RA, Evans, JA and Fowler, M (2014) Contrasting magma emplacement mechanisms within the Rogart igneous complex, NW Scotland, record the switch from regional contraction to strike-slip during the Caledonian orogeny. Geological Magazine 151, 899–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kokelaar, P and Moore, I (2006) Classical Areas of British Geology: Glencoe Caldera Volcano, Scotland. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, M, Leslie, AG, Crane, A and Goodman, S (1997) Generation of the Tay nappe, Scotland by large-scale SE-directed shearing. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krabbendam, M, Prave, AR and Cheer, D (2008) A fluvial origin for the Neoproterozoic Morar Group, NW Scotland: implications for Torridon-Morar group correlation and the Grenville orogenic foreland basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London 165, 379–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kylander-Clark, ARC, Hacker, BR, Johnson, CM, Beard, BL, Mahlen, NJ and Lapen, TJ (2007) Coupled Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd geochronology constrains prograde and exhumation histories of high- and ultra-high pressure eclogites from Western Norway. Chemical Geology 242, 137–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, RJ and McKerrow, WS (1976) The Grampian Orogeny. Scottish Journal of Geology 12, 271–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, PJ, Strachan, RA, Bullen, D, Fowler, M, Jaramillo, M and Saldarriaga, AM (2017) U–Pb zircon geochronology and geodynamic significance of ‘Newer Granite’ plutons in Shetland, northernmost Scottish Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 174, 486–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, KWH, Louden, KE, Deemer, S, Hall, J, Hopper, JR, Tucholke, BE, Holbrook, WS and Larsen, HC (2006) Crustal structure across the Grand Banks–Newfoundland basin continental margin – II. Results from a seismic reflection profile. Geophysical Journal International 167, 157–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, RD (1987) Heterogeneous deformation and quartz crystallographic fabric transitions: natural examples from the Moine thrust zone at the Stack of Glencoul, northern Assynt. Journal of Structural Geology 9, 819–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, RD (1998) Quartz mylonites from the Moine thrust zone in southern Assynt, Northwest Scotland. In Fault-Related Rocks: A Photographic Atlas (eds Snoke, AW, Tullis, J and Todd, VR), pp. 494–5. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, RD (2014) Deformation thermometry based on quartz c-axis fabrics and recrystallization microstructures: a review. Journal of Structural Geology 66, 129–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA (eds) (2010) Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335, 872 pp.Google Scholar
Law, RD, Casey, M and Knipe, RJ (1986) Kinematic and tectonic significance of microstructures and crystallographic fabrics within quartz mylonites from the Assynt and Eriboll regions of the Moine thrust zone, NW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 77, 99–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, RD and Johnson, MRW (2010) Microstructures and crystal fabrics of the Moine Thrust zone and Moine nappe; history of research and changing tectonic interpretations. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 443–503. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Leggett, JK, McKerrow, WS and Eales, MH (1979) The Southern Uplands of Scotland: a Lower Paleozoic accretionary prism. Journal of Geological Society, London 136, 755–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leggett, JK, McKerrow, WS and Soper, NJ (1983) A model for the crustal evolution of southern Scotland. Tectonics 2, 187–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, AG and Nutman, AP (2003) Evidence for Neoproterozoic orogenesis and early high temperature Scandian deformation events in the southern East Greenland Caledonides. Geological Magazine 140, 309–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, AG, Smith, M and Soper, NJ (2008) Laurentian margin evolution and the Caledonian orogeny–a template for Scotland and East Greenland. In The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia (eds Higgins, AK, Gilotti, JA and Smith, MP), pp. 307–43. Geological Society of America, Memoirs no. 202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mako, CA, Law, RD, Caddick, MJ, Kylander-Clark, A, Thigpen, JR, Ashley, KT, Mazza, SE and Cottle, JM (2021) Growth and fluid-assisted alteration of accessory phases, during and after Rodinia breakup: U–Pb geochronology from the Moine Supergroup rocks of northern Scotland. Precambrian Research 355, 106089. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mako, CA, Law, RD, Caddick, MJ, Thigpen, JR, Ashley, KT, Cottle, JM and Kylander-Clark, A (2019) Thermal evolution of the Scandian hinterland, Naver nappe, north Scotland. Journal of Geological Society, London 176, 669–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazza, SE, Mako, C, Law, RD, Caddick, MJ, Krabbendam, M and Cottle, J (2018) Thermobarometry of the Moine and Sgurr Beag thrust sheets, northern Scotland. Journal of Structural Geology 113, 10–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAteer, CA, Daly, JS, Flowerdew, MJ, Whitehouse, MJ and Monaghan, NM (2014) Sedimentary provenance, age and possible correlation of the Iona Group, SW Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 50, 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, JH (1994) Investigating the crustal structure of a strike-slip ‘step-over’ zone along the Great Glen Fault. Tectonics 13, 1150–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKerrow, WS and Cocks, LRM (1976) Progressive faunal migration across the Iapetus Ocean. Nature 263, 304–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKerrow, WS, Leggett, JK and Eales, MH (1977) Imbricate thrust model for the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Nature 267, 237–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKerrow, WS, MacNiocaill, C and Dewey, JF (2000) The Caledonian Orogeny redefined. Journal of Geological Society, London 157, 1149–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuillan, R, Donato, JA and Tulstrup, J (1982) Development of basins in the Inner Moray Firth and the North Sea by extension and dextral displacement of the Great Glen Fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60, 127–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendum, JR, Barber, AJ, Butler, RWH, Flinn, D, Goodenough, KM, Krabbendam, M, Park, RG and Stewart, AD (2009) Lewisian, Torridonian and Moine Rocks of Scotland. Geological Conservation Review Series 34. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Miles, AJ, Woodcock, NH and Hawkesworth, CJ (2016) Tectonic controls on post-subduction granite genesis and emplacement: the late Caledonian suite of Britain and Ireland. Gondwana Research 39, 250–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, JB (2020) Appinite suites and their genetic relationship with coeval voluminous granitoid batholiths. International Geology Review 62, 683–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neilson, JG, Kokelaar, BP and Crowley, QG (2009) Timing, relations and cause of plutonic and volcanic activity of the Siluro-Devonian post-collision magmatic episode in the Grampian terrane, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 166, 545–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolson, H, Curtis, A and Baptie, B (2014) Rayleigh wave tomography of the British Isles from ambient seismic noise. Geophysical Journal International 198, 637–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, GJH (2001) Reconstruction of the Grampian episode in Scotland: its place in the Caledonian Orogeny. Tectonophysics 332, 23–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, GJH, Chen, F and Buchwaldt, R (2000) Fast tectonometamorphism and exhumation in the type area of the Barrovian and Buchan zones. Geology 28, 459–62.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, GJH, Wilde, SA and Wan, Y (2008) Geochronology and geodynamics of Scottish granitoids from the late Neoproterozoic break-up of Rodinia to Paleozoic collision. Journal of Geological Society, London 165, 661–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pankhurst, RJ and Sutherland, DS (1982) Caledonian granites and diorites of Scotland and Ireland. In Igneous Rocks of the British Isles (ed. Sutherland, DS), pp. 149–90. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Park, RG, Stewart, AD and Wright, DT (2002) The Hebridean terrane. In The Geology of Scotland, 4th edition (ed. Trewin, NH), pp. 45–80. London: The Geological Society.Google Scholar
Park, RG and Tarney, JT (1987) The Lewisian complex: a typical Precambrian high-grade terrain? In Evolution of the Lewisian and Comparable Precambrian High Grade Terrains (eds Park, RG and Tarney, JT), pp. 13–25. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 27.Google Scholar
Parsons, I (1965) The feldspathic syenites of the Loch Ailsh intrusion, Assynt, Scotland. Journal of Petrology 6, 365–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, I (1972) Comparative petrology of the leucocratic syenites of the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. Geological Journal 8, 71–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peach, BN and Horne, J (1884) Report on the geology of northwest Scotland. Nature 31, 31–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peach, BN, Horne, J, Gunn, W, Clough, CT and Hinxman, LW (1907) The Geological Structure of the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Sheet 92 (Scotland). Glasgow: HMSO.Google Scholar
Peach, BN, Horne, J, Gunn, W, Clough, CT, Hinxman, LW and Cadell, HM (1888) Report on the recent work of the Geological Survey in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 44, 378–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Harris, N and Tindle, AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 956–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ and Searle, MP (2007) Macrostructural and microstructural architecture of the Karakoram fault: relationship between magmatism and strike-slip faulting. Tectonics 26, TC3017. doi: 10.1029/2006TC001946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitcher, WS (1972) Granites and yet more granites forty years on. Geologische Rundschau 76, 51–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitcher, WS and Berger, AR (1972) The Geology of Donegal: A Study of Granite Emplacement and Unroofing. Chichester and New York: Wiley Interscience.Google Scholar
Powell, D and Glendinning, R (1988) Excursion 4: Glenfinnan to Morar. In An Excursion Guide to the Moine Geology of the Scottish Highlands (eds Allison, I, May, F and Strachan, RA), pp. 80–102. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Prave, AR, Fallick, AE, Thomas, CW and Graham, CM (2009) A composite C-isotope profile for the Neoproterozoic Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland and Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 166, 845–57. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492008-131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, JG (1958) Moine-Lewisian relations at Glenelg, Inverness-shire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 113, 487–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, HH (1923) Geology of the country around Banff, Huntly and Turriff. Explanation of sheets 86 + 96. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Scotland, 244 pp.Google Scholar
Read, HH (1955) The Banff nappe. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 66, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, HH (1961) Aspects of the Caledonian magmatism in Scotland. Proceedings of the Liverpool and Manchester Geological Society 2, 653–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, JL and Treagus, JE (1977) Polyphase generation of nappe structures in the Dalradian of the SW Highlands of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 13, 165–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, NMS (1984) Nature and origin of calc-alkaline lamprophyres, minettes, vogestites, kersantites and spessartites. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 74, 193–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, NMS and Hunter, RH (1987) Late Caledonian dyke swarms of northern Britain: spatial and temporal intimacy between lamprophyric and granitic magmatism around the Ross of Mull pluton, Inner Hebrides. Geologische Rundschau 76, 805–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G and Dunning, G (1991) Geochronology of appinitic and related granite magmatism in the W Highlands: constraints on the timing of transcurrent fault movement. Journal of Geological Society, London 148, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G, Hyslop, EK, Strachan, RA, Paterson, BA and Holdsworth, RE (1998) The structural setting and U–Pb geochronology of Knoydartian pegmatites in W Inverness-shire: evidence for Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events in the Moine of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 685–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, DA, Marshall, JEA and Astin, TR (1989) Devonian and later movements on the Great Glen Fault system, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 369–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffer, C, Balling, N, Jacobsen, BH, Stephenson, RA and Nielsen, SB (2014) Seismological evidence for a fossil subduction zone in the East Greenland Caledonides. Geology 42, 311–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, SM, Pfiffner, OA, Froitzheim, N, Schönborn, G and Kissling, E (1997) Geophysical and geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps. Tectonics 15, 1036–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP (2015) Mountain building, tectonic evolution, rheology and crustal flow in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet. In Treatise on Geophysics (Second Edition), Vol. 6 (ed. Watts, AB), pp. 469–511. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.001221-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Cornish, SB, Heard, A, Charles, J-H and Branch, J (2019) Structure of the Northern Moine Thrust zone, Loch Eriboll, Scottish Caledonides. Tectonophysics 752, 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP and Cox, JS (1999) Tectonic setting, origin and obduction of the Oman Ophiolite. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 104–22.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Law, RD, Dewey, JF and Streule, MJ (2010a) Relationships between the Loch Ailsh and Borralan alkaline intrusions and thrusting in the Moine Thrust zone, southern Assynt Window. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 383–404. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Law, RD, Godin, L, Larsen, KP, Streule, MJ, Cottle, JM and Jessup, MJ (2008) Defining the Himalayan Main Central Thrust in Nepal. Journal Geological Society, London 164, 523–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Law, RD and Jessup, MJ (2006) Crustal structure, restoration and evolution of the Greater Himalaya in Nepal–South Tibet: implications for channel flow and ductile extrusion of the middle crust. In Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones (eds Law, RD, Searle, MP and Godin, L), pp. 355–78. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 268.Google Scholar
Searle, MP and Phillips, RJ (2007) Relationships between right-lateral shear along the Karakoram fault and metamorphism, magmatism, exhumation and uplift: evidence from the K2–Gasherbrum–Pangong ranges, north Pakistan and Ladakh. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 439–50. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492006-072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP and Rex, AJ (1989) Thermal model for the Zanskar Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 7, 127–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP and Treloar, PJ (2010) Was late Cretaceous–Paleocene obduction of ophiolite complexes the primary cause of crustal thickening and regional metamorphism in the Pakistan Himalaya? In The Evolving Continents: Understanding Processes of Continental Growth (eds Kusky, TM, Zhai, M and Xiao, W), pp. 345–59. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 338.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Yeh, M-W, Lin, T-H and Chung, S-L (2010b) Structural constraints on the timing of left-lateral shear along the Red River shear zone in the Ailao Shan and Diancang Shan Ranges, Yunnan, SW China. Geosphere 6, 316–38 doi: 10.1130/GES00580.1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, RM (1958) Downward facing structures of the Highland Border. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 113, 361–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shand, P, Gaskarth, JW, Thirlwall, MF and Rock, NMS (1994) Late Caledonian lamprophyre dyke swarms of South-Eastern Scotland. Mineralogy and Petrology 51, 277–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, NJ (1986) The Newer Granite problem: a geotectonic view. Geological Magazine 123, 227–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, NJ, Harris, AL and Strachan, RA (1998) Tectonostratigraphy of the Moine Supergroup: a synthesis. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, WE and Halliday, AN (1984) Geochemical contrasts between late Caledonian plutons of northern, central and southern Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 259–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, D and Gould, D (1995) British Regional Geology: The Grampian Highlands, 4th edition. London: HMSO, British Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Stephenson, D, Bevins, RE, Millward, D, Highton, AJ, Parsons, I, Stone, P and Wadworth, WJ (1999) Caledonian Igneous Rocks of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series 17. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 648 pp.Google Scholar
Stephenson, D, Mendum, JR, Fettes, DJ and Leslie, AG (2013a) The Dalradian rocks of Scotland: an introduction. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 124, 3–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, D, Mendum, JR, Fettes, DJ, Smith, CG, Gould, D, Tanner, PWG and Smith, RA (2013b). The Dalradian rocks of the NE Grampian Highlands of Scotland. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 124, 318–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, AD (2002) The Later Proterozoic Torridonian Rocks of Scotland: Their Sedimentology, Geochemistry, and Origin. Geological Society of London, Memoir no. 24, 130 pp.Google Scholar
Stewart, M, Strachan, RA and Holdsworth, RE (1997) Direct field evidence for sinistral displacements along the Great Glen Fault zone: late Caledonian reactivation of a regional basement structure. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 135–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, M, Strachan, RA and Holdsworth, RE (1999) Structure and early kinematic history of the Great Glen Fault zone, Scotland. Tectonics 18, 326–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, M, Strachan, RA, Martin, MW and Holdsworth, RE (2001) Dating early sinistral displacements along the Great Glen Fault, Scotland: structural setting, emplacement and U–Pb geochronology of the syn-tectonic Clunes Tonalite. Journal of the Geological Society, London 158, 821–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoker, MS, Hitchen, K and Graham, CC (1993) The Geology of the Hebrides and West Shetland Shelves, and Adjacent Deep-Water Areas. British Geological Survey, UK Offshore Regional Reports. London: HMSO, 149 pp.Google Scholar
Stone, P (2014) The Southern Uplands Terrane in Scotland – a notional controversy revisited. Scottish Journal of Geology 50, 97–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strachan, RA, Alsop, GI, Ramezani, J, Frazer, RE, Burns, IM and Holdsworth, RE (2020) Patterns of Silurian deformation and magmatism during sinistral oblique convergence, northern Scottish Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 177, 893–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strachan, RA, Harris, AL, Fettes, DJ and Smith, M (2002) The Highland and Grampian terranes. In The Geology of Scotland, 4th edition (ed. Trewin, NH), pp. 81–148. London: The Geological Society.Google Scholar
Strachan, RA, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Alsop, GI (2010) The Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland: insights into the analysis of polyorogenic supracrustal sequences. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 231–52. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Strachan, RA, Nutman, AP and Friederichsen, JD (1995) SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology and metamorphic history of the Smallerfjord sequence, NE Greenland Caledonides. Journal of Geological Society, London 152, 779–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streule, MJ, Strachan, RA, Searle, MP and Law, RD (2010) Comparing Tibet-Himalayan and Caledonian crustal architecture, evolution and mountain building processes. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 207–32. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Sutton, J and Watson, JV (1951) The pre-Torridonian metamorphic history of the Loch Torridon and Scourie areas in the NW Highlands of Scotland and its bearing on the chronological classification of the Lewisian. Journal of the Geological Society, London 106, 241–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, PWG (2007) The role of the Highland Border ophiolite in the ∼470 Ma Grampian Event, Scotland. Geological Magazine 134, 597–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, PWG (2008) Tectonic significance of the Highland Boundary Fault, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 165, 915–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, PWG (2014) A kinematic model for the Grampian Orogeny, Scotland. In New Perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and Related Areas (eds Corfu, F, Gasser, D and Chew, DM), pp. 467–511. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 390.Google Scholar
Tanner, PWG and Evans, JA (2003) Late Precambrian U–Pb titanite age for peak regional metamorphism and deformation (Knoydartian orogeny) in the western Moine, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 555–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, PWG, Leslie, AG and Gillespie, MR (2006) Structural setting and petrogenesis of the Ben Vuirich Granite Pluton of the Grampian Highlands: a pre-orogenic, rift-related intrusion. Scottish Journal of Geology 42, 113–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, PWG and Sutherland, S (2007) The Highland Border Complex, Scotland: a paradox resolved. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 111–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, MP, Robinson, P, Hamilton, MA and Jercinovic, MJ (2000) Monazite geochronology of UHP and HP metamorphism, deformation, and exhumation, Nordøyane, Western Gneiss region, Norway. American Mineralogist 85, 1651–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thigpen, JR, Law, RD, Lloyd, GE and Brown, SJ (2010a) Deformation temperatures, vorticity of flow and strain at the base of the Moine nappe: reassessing the tectonic evolution of the Scandian foreland-hinterland transition zone. Journal of Structural Geology 21, 920–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thigpen, JR, Law, RD, Lloyd, GE, Brown, SJ and Cook, B (2010b) Deformation temperatures, vorticity of flow and strain symmetry in the Loch Eriboll mylonites, NW Scotland: implications for the kinematic and structural evolution of the northernmost Moine Thrust zone. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 623–62. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Thigpen, JR, Law, RD, Loehn, CL, Strachan, RA, Tracy, RA, Lloyd, GE, Roth, BL and Brown, SJ (2013) Thermal structure and tectonic evolution of the Scandian orogenic wedge, Scottish Caledonides: integrating geothermometry, deformation temperatures and kinematic thermal modelling. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 31, 813–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirlwall, MF (1988) Geochronology of Late Caledonian magmatism in northern Britain. Journal of the Geological Society, London 145, 951–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torsvik, TH and Rehnström, EF (2003) The Tornquist Sea and Baltica-Avalonia docking. Tectonophysics 362, 67–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trewin, NH (ed.) (2002) The Geology of Scotland, 4th edition. London: Geological Society of London, 576 pp.Google Scholar
Turnbull, MJM, Whitehouse, MJ and Moorbath, S (1996) New isotopic age determinations for the Torridonian, NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 955–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Staal, C, Barr, SM and Murphy, JB (2012) Provenance and tectonic evolution of Ganderia: constraints on the evolution of the Iapetus and Rheic oceans. Geology 40, 987–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, D, Strachan, RA and Jones, KA (1998) Extensional versus compressional settings for metamorphism: garnet chronometry and pressure-temperature-time histories in the Moine Supergroup, northwest Scotland. Geology 26, 927–30.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viete, DR and Lister, GS (2016) On the significance of short-duration regional metamorphism. Journal of the Geological Society, London 174, 377–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viete, DR, Oliver, GJH, Fraser, GL, Forster, MA and Lister, GS (2013) Timing and heat sources for the Barrovian metamorphism, Scotland. Lithos 177, 148–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viete, DR, Richards, SW, Lister, GS, Oliver, GJH and Banks, GJ (2010) Lithospheric-scale extension during Grampian orogenesis in Scotland. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 121–60. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Waldron, JWF, Floyd, JD, Simonetti, A and Hearman, LM (2008) Ancient Laurentian detrital zircon in the closing Iapetus Ocean, Southern Uplands terrane, Scotland. Geology 36, 527–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, GR, Kinny, PD and Friderichsen, JD (2000) U–Pb geochronology of Neoproterozoic and Caledonian events in the East Greenland Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 157, 1031–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, LM, Holdsworth, RA, Sleight, JA, Strachan, RA and Smith, SAF (2007) The movement history and fault rock evolution of a reactivated crustal-scale strike-slip fault: the Walls Boundary fault zone, Shetland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 1037–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, JB and Hildebrand, RS (2019) Trace element discrimination of arc, slab failure, and A-type granitic rocks. Lithos 348–349, 105179. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos2019.105179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, J, Park, RG, Rollinson, HR and Beach, A (2010) The Lewisian Complex: insights into deep crustal evolution. In Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne (eds Law, RD, Butler, RWH, Holdsworth, RE, Krabbendam, M and Strachan, RA), pp. 51–80. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 335.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, MJ (1988) Granulite facies Nd-isotopic homogenization in the Lewisian complex of NW Scotland. Nature 331, 705–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, MJ (1989) Sm–Nd evidence for diachronous crustal accretion in the Lewisian complex of NW Scotland. Tectonophysics 161, 245–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, JA (1974) The zonal pattern of regional metamorphism in the Scottish Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 130, 509–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodcock, NH, Soper, NJ and Miles, AJ (2019) Age of Acadian deformation and Devonian granites in northern England: a review. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 62, 238–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodcock, NH and Strachan, RA (eds) (2012) Geological History of Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar